Kingsley Dunham

{{Short description|British geologist}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}  '''Sir Kingsley Charles Dunham''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|FRS|FGS|FRSE}} (2 January 1910 – 5 April 2001) was one of the leading British geologists and mineralogists of the 20th century. He was a Professor of Geology at the University of Durham from 1950 to 1971. He was later Professor Emeritus from 1967 to 2001. He was director of the British Geological Survey from 1967 to 1975.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | last1 = Johnson | first1 = Tony | doi = 10.1144/pygs.54.1.63 | title = Obituary: Sir Kingsley Charles Dunham (1910-2001) | journal = Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society | volume = 54 | pages = 63–64 | year = 2002 | issue = 1 | bibcode = 2002PYGS...54...63J | url = http://pygs.lyellcollection.org/content/pygs/54/1/63.full.pdf }}</ref>

==Early life== Dunham was born in Sturminster Newton, Dorset and moved at an early age with his family to Durham. He attended the Durham Johnston School (then a Grammar School) and then won a Foundation Scholarship to Hatfield College, Durham, graduating with a first-class degree in geology in 1930 at a time when Arthur Holmes was professor.<ref name = "DunhamODNB">{{cite ODNB |title=Dunham, Sir Kingsley Charles (1910–2001) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-75702 | year=2004 | doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/75702 | isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 |access-date=20 September 2018 |language=en }}</ref>

A gifted musician, Dunham was Organ Scholar during his undergraduate days. Following graduation, he pursued research into the Pennine Orefield of the North of England, under the supervision of Arthur Holmes. He graduated with a PhD in 1932 on the subject of Ore deposits of the north Pennines.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Ore deposits of the north Pennines : a genetic study|url=https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/12183|website=Edinburgh Research Archive|date=23 February 2024 |publisher=University of Edinburgh|hdl=1842/12183|access-date=15 January 2016 |last1=Dunham |first1=Kingsley C. }}</ref>

==Career== Dunham studied at Harvard University under a Commonwealth Fund Fellowship, which led to a master's degree.<ref name = "DunhamODNB"/> He returned to the UK as a geologist for the British Geological Survey, working on the iron ores of Cumbria. This came in useful during the Second World War, where he was involved in the investigation of the mineral resources of the North of England. This work was later published in the classic volume, ''The Geology of the North Pennine Orefield''.

Dunham returned to Durham University in 1950 as Professor of Geology. During his tenure, he supervised the drilling of the Rookhope borehole, discovering, as predicted by his colleague Martin Bott, the presence of a concealed granite underlying the Pennines.<ref>[http://www.pastperfect.org.uk/sites/oldrookhope/archive/40.html Geology: Granite in the North Pennines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108112343/http://www.pastperfect.org.uk/sites/oldrookhope/archive/40.html |date=8 November 2007 }}, pastperfect.org.uk. Accessed 9 January 2023.</ref> He was created a Fellow of St John's College, Durham.

In 1967, his career culminated in accepting the directorship of the British Geological Survey, and like his time at Durham, he successfully guided that institution through a period of rapid growth into areas such as geophysics, oceanography and geochemistry. He was knighted in 1972.<ref name = "DunhamODNB"/>

Following retirement in 1975, Dunham again returned to Durham as Emeritus Professor, publishing further work on the mineralogy of the North of England.<ref name = "DunhamODNB"/>

==Honours== Dunham was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1955, later served on its council, and received its Royal Medal in 1970.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dunham, Sir Kingsley Charles (1910–2001) |url=https://catalogues.royalsociety.org/CalmView/Record.aspx?id=NA6016&src=CalmView.Persons |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=Royal Society}}</ref> He was President of the Yorkshire Geological Society between 1958 and 1959, and was awarded the Sorby Medal of that Society in 1963.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5ebc647c0446723b32229119/t/5f1efd34d0ba8950a1f63fa2/1595866424074/YGSAwardsList2020|title=YGSAwardsList2020|access-date=22 January 2024}}</ref> He was awarded the Bolitho Medal of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall in 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RGSC ‘William Bolitho Medal’ – do you know any previous winners? – Royal Geological Society of Cornwall |url=https://geologycornwall.com/rgsc-william-bolitho-medal-do-you-know-any-previous-winners/ |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=Royal Geological Society of Cornwall |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In 1973, he gave the presidential address to the British Association meeting in Canterbury.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Dixon, Bernard|title=British Association 135th Annual Meeting, Canterbury|date=23 August 1973|journal=The New Scientist|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ewp8toV9XGIC&pg=PA426}}</ref> Dunham also received honorary doctorates from more than twelve universities, both at home and abroad.<ref name=":0" /> He was awarded the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society of London in 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://geolsoc.org.uk/About/awards-grants-and-bursaries/society-awards/wollaston-medal|title=Wollaston Medal|access-date=22 January 2024|website=Geological Society of London}}</ref>

In July 1990, the British Geological Survey's Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, site was named the ''Kingsley Dunham Centre'' in his honour.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 1990 |title=Scientist is honoured |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/812516676/ |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=Newspapers.com |publisher=Evening Post |page=5 |language=en-US}}</ref> BGS now refers to its head office there as the Environmental Science Centre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Terms of use |url=https://www.bgs.ac.uk/legal-and-policy/terms-of-use/ |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=British Geological Survey |language=en-GB}}</ref> The relocation and consolidation of the BGS functions at the Keyworth site began during Dunham's time as director. The first staff moved to Keyworth in October 1976, and the Survey’s headquarters formally moved there in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the dispersal of the British Geological Survey from London - MediaWiki |url=https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/History_of_the_dispersal_of_the_British_Geological_Survey_from_London |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=earthwise.bgs.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref>

==Later life== During his retirement, Dunham continued his research from Durham. He co-authored ''The Geology of the Northern Pennine Orefield'', Volume 2, with A. A. Wilson in 1985, and produced a substantially revised second edition of Volume 1 in 1990.<ref name="BGSVol2">{{cite book |last1=Dunham |first1=K. C. |last2=Wilson |first2=A. A. |title=Geology of the Northern Pennine Orefield. Volume 2: Stainmore to Craven |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |year=1985 |series=Economic Memoir of the British Geological Survey}}</ref><ref name="BGSVol1">{{cite book |last=Dunham |first=K. C. |title=Geology of the Northern Pennine Orefield. Volume 1: Tyne to Stainmore |edition=2nd |publisher=HMSO |year=1990 |series=Economic Memoir of the British Geological Survey}}</ref>

In his later years his eyesight failed until he became totally blind, but he still attended the weekly meetings in Durham with the help of his friend and colleague Dr. Tony Johnson.<ref name=":0" />

His only son, Ansel Charles Dunham, died in 1998. He was a professor of geology at the University of Hull and the University of Leicester.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Announcements |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/752263814/ |url-access=subscription |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=20 January 1998 |page=22 |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=8 April 2026}}</ref>

Dunham died in Durham on 5 April 2001, aged 91.<ref name=":0" /> ==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== * [http://www.dur.ac.uk/earth.sciences/ Durham University: Department of Earth Sciences] * [http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/ Geological Society of London] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050604075524/http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/ Royal Society of London] * [http://www.bgs.ac.uk/ British Geological Survey]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dunham, Kingsley Charles}} Category:1910 births Category:2001 deaths Category:People from Sturminster Newton Category:People from Durham, England Category:Alumni of Hatfield College, Durham Category:Academics of Durham University Category:20th-century British geologists Category:Harvard University faculty Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Knights Bachelor Category:English classical organists Category:Presidents of the British Science Association Category:Royal Medal winners Category:Wollaston Medal winners Category:20th-century British classical musicians Category:20th-century English musicians Category:20th-century British organists Category:20th-century British male musicians Category:British male classical organists Category:Directors of the British Geological Survey Category:Presidents of the Geological Society of London Category:British fellows of the Royal Society