{{Short description|none}} The '''Kings of Byblos''' were the rulers of the city-state of Byblos, the ancient Phoenician city in what is now Lebanon.

Scholars have pieced together the fragmented list from various archaeological finds since the 19th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kitchen |first1=K. A. |title=Byblos, Egypt, and Mari in the Early Second Millennium B.C. |journal=Orientalia |date=1967 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=39–54 |jstor=43074138 }}</ref>

==Early Bronze Age== * Ib-dadi, contemporary of Amar-Sin (r. 2046–2037 BC) at the end of Early Bronze IVB (c.2150-2020/2000 BCE).

==Middle Bronze Age== Some kings of Byblos from an early period are known from Egyptian and local finds:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kitchen |first1=K. A. |date=1967 |title=Byblos, Egypt, and Mari in the Early Second Millennium B.C. |journal=Orientalia |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–42 |jstor=43074138}}</ref><ref>See also {{Cite journal |last=Albright |first=W. F. |author-link=William F. Albright |date=1964 |title=The Eighteenth-Century Princes of Byblos and the Chronology of Middle Bronze |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1355576 |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |issue=176 |pages=38–46 |doi=10.2307/1355576 |jstor=1355576 |s2cid=163708413 |issn=0003-097X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Abishemu I, probably contemporary of Amenemhat III (late 12th Dynasty of Egypt). * Yapi-shemu-abi, contemporary of Amenemhat IV (late 12th Dynasty of Egypt). * Yakin-ilu, contemporary of Sehetepibre I/II. * Yantin-ʿammu, contemporary of Zimri-Lim (r. 1775-1760 BCE). Some speculate that he is identical to Yantin, contemporary of Neferhotep I (mid-late 13th Dynasty of Egypt).

Uncertain rulers: * Ilima-yapi? - a prince, not explicitly of Byblos. * Ḥasrurum son of Rum, a ruler of the land of Byblos, probably contemporary of Sihathor. * Abishemu II. * Yapaʿ-shemu-abi, son of Abishemu (probably the second). * ʿegel, son of Abishemu (probably the second), probably identical to ʿegliya (whose father name is unknown).

==Late Bronze Age== ===Egyptian period=== * Rib-Hadda, writer of dozens of Amarna letters.<ref>{{cite book |last=Knudtzon |first=Jørgen Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/dieelamarnatafel01knud |title=Die El-Amarna-Tafeln |publisher=Hinrichs’schke Buchhandlung |year=1915 |volume=1 |location= |at=letters EA 68–93, 95, 102–138 (and EA 96, sent to Rib-Hadda) |author-link=Jørgen Alexander Knudtzon}}</ref> c.1350 BC. * Ili-Rapih, writer of two of Amarna letters.<ref>{{cite book |last=Knudtzon |first=Jørgen Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/dieelamarnatafel01knud |title=Die El-Amarna-Tafeln |publisher=Hinrichs’schke Buchhandlung |year=1915 |volume=1 |location= |at=letters EA 139, 140 |author-link=Jørgen Alexander Knudtzon}}</ref> c.1320 BC.

==Iron Age== ===Phoenician period=== {{See also|Byblian royal inscriptions}} * Zakar Baal, mentioned in Story of Wenamun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wenamen's Journey |url=http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/wenamen.htm |website=Reshafim|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121101959/http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/wenamen.htm |archive-date=2013-01-21 }}</ref> 1100s BC. * 1000s BC Ahiram * c.1000 BC Zakar Baal (II?) * c.980 BC Ithobaal? Pilsibaal? * c.940 BC Yehimilk * c.930 BC Abibaal * c.920 BC Elibaal * c.900 BC Safatba'al (I)

===Assyrian period=== Ashurnasirpal II received tributes from the kings of the sea coast, among them the king of Byblos.<ref>{{cite book |author=Albert Kirk Grayson |url=https://archive.org/details/assyrian-rulers-of-the-early-first-millennium-bc-i-1114-859-bc |title=Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC I (1114–859 BC) |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1991 |pages=218–219}}</ref> * Safatba‘al II (Sibitti-biʿil in Akkadian), mentioned among the kings of who brought payment to Tiglath-Pileser III in his 8th year (738 BC).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tadmor |first1=Hayim |url=https://archive.org/details/the-royal-inscriptions-of-tiglath-pileser-iii-king-of-assyria-744-727-bc-and-sha |title=The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III, King Of Assyria (744-727 BC) And Shalmaneser V (726-722 BC), Kings of Assyria |last2=Yamada |first2=Shigeo |publisher=Eisenbrauns |year=2011 |pages=44, 46–47 (the passage repeats in pp. 70, 77, 123, 133) |author-link=Hayim Tadmor}}</ref> * Urumilki (Ūru-milki in Akkadian), mentioned in a list of the kings of the land Amurru (the Levant) who brought tribute to Sennacherib in his campaign in the Levant.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kirk Grayson |first1=A. |url=https://archive.org/details/the-royal-inscriptions-of-sennacherib-king-of-assyria-704-681-bc-part-2-a.-kirk- |title=The royal inscriptions of Sennacherib, king of Assyria (704-681 BC). Part 1 |last2=Novotny |first2=Jamie |publisher=Eisenbrauns |year=2012 |pages=64 (the passage repeats in pp. 114, 131, 175, 192)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kirk Grayson |first1=A. |url=https://archive.org/details/the-royal-inscriptions-of-sennacherib-king-of-assyria-704-681-bc-part-1 |title=The royal inscriptions of Sennacherib, king of Assyria (704-681 BC). Part 2 |last2=Novotny |first2=Jamie |publisher=Eisenbrauns |year=2014 |pages=183, 188, 238}}</ref> * Milkiashapa (Milki-ašapa in Akkadian), mentioned among the kings of the Levant and Cyprus who were summoned and ordered to send tribute to Esarhaddon, c.670 BC.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Leichty |first1=Erle |url=https://archive.org/details/the-royal-inscriptions-of-tiglath-pileser-iii-king-of-assyria-744-727-bc-and-sha |title=The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680-669 BC) |publisher=Eisenbrauns |year=2011 |pages=23–24 (the passage repeats in pp. 46) |author-link=}}</ref> Milki-Ashapa is also mentioned in the first campaign of Ashurbanipal.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Novotny |first1=Jamie |url=https://www.academia.edu/46448438 |title=The Royal Inscriptions of Ashurbanipal (668–631 BC), Aššur-etel-ilāni (630–627 BC), and Sîn-šarra-iškun (626–612 BC), Kings of Assyria, Part 1 |last2=Jeffers |first2=Joshua |publisher=Eisenbrauns |year=2018 |pages=116–117 (the passage repeats in pp. 141–142). This part of the first campaign is not described in the early versions of the pescription, as explained in p. 109}}</ref> * c.650 BC Yehawmelek

==Classical Age== ===Persian period=== * c. 500 BC Safatba'al (III) * c. 480 BC Urimilk II * c. 470 BC Yeḥarbaal (son of Urimilk II) * c. 450 BC Yehawmilk (son of Yeḥarbaal) Based on coins:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sader |first1=Hélène |title=The History and Archaeology of Phoenicia |date=2019 |publisher=SBL |location=Atlanta |isbn=978-1-62837-255-7 |pages=85–86}}</ref> * c. 425 BC Elpaal (''’LP‘L'') * c. 400 BC ‘Ozbaal (''‘ZB‘L''; son of Batnoam and the priest Paltibaal) * c. 375 BC Urimilk III (''’WRMLK'') * 332 BC ‘Aynel (''‘YN’L''; Enylus), who cooperated with Alexander the Great in the siege of Tyre.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Slouschz |first=Nahoum |title=Thesaurus of Phoenician Inscriptions |publisher=Dvir |year=1942 |pages=14 |language=Hebrew |author-link=Nahum Slouschz}}</ref> <gallery> File:Monnaie - 1-16 de sicle, argent, Byblos, Phénicie, Azbaal - btv1b8479814k (2 of 2).jpg|‘ZB‘L coin File:Monnaie - 1-16 de sicle, argent, Byblos, Phénicie, Auirmilk - btv1b113182440 (2 of 2).jpg|’WRMLK coin File:Monnaie - Sicle, argent, Byblos, Phénicie, Ainel - btv1b84798150 (2 of 2).jpg|‘YN’L coin </gallery>

===Roman period=== * 68 BC Cinyrus

==See also== *King of Tyre *King of Sidon

==References== {{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Kings Of Byblos}} Byblos Category:Kings of Byblos Category:Heads of state of Lebanon