List of heads of state of Spain

[[File:Corona real española.svg|thumb|[[Regalia of Spain|Spanish Royal Crown]] (heraldic representation)]]

This is a '''list of Spanish heads of state''', that is, [[monarch]]s and [[President (government title)|president]]s that governed the country of [[Spain]] in the modern sense of the word. The forerunners of the [[Monarchy of Spain|Spanish throne]] were the following:

* [[Kings of Asturias]] * [[Kings of Navarre]] * [[Kings of León]] * [[Kings of Galicia]] * [[Kings of Aragon]] * [[Kings of Castile]]

These lineages were eventually united by the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs, [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] (king of the [[Crown of Aragon]]) and [[Isabella I of Castile]] (queen of the [[Crown of Castile]]). Although their kingdoms continued to be separate, with their [[personal union]] they ruled them together as one dominion. Spain was thereafter governed as a [[dynastic union]] by the [[House of Trastámara]], the [[House of Habsburg]], and the [[House of Bourbon]] until the [[Nueva Planta decrees]] merged Castile and Aragon into one kingdom.

During the [[First Spanish Republic]] (1873–1874), Spain had [[Head of state|heads of state]] known as the ''President of the Executive Power''. However, it is only during the [[Second Spanish Republic]] (1931–1939) that the official title of ''[[President of the Republic (Spain)|President of Spain]]'' (or ''President of the Republic'') existed. Today, Spain is a [[constitutional monarchy]], and there is thus no person holding the title of ''President of Spain''. However, the [[Prime Minister of Spain|prime minister]] holds the official title of ''President of the [[Government of Spain|Government]]''.

==Kingdom of Spain (1479–1873)==

===[[House of Trastámara]] (1479–1555)=== Under Isabella and Ferdinand, the royal dynasties of Castile and Aragon, their respective kingdoms, were united into a single line. [[Historiography]] of Spain generally treats this as the formation of the kingdom of Spain, but in actuality, the two kingdoms continued for many centuries with their own separate institutions. It was not until the [[Nueva Planta decrees]] of the early 18th century that the two lands were formally merged into a single state.

{{Succession table monarch | name1 = [[Isabella I of Castile|Isabella I]] | nickname1 = the Catholic | native1 = {{langx|es|Isabel I}} | life1 = {{Birth date|1451|4|22|df=y}} – {{Death date and age|1504|11|26|1451|4|22|df=y}} | reignstart1 = 11 December 1474 {{small|''Castile''}} | reignend1 = 26 November 1504 {{small|''Castile''}} | notes1 = Daughter of [[John II of Castile]] and [[Isabella of Portugal, Queen of Castile|Isabella of Portugal]] | family1 = [[House of Trastámara|Trastámara]] | image1 = IsabellaofCastile03.jpg | alt1 = Isabella I of Castile | name2 = [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand V & II]] | nickname2 = the Catholic | native2 = {{langx|es|Fernando V & II}} | life2 = {{Birth date|1452|3|10|df=y}} – {{Death date and age|1516|1|23|1452|3|10|df=y}} | reignstart2 = 15 January 1475 {{small|''Castile''}} <hr/> 20 January 1479 {{small|''Aragon''}} | reignend2 = 26 November 1504 {{small|''Castile''}} <hr/> 23 January 1516 {{small|''Aragon''}} | notes2 = Son of [[John II of Aragon]] and [[Juana Enríquez]] | family2 = [[House of Trastámara|Trastámara]] | image2 = Michel Sittow 004.jpg | alt2 = Ferdinand V of Castile and II of Aragon | name3 = [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna]] | nickname3 = the Mad | native3 = {{langx|es|Juana I}} | life3 = {{Birth date|1479|11|6|df=y}} – {{Death date and age|1555|4|12|1479|11|6|df=y}} | reignstart3 = 26 November 1504 {{small|''Castile''}} <hr/> 23 January 1516 {{small|''Aragon''}} | reignend3 = 12 April 1555 | notes3 = Daughter of [[Isabella I of Castile]] and [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] | family3 = [[House of Trastámara|Trastámara]] | image3 = Juan de Flandes 003.jpg | alt3 = Joanna of Castile and Aragon (later: Joanna of Spain) | name4 = [[Philip the Handsome|Philip I]] | nickname4 = the Handsome | native4 = {{langx|es|Felipe I}} | life4 = {{Birth date|1478|7|22|df=y}} – {{Death date and age|1506|9|25|1478|7|22|df=y}} | reignstart4 = 27 June 1506 {{small|''Castile''}} | reignend4 = 25 September 1506 {{small|''Castile''}} | notes4 = Husband of [[Joanna of Castile]] | family4 = [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] | image4 = Juan de Flandes 004.jpg | alt4 = Philip I of Castile }}

===[[House of Habsburg]] (1516–1700)=== {{Main|Habsburg Spain}} Following the deaths of Isabella (1504) and Ferdinand (1516), their daughter Joanna inherited the Spanish kingdoms. However, she was kept prisoner at Tordesillas due to her mental disorder. As Joanna's son, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles I]] (the future [[Holy Roman Emperor]], Charles V), did not want to be merely a regent, he proclaimed himself king of Castile and Aragon jointly with his mother. Subsequently, the Castilian and Aragonese ''Cortes'' recognized him as co-monarch along with his mother. Upon her death, he became sole King of Castile and Aragon, and the thrones were left permanently united to [[Philip II of Spain]] and successors. Traditional numbering of monarchs follows the Castillian crown; i.e. after King Ferdinand (II of Aragon and V of Castile ''jure uxoris'' as husband of Queen of Castille Isabella I), the next Ferdinand was numbered VI. Likewise, [[Alfonso XII]] takes his number following that of [[Alfonso XI of Castile]] rather than that of [[Alfonso V of Aragon]], the prior Spanish monarchs with that name.

{| style="text-align:center; background:#E6E6FA; width:100%" class="wikitable" ! Portrait ! [[Coat of arms of Spain|Coat of arms]] ! width=21% |Name ! width=13% |Life ! width=13% |Reign ! width=16% |Titles ! Claim |- | [[File:Emperor charles v.png|80px]] | [[File:Greater Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain, Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor (1530-1556).svg|80px]] | bgcolor=#E0FFFF | [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles I]] (Emperor Charles V) {{small|Carlos I, ''el César Carlos''}} | {{Birth date|1500|2|24|mf=y}} – {{Death date and age|1558|9|21|1500|2|24|mf=y}} | March 14, 1516 – January 16, 1556 | * [[Holy Roman Emperor]]; [[King of Germany]] and [[King of Italy|Italy]] * King of Spain, [[King of Sicily|Sicily]] and [[King of Sardinia|Sardinia]] * [[King of Naples]] and [[King of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] * [[Archduke of Austria]] * [[Duke of Burgundy]] (Titular), [[Lord of the Netherlands]] | Son of [[Joanna of Castile]], grandson of [[Isabella I of Castile|Isabella I]] and [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand II]] |- | [[File:Philip II by Alonso Sánchez Coello.png|80px]] | rowspan="4" | [[File:Royal Coat of Arms of Spain (1580-1668).svg|80px]] | bgcolor=#E0FFFF | [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]], ''the Prudent'' {{small|Felipe II, ''el Prudente''}} | {{Birth date|1527|5|21|mf=y}} – {{Death date and age|1598|9|13|1527|5|21|mf=y}} | January 16, 1556 – September 13, 1598 | * King of Spain, Sicily and Sardinia * King of Naples and Jerusalem * [[King of Portugal]] * [[List of English monarchs|King of England and Ireland]] (''[[jure uxoris]]'') * Duke of Burgundy (Titular), Lord of the Netherlands * [[Duke of Milan]] | Son of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles I]] |- | [[File:Felipe III de España.jpg|80px]] | bgcolor=#E0FFFF | [[Philip III of Spain|Philip III]], ''the Pious'' {{small|Felipe III, ''el Piadoso''}} | {{Birth date|1578|4|14|mf=y}} – {{Death date and age|1621|3|31|1578|4|14|mf=y}} | September 13, 1598 – March 31, 1621 | * King of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia * Duke of Milan | Son of [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] |- | [[File:Philip IV of Spain.jpg|80px]] | bgcolor=#E0FFFF | [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip IV]], ''the Great'', ''the Planet King'' {{small|Felipe IV, ''el Grande'', ''el Rey Planeta''}} | {{Birth date|1605|4|8|mf=y}} – {{Death date and age|1665|9|17|1605|4|8|mf=y}} | March 31, 1621 – September 17, 1665 | * King of Spain, Portugal (until 1640), Naples, Sicily and Sardinia * Duke of Milan * Sovereign of the Netherlands and [[Count Palatine of Burgundy]] | Son of [[Philip III of Spain|Philip III]] |- | [[File:Rey Carlos II.jpg|80px]] | bgcolor=#E0FFFF | [[Charles II of Spain|Charles II]], ''the Bewitched'' {{small|Carlos II, ''el Hechizado''}} | {{Birth date|1661|11|6|mf=y}} – {{Death date and age|1700|11|1|1661|11|6|mf=y}} | September 17, 1665 – November 1, 1700 | * King of Spain, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia * Duke of Milan * Sovereign of the Netherlands and [[Count Palatine of Burgundy]] | Son of [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip IV]] |}

<hr />

;Disputed claimant {{Main|War of the Spanish Succession}}

{| style="text-align:center; background:#FBDDBD; width:100%" class="wikitable" ! Portrait ! [[Coat of arms of Spain|Coat of arms]] ! width=21% |Name ! width=13% |Life ! width=13% |Reign ! width=16% |Titles ! width=18% |Claim |- | [[File:Carles-III-de-Catalunya.jpg|80px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of Charles II of Spain (1668-1700).svg|70px]] [[File:Coat of Arms of Archduke Charles of Austria Claim to the Spanish throne (SpanishTerritories of the Crown of Aragon).svg|75px]] | [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Archduke Charles of Austria]], as ''Charles III'' {{small|Archiduque Carlos, (Carlos III)}} | {{Birth date|1685|10|1|mf=y}} – {{Death date and age|1740|10|20|1685|10|1|mf=y}} | September 12, 1703 – July 2, 1715 | * King of Spain, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia * Duke of Milan * Sovereign of the Netherlands | Great-grandson of [[Philip III of Spain|Philip III]] |}

In 1700 Charles II died. Charles' will named the 16-year-old [[Philip V of Spain|Philip]], the grandson of Charles' sister [[Maria Theresa of Spain]] and King [[Louis XIV]] of France, as his successor to the whole [[Spanish Empire]].<ref name=kamen>Kamen, Henry. "Philip V of Spain:: The King who Reigned Twice", p.6. Published by Yale University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0-300-08718-7}}</ref> Upon any possible refusal of the undivided Spanish possessions, the Crown of Spain would be offered next to Philip's younger brother [[Charles, Duke of Berry (1686-1714)|Charles, duc de Berry]], or, next, to [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Archduke Charles of Austria]].<ref name=kamen/>

Archduke Charles of Austria had a legal right to the Spanish throne due to the fact that Charles's father, [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor]], was the son of Charles' aunt [[Maria Anna of Spain|Maria Anna of Austria]], but Philip still had the better claim because Philip's grandfather, King Louis XIV, was the son of Charles' aunt [[Anne of Austria]], the older of the sisters of Philip IV. However, Philip IV had stipulated in his will the succession should pass to the Austrian Habsburg line, and the Austrian branch also claimed that [[Maria Theresa of Spain]], Philip's grandmother, had renounced the Spanish throne for herself and her descendants as part of her marriage contract. This was countered by the French claim that it was on the basis of a dowry that had never been paid.<ref>Durant, Will. "The Age of Louis XIV", p.699. Simon and Schuster, New York 1963.</ref>

Thus, the war broke out and [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Archduke Charles]] was proclaimed king of Spain, as ''Charles III'', opposite to Philip V.<ref>He was proclaimed in Vienna ({{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Charles VI. (Roman Emperor)| display=Charles VI. |volume=5 |page=905 |short=1 |noicon=1}}), and also in Madrid in the years [http://www.boe.es/datos/imagenes/BOE/1706/027/A00107.tif 1706] and [http://www.boe.es/datos/imagenes/BOE/1710/036/A00169.tif 1710].</ref> Charles renounced his claims to the Spanish throne in the [[Treaty of Rastatt]] of 1714, but was allowed the continued use of the styles of a Spanish monarch for his lifetime. Philip ascended the Spanish throne but forever renounced his claim to the throne of France for himself and his descendants.<ref>Kamen, Henry. "Philip V of Spain:: The King who Reigned Twice", p.158. Published by Yale University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0-300-08718-7}}</ref>

===[[House of Bourbon]] (1700–1808)=== {{Main|Enlightenment in Spain}} {| style="text-align:center; background:#E6E6FA; width:100%" class="wikitable" ! Portrait ! [[Coat of arms of Spain|Coat of arms]] ! width=21% |Name ! width=13% |Life ! width=13% |Reign ! width=16% |Titles ! Claim |- | [[File:Felipe V de España.jpg|80px]] | rowspan="7" | [[File:Royal Greater Coat of Arms of Spain (1700-1761) Version with Golden Fleece and Holy Spirit Collars.svg|80px]] | bgcolor=#E0FFFF | [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]], ''the Spirited'' {{small|Felipe V, ''el Animoso''}} | {{Birth date|1683|12|19|mf=y}} – {{Death date and age|1746|7|9|1683|12|19|mf=y}} | November 16, 1700 – January 14, 1724 {{small|(abdicated in favor of his son)}} | rowspan="7" | King of Spain | Great-grandson of [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip IV]] |- | [[File:Luis I, príncipe de Asturias2.jpg|80px]] | bgcolor=#E0FFFF | [[Louis I of Spain|Louis I]], ''the Beloved'', ''the Liberal'' {{small|Luis I, ''el Bien Amado'', ''el Liberal''}} | {{Birth date|1707|8|25|mf=y}} – {{Death date and age|1724|8|31|1707|8|25|mf=y}} | January 14, 1724 – August 31, 1724 {{small|(ruled only 7 months before his death)}} | Son of [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]] |- | [[File:Felipe V de España, Rey de.jpg|80px]] | bgcolor=#E0FFFF | [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]], ''the Spirited'' {{small|Felipe V, ''el Animoso''}} | {{Birth date|1683|12|19|mf=y}} – {{Death date and age|1746|7|9|1683|12|19|mf=y}} | September 6, 1724 – July 9, 1746 {{small|(reinstated on death of his son)}} | Father of [[Louis I of Spain|Louis I]] |- | [[File:Fernando VI de España (Museo del Prado).jpg|80px]] | bgcolor=#E0FFFF | [[Ferdinand VI]], ''the Learned'', ''the Just'' {{small|Fernando VI, ''el Prudente'', ''el Justo''}} | {{Birth date|1713|9|23|mf=y}} – {{Death date and age|1759|8|10|1713|9|23|mf=y}} | July 9, 1746 – August 10, 1759 | rowspan="2" | Son of [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]] |- | [[File:Charles III of Spain high resolution.jpg|80px]] | bgcolor=#E0FFFF | [[Charles III of Spain|Charles III]], ''the Enlightened'', ''the King-Mayor'' {{small|Carlos III, ''el Político''}} | {{Birth date|1716|1|20|mf=y}} – {{Death date and age|1788|12|14|1716|1|20|mf=y}} | August 10, 1759 – December 14, 1788 |- | [[File:Charles IV of Spain.jpg|80px]] | bgcolor=#E0FFFF | [[Charles IV of Spain|Charles IV]], ''the Hunter'' {{small|Carlos IV, ''el Cazador''}} | {{Birth date|1748|11|11|mf=y}} – {{Death date and age|1819|1|20|1748|11|11|mf=y}} | December 14, 1788 – March 19, 1808 | Son of [[Charles III of Spain|Charles III]] |- | [[File:Ferdinand VII of Spain (1814) by Goya.jpg|80px]] | bgcolor=#E0FFFF | [[Ferdinand VII]], ''the Desired'', ''the Felon King'' {{small|Fernando VII, ''el Deseado'', ''el Rey Felón''}} | {{Birth date|1784|10|14|mf=y}} – {{Death date and age|1833|9|29|1784|10|14|mf=y}} | March 19, 1808 – May 6, 1808 | Son of [[Charles IV of Spain|Charles IV]] |}

===[[House of Bonaparte]] (1808–1813)=== {{Main|Spain under Joseph Bonaparte}} The only monarch from this dynasty was [[Joseph Bonaparte|Joseph I]], imposed by his brother [[Napoleon|Napoleon I of France]] after [[Abdications of Bayonne|Charles IV and Ferdinand VII had abdicated]]. The title used by Joseph was ''King of the Spains and the Indias, by divine grace and the Constitution of the State''. He was also later given all of the titles of the previous kings. A [[Supreme Central Junta|government in opposition to the French]] was formed in [[Cádiz]] on 25 September 1808, which continued to recognize the imprisoned Ferdinand VII as king. This government was diplomatically recognized as the legitimate Spanish government by Britain and other countries at war with France.

===[[House of Bourbon]] (1813–1868; first restoration)=== {{Main|History of Spain (1808–1874)}} Ferdinand VII, Charles IV's eldest son, was [[Treaty of Valençay|restored to the throne]] by Napoleon I of France. Again the title used was ''king of Castile, Leon, Aragon,… by divine grace''.

{| style="text-align:center; background:#E6E6FA; width:100%" class="wikitable" ! Portrait ! [[Coat of arms of Spain|Coat of arms]] ! width=21% |Name ! width=13% |Life ! width=13% |Reign ! width=16% |Titles ! Claim |- | [[File:Fernando VII, by López.jpg|80px]] | rowspan="2" | [[File:Royal Greater Coat of Arms of Spain (1761-1868 and 1874-1931) Version with Golden Fleece and Order of Charles III Collars.svg|80px]] | bgcolor=#E0FFFF | [[Ferdinand VII]], ''the Desired'', ''the Felon King'' {{small|Fernando VII, ''el Deseado'', ''el Rey Felón''}} | {{Birth date|1784|10|14|mf=y}} – {{Death date and age|1833|9|29|1784|10|14|mf=y}} | December 11, 1813 – September 29, 1833 | King of Spain | Son of [[Charles IV of Spain|Charles IV]] |- | [[File:Isabel II reina de España.jpg|80px]] | bgcolor=#E0FFFF | [[Isabella II]], ''the One with the Sad Destinies'' {{small|Isabel II, ''la de los Tristes Destinos''}} | {{Birth date|1830|10|10|mf=y}} – {{Death date and age|1904|4|9|1830|10|10|mf=y}} | September 29, 1833 – September 30, 1868 | Queen of Spain | Daughter of [[Ferdinand VII]] |}

===[[House of Savoy]] (1870–1873)=== {{Main|Glorious Revolution (Spain)}} After the [[Glorious Revolution (Spain)|Spanish Revolution of 1868]] deposed Isabella II, there was established a provisional government and a regency headed by [[Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre|Francisco Serrano y Domínguez]], who acted as Head of State, from October 8, 1868, until December 4, 1870, while it requested a new monarch. Amadeo I was elected as king and the new title used was ''King of Spain, by divine grace and will of nation''.

| December 4, 1870 – February 11, 1873 | King of Spain | Descendant of Philip II (through his grandson [[Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano|Thomas Francis]]) and of Charles III (through his son [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies]] and his daughter [[Maria Luisa of Spain|Maria Luisa]]) |}

==First Spanish Republic (1873–1874)== The [[First Spanish Republic]] started with the [[abdication]] as King of Spain on February 10, 1873, of [[Amadeo I of Spain|Amadeo I]], following the [[Hidalgo Affair]], when he had been required by the radical government to sign a decree against the artillery officers. The next day, February 11, the republic was declared by a parliamentary majority made up of radicals, republicans and democrats. It lasted twenty-three months.

===Presidents of the Republic=== {| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable" |- ! Portrait ! Coat of arms ! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} ! colspan=2 |Term of office ! colspan=2 |Political affiliation |- | [[File:Estanislao Figueras, político.png|80px]] | rowspan="5" |[[File:Coat of Arms of Spain (1868-1870 and 1873-1874).svg|80px]] | [[Estanislao Figueras]] {{small|(1819–1882)}} | February 12, 1873 | June 11, 1873 ! rowspan="4" style="background:{{party color|Federal Democratic Republican Party}};" | | rowspan="4" |[[Federal Democratic Republican Party]] |- | [[File:Francisco Pi y Margall.jpg|80px]] | [[Francesc Pi i Margall]] {{small|(1824–1901)}} | June 11, 1873 | July 18, 1873 |- | [[File:Nicolás Salmerón 1908 (cropped).jpg|80px]] | [[Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso]] {{small|(1838–1908)}} | July 18, 1873 | September 7, 1873 |- | [[File:Emilio Castelar (cropped).jpg|80px]] | [[Emilio Castelar|Emilio Castelar y Ripoll]] {{small|(1832–1899)}} | September 7, 1873 | January 3, 1874 |- | [[File:Francisco Serrano (cropped).jpg|80px]] | [[Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre|Francisco Serrano]] [[Duke of la Torre|''1st Duke of la Torre'']] {{small|(1810–1885)}} | January 3, 1874 | December 30, 1874 ! style="background:Gray;" | | Conservative faction |}

==[[Restoration (Spain)|Kingdom of Spain]] (1874–1931)==

===[[House of Bourbon]] (1874–1931; second restoration)=== Isabella II's eldest son was restored to the throne. ''Constitutional king of Spain''. Between the death of Alfonso XII and the birth of Alfonso XIII, there was a period of seven months where the pregnant [[Maria Christina of Austria|Queen Maria Christina]] served as Head of State with the title of ''Regent'' for her daughter [[María de las Mercedes, Princess of Asturias|María de las Mercedes]], who was declared to be "Queen in Name" until the gender of her baby sibling was known.

{| style="text-align:center; background:#E6E6FA; width:100%" class="wikitable" ! Portrait ! [[Coat of arms of Spain|Coat of arms]] ! width=21% |Name ! width=14% |Life ! width=14% |Reign ! width=16% |Titles ! Claim |- | [[File:Retrato del rey Alfonso XII (Museo del Prado).jpg|80px]] | rowspan="2" | [[File:Royal Greater Coat of Arms of Spain (1761-1868 and 1874-1931) Version with Golden Fleece and Order of Charles III Collars.svg|80px]] | bgcolor=#E0FFFF | [[Alfonso XII]], ''the Peacemaker'' {{small|Alfonso XII, ''el Pacificador''}} | {{Birth date|1857|11|28|mf=y}} – {{Death date and age|1885|11|25|1857|11|28|mf=y}} | December 30, 1874 – November 25, 1885 | rowspan="2" | Constitutional King of Spain | Son of [[Isabella II]] |- | [[File:Retrato de Alfonso XIII (Real Academia de la Historia).jpg|80px]] | bgcolor=#E0FFFF | [[Alfonso XIII]], ''the African'' {{small|Alfonso XIII, ''el Africano''}} | {{Birth date|1886|5|17|mf=y}} – {{Death date and age|1941|2|28|1886|5|17|mf=y}} | May 17, 1886 – April 14, 1931 | Son of [[Alfonso XII]] |}

==Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939)== The [[Second Spanish Republic]] was the system of government in Spain between April 14, 1931, when Alfonso XIII left the country following a period of social unrest after the [[Fall of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera|collapse]] of General [[Miguel Primo de Rivera|Primo de Rivera]]'s [[Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera|dictatorship]] a year earlier, and April 1, 1939, when the last of the [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|Republican]] (''republicanos'') forces surrendered to the [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist]] (''nacionales'') forces led by [[Francisco Franco]], at the end of the [[Spanish Civil War]].

===Presidents of the Republic=== {| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable" |- ! Portrait ! Coat of arms ! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} ! colspan=2 |Term of office ! colspan=2 |Political affiliation |- | [[File:Niceto Alcalá-Zamora cropped.jpg|80px]] | rowspan="5" |[[File:Coat of Arms of Spain (1931-1939)-Flag Variant.svg|80px]] | [[Niceto Alcalá-Zamora]] {{small|(1877–1949)}} | December 10, 1931 | April 7, 1936 ! style="background:{{party color|Liberal Republican Right}};" | | [[Liberal Republican Right]] |- | [[File:Diego Martinez Barrio.jpg|80px]] | [[Diego Martínez Barrio]] {{small|(1883–1962)}} {{small|Interim}} | April 7, 1936 | May 10, 1936 ! style="background:{{party color|Republican Union (Spain, 1934)}};" | | [[Republican Union (Spain, 1934)|Republican Union]] {{small|''[[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]] coalition''}} |- | [[File:Manuel Azaña, 1933.jpg|80px]] | [[Manuel Azaña]] {{small|(1880–1940)}} | May 10, 1936 | March 3, 1939 ! style="background:{{party color|Republican Left (Spain)}};" | | [[Republican Left (Spain)|Republican Left]] {{small|''[[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]] coalition''}} |- | [[File:Segismundo Casado.jpg|80px]] | [[Segismundo Casado]] {{small|(1893–1968)}} {{small|Interim}} | March 4, 1939 | March 13, 1939 ! rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Military rule}};" | | rowspan="2" |[[Spanish Republican Army|Republican Army]] {{small|''[[National Defence Council (Spain)|National Defence Council]]''}} |- | [[File:General José Miaja.jpg|80px]] | [[José Miaja]] {{small|(1878–1958)}} {{small|Interim}} | March 13, 1939 | March 27, 1939 |}

==[[Spanish Republican government in exile]] (1939–1977)== Presidents in exile {| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable" |- ! Portrait ! Coat of arms ! Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} ! colspan=2 |Term of office ! colspan=2 |Political affiliation |- | [[File:Diego Martinez Barrio.jpg|80px]] | rowspan="5" |[[File:Coat of Arms of Spain (1931-1939)-Flag Variant.svg|80px]] | [[Diego Martínez Barrio]] {{small|(1883–1962)}} {{small|Interim}} | March 4, 1939 | May 11, 1940 ! style="background:{{party color|Republican Union (Spain, 1934)}};" | | [[Republican Union (Spain, 1934)|Republican Union]] |- | [[File:Álvaro de Albornoz foto.jpg|80px]] | [[Álvaro de Albornoz|Álvaro de Albornoz y Liminiana]] {{small|(1879–1954)}} {{small|Interim}} | May 11, 1940 | August 17, 1945 ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}};" | | [[Independent politician|Independent]] |- | [[File:Diego Martinez Barrio.jpg|80px]] | [[Diego Martínez Barrio]] {{small|(1883–1962)}} | August 17, 1945 | January 1, 1962 ! style="background:{{party color|Republican Union (Spain, 1934)}};" | | [[Republican Union (Spain, 1934)|Republican Union]] |- | [[File:Luis Jiménez de Asúa 1958.jpg|80px]] | [[Luis Jiménez de Asúa]] {{small|(1889–1970)}} | January 1, 1962 | November 16, 1970 ! style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}};" | | [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]] |- | [[File:No image.png|80px]] | [[José Maldonado González]] {{small|(1900–1985)}} | November 16, 1970 | July 1, 1977 ! style="background:{{party color|Republican Left (Spain)}};" | | [[Republican Left (Spain)|Republican Left]] |}

==[[Francoist Spain]] (1936–1975)== On October 1, 1936, General [[Francisco Franco]] was proclaimed Head of State (''[[Caudillo]]'') in [[Nationalist zone (Spanish Civil War)|parts of Spain]] controlled by [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist (''nacionales'') forces]] after the [[Spanish Civil War]] [[Spanish coup of July 1936|broke out]]. After [[Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War|the end of the war]] on April 1, 1939, General Franco took control of the whole of Spain. In 1947, Franco proclaimed the restoration of the monarchy, but did not allow the pretender, [[Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona|Juan de Borbón, Count of Barcelona]], to take the throne. In 1969, in accordance with the [[Law of Succession to the Headship of the State]], Franco declared that [[Juan Carlos I|Juan Carlos]] (the Count of Barcelona's son), styled as the [[Prince of Spain]], would be his successor. After [[Death and funeral of Francisco Franco|Franco's death]] in 1975, Juan Carlos succeeded him as the King of Spain.

{| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable" ! Portrait ! [[Royal Bend of Castile#Later|Coat of arms]] ! width=30% |Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} ! colspan=2 |Term of office ! colspan=2 |Political affiliation |- | align="left" colspan="8" |'''Head of State (''Caudillo'')''' |- | [[File:Retrato Francisco Franco 1964 (cropped).jpg|80px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of Francisco Franco as Head of the Spanish State.svg|80px]] | [[Francisco Franco]] {{small|(1892–1975)}} | October 1, 1936 | November 20, 1975 ! style="background:{{party color|Falange}};" | | [[FET y de las JONS]] {{small|(after [[Unification Decree (Spain, 1937)|1937]])}} {{small|''[[Movimiento Nacional|National Movement]]''}} |- | align="left" colspan="8" |'''President of the Regency''' |- | [[File:Alejandro Rodríguez de Valcárcel cropped 2 (1975).jpg|80px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of Spain (1945-1977).svg|80px]] | [[Alejandro Rodríguez de Valcárcel]] {{small|(1917–1976)}} | November 20, 1975 | November 22, 1975 ! style="background:{{party color|Movimiento Nacional}};" | | [[Movimiento Nacional|National Movement]] |}

==[[History of Spain (1975–present)|Kingdom of Spain]] (1975–present)==

===[[House of Bourbon]] (1975–present; third restoration)=== Alfonso XIII's claim descended (due to his two eldest sons' renunciations) to his third son, [[Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona]], who was passed over in favour of his eldest son, whose title became ''King of Spain''. The Count of Barcelona renounced his claims in favour of his son in 1977, two years after Franco's death and Juan Carlos's accession.

[[Abdication of Juan Carlos I|Juan Carlos abdicated]] in favor of his son [[Felipe VI]], who became King on 19 June 2014, with Felipe's eldest daughter, [[Leonor, Princess of Asturias]], next in succession.<ref>{{cite web|title=Leonor becomes a crown princess| date=June 4, 2014 |url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2014/06/04/inenglish/1401890774_944817.html?rel=rosEP|publisher=El Pais}}</ref>

{| style="text-align:center; background:#E6E6FA; width:100%" class="wikitable" ! Portrait ! [[Coat of arms of Spain|Coat of arms]] ! width=21% |Name ! width=13% |Life ! width=13% |Reign ! width=16% |Titles ! Claim |- | [[File:Ministru prezidents Valdis Dombrovskis oficiālās pusdienās tiekas ar Spānijas karali Huanu Karlosu I un karalieni Sofiju (3506936051) (cropped).jpg|80px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of Juan Carlos I of Spain.svg|80px]] | bgcolor=#E0FFFF | [[Juan Carlos I]] | {{birth date and age|1938|1|5|mf=yes}} | November 22, 1975 – June 19, 2014 | rowspan="2" | King of Spain | Grandson of Alfonso XIII, through his third son, [[Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona]] |- | [[File:Felipe VI in 2023.jpg|80px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of Spanish Monarch.svg|80px]] | bgcolor=#E0FFFF | [[Felipe VI]] | {{birth date and age|1968|1|30|mf=yes}} | June 19, 2014 – present | Son of Juan Carlos I |}

==See also==  *[[Monarchy of Spain]] **[[List of Spanish monarchs]] **[[List of Spanish regents]] **[[Family tree of Spanish monarchs]] **[[Succession to the Spanish throne]] **[[List of Spanish royal consorts]] *[[War of the Spanish Succession]] *[[President of the Republic (Spain)]] *[[Prime Minister of Spain]] **[[List of prime ministers of Spain]] *[[Carlism]] – about pretenders who have tried to substitute the Isabelline monarchs.

== References == {{Reflist}}

==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071128175025/http://nick.frejol.org/siglo-de-oro/spainkings.pdf Monarchs of Spain (700–present)]