Kinglet manakin

{{Speciesbox | name = Kinglet manakin | image = Machaeropterus_regulus_-_Stripped_manakin_(male).jpg | image_caption = Male | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2025 |title=Kinglet Manakin ''Machaeropterus regulus'' |volume=2025 |article-number=e.T103676093A281010059 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/103676093/281010059 |access-date=12 October 2025}}</ref> | taxon = Machaeropterus regulus | authority = (Hahn, 1819) | synonyms = | range_map = Machaeropterus regulus map.svg }}

The '''kinglet manakin''' or '''eastern striped manakin''' ('''''Machaeropterus regulus''''') is a small South American species of passerine bird in the manakin family Pipridae. It is endemic to Brazil.<ref name=IOC15.1>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/cotingas/ |title=Cotingas, manakins, tityras, becards |website=IOC World Bird List |version =v 15.1 | editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |date=March 2025 |access-date=3 March 2025 }}</ref>

==Taxonomy and systematics==

The kinglet manakin was originally described by the German zoologist Carl Wilhelm Hahn in 1819 and given the binomial name ''Pipra regulus''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Hahn | first=Carl Wilhelm | author-link=Carl Wilhelm Hahn | year=1819 | title=Voegel aus Asien, Afrika, Amerika, und Neuholland, in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen | language=de | place=Nürnberg | at=Lieferung 4, plate 4, figs 1, 2 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35996785 }}</ref> The species is now placed in the genus ''Machaeropterus'' that was introduced by the French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1854.<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Bonaparte | first=Charles Lucien | author-link=Charles Lucien Bonaparte | year=1854 | title=Conspectus Volucrum Anisodactylorum | journal=L'Ateneo Italiano. Raccolta di Documenti e Memorie Relative al Progresso delle Scienze Fisiche | volume=2 | issue=11 | pages=311–321 [316] | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BR1pAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA316 }}</ref>

The five subspecies of what is now the striolated manakin (''M. striolatus'') were long treated as subspecies of ''M. regulus'' with the English name "striped manakin". Following several studies published beginning in 1999, taxonomic systems began separating ''M. striolatus'' from ''M. regulus'' with the respective English names "western" and "eastern" striped manakin.<ref name=SACClist>Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, D. F. Lane, L, N. Naka, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 29 September 2025. A classification of the bird species of South America. South American Classification Committee associated with the International Ornithological Union. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved September 29, 2025</ref><ref name=HBW2016>BirdLife International (2016) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. [Old] Version 9. Available at: https://datazone.birdlife.org/about-our-science/taxonomy.</ref> By 2018 systems were using the current English names "striolated" and "kinglet" manakin.<ref name=IOC8.2>Gill, F and D Donsker (Eds). 2018. IOC World Bird List (v 8.2). Doi 10.14344/IOC.ML.8.2. http://www.worldbirdnames.org/</ref>

The kinglet manakin is monotypic.<ref name=IOC15.1/>

==Description== thumb|left|NE Brazil.

The kinglet manakin is {{convert|9|to|10.3|cm|in|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} long and weighs {{convert|6.4|to|12.5|g|oz|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}. The species is sexually dimorphic. Adult males have a bright red forehead, crown, and nape. The rest of their face is a grayish olive-green. Their upperparts and tail are olive-green. Their wings are mostly olive-green with white tips on the secondaries. Their chin and throat are plain whitish. The rest of their underparts are whitish with thin red-brown stripes on the breast, belly, and flanks. Their thighs are red. Adult females have no red on their head and their face is grayer than the male's. The streaks on their underparts are only on the belly and flanks. Both sexes have a deep red or red-brown iris, a dark horn to blackish maxilla, and a paler mandible. Males have purplish beige to bright pink legs and feet; females' are often duller and paler. Juveniles of both sexes resemble adult females.<ref name=KIMA-BOW>Kirwan, G. M. and D. Snow (2020). Kinglet Manakin (''Machaeropterus regulus''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.strman2.01 retrieved October 12, 2025</ref>

==Distribution and habit==

The kinglet manakin is found in coastal southeastern Brazil from northeastern Bahia south at least to northern Rio de Janeiro state. There are scattered records south and inland of its contiguous range. It inhabits humid lowland forest including secondary forest and ''restinga''. In elevation it ranges mostly from sea level to about {{convert|200|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}} but locally is found as high as about {{convert|600|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=KIMA-BOW/><ref name=vanPerlo>{{cite book | last =van Perlo | first = Ber| title =A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil | publisher =Oxford University Press | date =2009 | location =New York | pages =282–283 |isbn=978-0-19-530155-7 }}</ref>

==Behavior== ===Movement===

The kinglet manakin is normally a near-round resident but there is at least one out-of-range occurrence during a local drought in its range.<ref name=KIMA-BOW/>

===Feeding===

The diet and foraging behavior of the kinglet manakin have not been studied.<ref name=KIMA-BOW/>

===Breeding===

The kinglet manakin's breeding season has not been defined but includes January and February. Males display at a lek. They hang head downward on a vertical stem, turn to and fro, spread the crown feathers, extend the wings, and extend and fan the tail. One nest has been photographed. It was in a three-way branch fork and appeared to have live moss on the outside, a pale lining, and to be held together and to the branch with spider web. It contained one egg. Nothing else is known about the species' breeding biology.<ref name=KIMA-BOW/>

{{birdsong|url=https://xeno-canto.org/species/Machaeropterus-regulus |species=the kinglet manakin}} ===Vocalization===

The kinglet manakin's call is a "mid-high, short, catlike ''tjew''".<ref name=vanPerlo/>

==Status==

The IUCN has assessed the kinglet manakin as being of Least Concern. Its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.<ref name=IUCN/> It is considered rare to uncommon.<ref name=vanPerlo/> It is found in several protected areas. However, "[i]ts population has undoubtedly been much reduced by extensive destruction of Atlantic coastal forest".<ref name=KIMA-BOW/>

==References== {{Reflist}}

Kinglet manakin Category:Birds of the Atlantic Forest Kinglet manakin Kinglet manakin Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot