{{Short description|King of Joseon from 1776 to 1800}} {{Redirect|Yi San|the 2007 TV series|Lee San, Wind of the Palace}} {{Distinguish|Jeongjong of Joseon}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Jeongjo | image = Çoson Kralı Conqco.jpg | caption = Modern portrait in military attire, housed at the Hwaryeongjeon Shrine in [[Suwon]], 2004{{efn|All of Jeongjo's original portraits were destroyed during the [[1954 Busan Yongdusan fire|1954 fire]] in [[Busan]].<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ko:화령전 정조 초상화, 전통화법에 대한 고증 부정확|url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20190204024100005|author=박상현|newspaper=[[Yonhap News Agency|Yonhap News]]|date=February 5, 2019|language=ko}}</ref>}} | succession = [[List of kings of Joseon|King of Joseon]] | reign = 22 April 1776 – 18 August 1800 | coronation = 27 April 1776<br>Sungjeongjeon Hall, [[Gyeonghuigung]] | cor-type = Enthronement | predecessor = [[Yeongjo of Joseon|Yeongjo]] | successor = [[Sunjo of Joseon|Sunjo]] | succession1 = [[Regent]] of [[Joseon]] | reign-type1 = Tenure | reign1 = 30 January – 22 April 1776 | reg-type1 = Monarch | regent1 = [[Yeongjo of Joseon|Yeongjo]] | succession2 = [[Styles and titles in Joseon#Titles and styles|Grand Heir]] of [[Joseon]] | reign-type2 = Tenure | reign2 = 10 March 1759 – 22 April 1776 | predecessor2 = [[Crown Prince Uiso|Grand Heir Jeong]] | successor2 = [[Heonjong of Joseon|Grand Heir Hwan]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Queen Hyoui]]|1762}} | issue = {{plainlist| * [[Crown Prince Munhyo]] * [[Sunjo of Joseon]] * [[Princess Sukseon]] }} | issue-link = #Family | full name = Yi San ({{Korean|hangul=이산|hanja=李祘|labels=no}}){{efn|Or Yi Seong ({{korean|hangul=이성|hanja=李祘|labels=no}}).}} {{plainlist| * [[Courtesy name]]: Hyeongun ({{korean|hangul=형운|hanja=亨運|labels=no}}) * [[Art name]]: Hongjae ({{korean|hangul=홍재|hanja=弘齋|labels=no}}) }} | dynasty = [[House of Yi|Yi]] | era dates = ''Adopted the [[Korean era name|era name]] of the [[Qing dynasty]]''{{efn|Geollyung ([[Qianlong Emperor|Qianlong]]) ({{korean|hangul=건륭|hanja=乾隆|labels=no}}): 1776–1795<br>Gagyeong ([[Jiaqing Emperor|Jiaqing]]) ({{korean|hangul=가경|hanja=嘉慶|labels=no}}): 1796–1800}} | posthumous name = {{plainlist| * [[Joseon]]: Great King Gongseon Munseong Muyeol Seongin Janghyo ({{Korean|hangul=공선문성무열성인장효대왕|hanja=恭宣文成武烈聖仁莊孝大王|labels=no}}) * [[Korean Empire]]: {{du|Emperor}} Munseong Muyeol Seongin Janghyo {{du|Seon}} ({{Korean|hangul=문성무열성인장효{{du|선황제}}|hanja=文成武烈聖仁莊孝{{du|宣皇帝}}|labels=no}}){{efn|[[Gojong of Korea|Gojong]] notably omitted the posthumous name bestowed by [[China]] as a sign of the country's "independence".}} * [[Qing dynasty]]: Gongseon ({{korean|hangul=공선|hanja=恭宣|labels=no}}) }} | temple name = Jeongjong ({{Korean|hangul=정종|hanja=正宗|labels=no}}) → Jeongjo ({{Korean|hangul=정조|hanja=正祖|labels=no}}){{efn|Conferred in 1800 and 1899, respectively.}} | house = [[Jeonju Yi clan|Jeonju Yi]] | house-type = Clan | father = {{plainlist| * [[Crown Prince Sado|King Jangjo]] {{small|(biological)}} * [[Crown Prince Uiso|King Jinjong]] {{small|(adoptive)}} }} | mother = {{plainlist| * [[Lady Hyegyŏng|Queen Heongyeong]] {{small|(biological)}} * [[Queen Hyosun]] {{small|(adoptive)}} }} | birth_date = 28 October 1752 | birth_place = Gyeongchunjeon Hall, [[Changgyeonggung]], [[Seoul|Hanseong]], [[Joseon]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1800|8|18|1752|10|28|df=yes}} | death_place = Yeongchunheon Pavilion, Changgyeonggung, Hanseong, Joseon | burial_place = Geolleung, [[Yunggeolleung|Yunggeolleung Cluster]], [[Hwaseong, Gyeonggi|Hwaseong]], South Korea | signature = [[File:SignatureJeongjo.png|100px]] | religion = [[Korean Confucianism]] {{smaller|([[Neo-Confucianism]])}} | module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto | child=yes |hangul=^정조 |hanja=正祖 }} }} {{Joseon monarchs}} [[File:Hwaseong2.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Hwaseong Fortress]]]] '''Jeongjo''' ({{Korean|hangul=정조|hanja=正祖}}; 28 October 1752 – 18 August 1800),{{Efn|In the [[Korean calendar]] ([[Lunisolar calendar|lunisolar]]), he was born on the 22nd day of the 9th lunar month and died on the 28th day of the 6th lunar month.}} personal name '''Yi San''', sometimes known as '''Jeongjo the Great''', was the 22nd monarch of [[Joseon]]. He was the second son of the ill-fated [[Crown Prince Sado]] and [[Lady Hyegyŏng]], and ascended to the throne upon the death of his grandfather, [[Yeongjo of Joseon|King Yeongjo]]. Despite the persistance of [[Political factions of Joseon|factional struggles]], his reign marked a cultural and political renaissance, and is considered one of the high points of the Joseon period. Today, he is generally regarded to be among the greatest leaders in [[History of Korea|Korean history]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-07 |title=“조선 최고 성군은 세종, 인간 승리 드라마는 정조” |url=https://weekly.donga.com/people/article/all/11/1599724/1 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=주간동아 |language=ko}}</ref> Following the establishment of the [[Korean Empire]], he was honored as '''Emperor Seon'''.
Jeongjo continued his grandfather's ''Tangpyeong'' policy (but took on a different approach, prioritizing the recruitment of the most talented [[Scholar-official|scholars]] regardless of faction), encouraged the publication of literary collections and legal codes, established the [[Joseon Army#Royal Elite Camp|Jangyongyeong Guard]] and the [[Kyujanggak|Kyujanggak Royal Library]], and ordered the construction of [[Hwaseong Fortress]]. However, his appointment of [[Hong Guk-yeong]] left behind the malpractice of having state affairs swayed by close retainers. Furthermore, just before his death, worried about [[Sunjo of Joseon|his young heir]], he chose [[Queen Sunwon|the daughter]] of [[Kim Jo-sun (politician)|Kim Jo-sun]] of the [[Andong Kim clan]] as crown princess; yet this turned out to be a self-defeating move that tilted power to one side and became the backdrop for the era of ''Sedo'' politics ({{Korean|hangul=세도정치|hanja=勢道政治|labels=no|lit='power politics'}}; also known as "[[Consort kin|in-law]] politics").
==Biography== ===Early life=== He was the son of [[Crown Prince Sado]] and [[Lady Hyegyŏng]] (who wrote the ''[[Memoirs of Lady Hyegyŏng]]'', which details her life and offers advice and explanations for her grandson about the deaths of his grandfather and many maternal relatives). His elder brother [[Crown Prince Uiso]] died in infancy. His mother Lady Hyegyŏng's collection of memoirs serves as a significant source of historical information on the political happenings during the reigns of [[Yeongjo of Joseon|King Yeongjo]] (her father-in-law), King Jeongjo (her son), and [[Sunjo of Joseon|King Sunjo]] (her grandson).
In 1762, Crown Prince Sado was executed (by imprisonment in a [[Box (torture)|rice chest]]) by King Yeongjo after long conflicts and Sado's years of mental illness.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|script-title=ko:정조(正祖)|url=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0050867|access-date=2022-02-12|website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]]}}</ref> On 21 February 1764, Yi San became the adoptive son of [[Crown Prince Hyojang]] and [[Queen Hyosun|Princess Consort Hyosun]] by the order of King Yeongjo.<ref>[http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kua_14002021_001 인정전 월대에서 친히 향을 전하다. 육상궁에 배알하고 창의궁에 들르다]</ref> [[Crown Prince Hyojang]] was the elder half-brother of his father, Crown Prince Sado. Crown Prince Hyojang though, had died during his childhood. King Yeongjo made Yi San a part of Hyojang's family because he was concerned that Yi San, who was Sado's son and successor, would be opposed. The Noron faction protested Yi San's legitimacy as the royal successor under the claim that Yi San was the 'Son of a prisoner' or 'Son of a madman' and thus ineligible to succeed the throne. This was a major source of vexation for [[Yeongjo of Joseon|King Yeongjo]] for an extended period.
After 1762 to 1777, some members of [[Noron (Korean political faction)|Noron]] attempted to depose Jeongjo for his relation to [[Crown Prince Sado]] and open the path of succession for his half-brothers Prince Eunjeon, Prince Euneon and, Prince Eunshin. His grand uncle [[Hong In-han]] and [[Jeong Hu-gyeom]], adopted son of [[Princess Hwawan]], were amongst them.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pk1aED6CaZ8 |title=왕실 입양 문제에 개입한 홍국영? 죽은 후에 역적으로 몰린 이유! #벌거벗은한국사 EP.44 {{!}} tvN STORY 230222 방송 |date=2023-02-23 |last=tvN STORY 티비엔 스토리 |access-date=2026-05-09 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
When he was the Crown Prince, King Jeongjo met [[Hong Guk-yeong]]<ref name="koreandb.net">[http://www.koreandb.net/koreanking/html/person/pki60022.htm Digital Korean studies (Korean site)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123105322/http://www.koreandb.net/koreanking/html/person/pki60022.htm |date=23 January 2008 }}</ref> ({{Korean|hangul=홍국영|hanja=洪國榮|labels=no}}), a controversial politician who first strongly supported Jeongjo's accession and toiled to improve the king's power, but ended up being expelled because of his desire and ambition for power. Another helper was Kim Jong-su ({{Korean|hangul=김종수|hanja=金鍾秀|labels=no}}), despite being a member of [[Noron (Korean political faction)|Noron]].
In 1775, one year before King Yeongjo's death, King Jeongjo was appointed regent. However, King Yeongjo did not give him any military power.
===Reign=== Before Yeongjo died, Jeongjo had his coronation in [[Gyeonghuigung]] on 10 March 1776.<ref>{{Cite web|script-title=ko:조선왕조실록|url=http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kva_10003010_001|access-date=2021-12-19|website=[[Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty]]}}</ref> After his coronation, Jeongjo chose his spouse.<ref>{{Cite web|script-title=ko:조선왕조실록|url=http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kva_10003010_002|access-date=2021-12-21|website=[[Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty]]}}</ref> The first thing that Jeongjo said to his officials was that he was the son of [[Crown Prince Sado|Jangjo]] (temple name of Crown Prince Sado) who was executed by the former king.<ref>{{Cite web|script-title=ko:조선왕조실록|url=http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kva_10003010_004|access-date=2021-12-19|website=[[Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty]]}}</ref>
Jeongjo tried to empathize with his people.<ref name="조선왕조실록">{{Cite web|script-title=ko:조선왕조실록|url=http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kva_10003010_003|access-date=2021-12-21|website=[[Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty]]}}</ref> During his second year of reign, a great drought came. During the drought, Jeongjo was nervous just like the people and did a [[Rainmaking (ritual)|rainmaking ritual]] for his people.<ref>{{Cite web|script-title=ko:조선왕조실록|url=http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kva_10104024_003|access-date=2021-12-21|website=[[Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty]]}}</ref> He also was deeply concerned about the continuing outbreaks of measles epidemics, and among other things supplied free public medicines in an attempt curb the death rates.<ref name=measlesOutbreaks>{{cite Q|Q113053302}}</ref>
Concerned about political factions, Jeongjo continued his grandfather's policy of {{ill|Tangpyeong|ko|탕평책}} (political harmony policy) in an attempt to balance political factions.<ref>{{Cite web|script-title=ko:조선왕조실록|url=http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kva_10205002_001|access-date=2021-12-21|website=[[Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty]]}}</ref> By this, he tried to get rid of the parties which caused his father's death.<ref name=":0" />
From the first day of the reign, Jeongjo spent much of his [[reign]] trying to clear his father's name.<ref name="조선왕조실록"/> One of the first things Jeongjo said following his ascension to the throne of Joseon was declaring that he was the son of Crown Prince Sado.<ref>{{cite web |title=Veritable Records of Jeongjo, day 10, month 3, year 0 of Jeongjo's reign |url=http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/wva_10003010_004 |website=[[Veritable Records of the Joseon dynasty]] |access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kang |first1=Hyungwon |title=[Visual History of Korea] King Jeongjo the Greats formidable Hwaseong Fortress |url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220901000805 |access-date=13 January 2024 |agency=The Korean Herald |date=September 3, 2022}}</ref> He also moved the court to the city of [[Suwon]] to be closer to his father's [[Grave (burial)|grave]]. He built [[Hwaseong Fortress]] to guard the tomb. It is now a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]].
Jeongjo was always threatened by some of his officials who were against his reign. He was able to overcome these challenges with the help of [[Hong Guk-yeong]] and others.<ref name=":0" />
During his accession, he also issued a royal decree that his mother, Lady Hyegyŏng, be a Dowager Queen since his father, her husband, was supposed to be the King before him. Thus, she became the Queen Dowager, the widow of [[Crown Prince Sado|Jangjo]]. From then on, King Jeongjo experienced many turbulent periods, but overcame them with the aid of Hong Guk-yeong,<ref name="koreandb.net"/> Kim Chong-su.
In 1776, Hong Sang-beom, Hong Kye-neung and other some member of [[Noron (Korean political faction)|Noron]] unsuccessfully attempted to stage a military ''coup d'état'' and assassinate him. Jeongjo fought the rebels who were secretly in royal palace and personally arrested his assassins. Jeongjo executed Hong Sang-beom, Hong Kye-neung, and another some member of [[Noron]]s, and put to death Prince Eunjeon, Hong In-han, and Chung Hu-kyom.
Jeongjo tried to impeach [[Hong Guk-yeong]] in an attempt to stop the concentration of political power in single civil family but the impeachment failed.
In 1785 he established Changyongyeong ({{Korean|hangul=장용영|hanja=壯勇營|labels=no}}) as the King's royal bodyguards. Jeongjo had started selecting officers by competitive examination since 1782 to recruit them into the Changyongyeong unit, to replace the [[Naekeunwe]] (corps of Joseon royal bodyguards created by [[Taejong of Joseon]] in 1407), which he no longer trusted.
===Renaissance=== King Jeongjo led the renaissance of Joseon, but was initially busy continuing the policy of [[Yeongjo of Joseon|Yeongjo]]'s Tangpyeong ("Magnificent Harmony"; 蕩平, 탕평) policy of political reconciliation between the parties. He tried to control the politics of the whole nation to advance and further national progress.
He made various reforms throughout his reign, notably establishing [[Kyujanggak]] ({{Korean|hangul=규장각|labels=no}}), a royal library. The primary purpose of Kyujanggak was to improve the cultural and political stance of Joseon and to recruit gifted officers to help run the nation. Jeongjo also spearheaded bold new social initiatives, including opening government positions to those who were previously barred because of their [[Society of Joseon|social status]].
He cultivated knowledge of humanities and philosophy ([[Neo-Confucianism]]). He was known to be studious and well-read. Among the King's entourage, one that had a great influence and became both a great teacher and father figure for him was Kim Jong-su. Jeongjo also had the support of the many [[Silhak]] scholars who favored regal power over the parties, including scholars [[Chŏng Yagyong]], [[Pak Chiwŏn (philosopher)|Pak Chiwŏn]], [[Pak Chega]] and [[Yu Deuk-gong]]. His reign also saw the further growth and development of Joseon's popular culture.
Jeongjo favored members of the [[Soron (Korean political faction)|Soron]] and [[Southerners (Korean political faction)|Namin]] party over those of the powerful [[Noron (Korean political faction)|Noron]] faction, as a way to establish checks and balances and strengthen royal authority.
He was opposed to new fashions in the composition style of Korean writing and personally taught composition to some intellectuals and bureaucrats called {{ill|Munchebanjong|ko|문체반정}} (문체반정 文體反正 – ''literary criticism/reform'').
In 1791, Jeongjo got a report from [[Ch'ae Chegong]] that the people were having difficulty surviving by selling the fruit of their labor.<ref>{{Cite web|script-title=ko:조선왕조실록|url=http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kva_11501025_001|access-date=2022-02-10|website=[[Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty]]}}</ref> Jeongjo then established the new law of {{ill|Shinhae Tonggong|ko|신해통공}} (free trade law), which allowed anyone to sell their goods at the market. This abolished the previous law of {{ill|Gumnanjeonguoun|ko|금난전권}},<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:금난전권(禁亂廛權) Geum Nan Jeon Kwon |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/ |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |language=ko}}</ref> which reserved this right exclusively to members of merchant groups in the capital.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-10-09|script-title=ko:역사를 통해 경제 정책을 말한다|url=http://www.ohmynews.com/nws_web/view/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0001787537|access-date=2022-02-10|website=[[OhmyNews]]|language=ko}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=See unreliable sources list on [[WP:KO/RS]]|date=November 2024}}
===Death=== In his final years, Jeongjo arranged for the marriage of his second son and successor [[Sunjo of Joseon]] to Lady Kim of the Andong clan, daughter of [[Kim Jo-sun (politician)|Kim Jo-sun]], but did not live to see his son's marriage. In 1800, Jeongjo died suddenly under uncertain circumstances at the age of 47, without seeing much of his life's work come to fruition under his son, Sunjo.<ref>[http://www.ocp.go.kr/english/treasure/dom_wha.html National Heritage – Hwaseong<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230100605/http://www.ocp.go.kr/english/treasure/dom_wha.html |date=30 December 2007 }}</ref> There are many books regarding the mystery behind his death, and speculation as to the cause of his death continues even today.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reformative King Jeongjo Was Not Fatally Poisoned |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2024/01/113_39229.html |access-date=13 January 2024 |agency=The Korea Times |date=February 9, 2009}}</ref>
He is buried with his wife, [[Queen Hyoui]], at the royal tomb of [[Yunggeolleung|Geonneung]] ({{Korean|hangul=건릉|hanja=健陵|labels=no}}) in the city of [[Hwaseong, Gyeonggi|Hwaseong]].
On 7 December 1899, Jeongjo posthumously became Jeongjo Sanghwangjae.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty |script-title=ko:태조, 장종, 정종, 순조, 익종 황제를 소급하여 높일 묘호와 황제 칭호를 의정하여 상주하다 |url=https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kza_13612007_004}}</ref>
== Family == {{Unreferenced section|date=March 2024}} * Biological father: [[Crown Prince Sado|King Jangjo of Joseon]] ({{Korean|hangul=조선의 장조|labels=no}}; 13 February 1735 – 12 July 1762)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jeong |first=Ok-ja |title=정조 (正祖) |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0050867 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123144100/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0050867 |archive-date=23 January 2025 |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |publication-place=South Korea}}</ref>{{efn|Crown Prince Sado was honoured as '''Jangjo''' ({{Korean|hangul=장조|labels=no}}) in 1899, during [[Gojong of Korea|Emperor Gwangmu]]'s third year of reign.}} ** Grandfather: [[Yeongjo of Joseon|King Yeongjo of Joseon]] ({{Korean|hangul=조선의 영조|labels=no}}; 31 October 1694 – 22 April 1776)<ref name=":1" /> ** Biological grandmother: [[Royal Noble Consort Yeongbin Yi|Royal Noble Consort Yeong]] of the Jeonui Yi clan ({{Korean|hangul=영빈 이씨|labels=no}}; 15 August 1696 – 23 August 1764) ** Adoptive grandmother: [[Queen Jeongseong]] of the Daegu Seo clan ({{Korean|hangul=정성왕후 서씨|labels=no}}; 12 January 1693 – 3 April 1757) * Adoptive father: [[Crown Prince Hyojang|King Jinjong of Joseon]] ({{Korean|hangul=조선의 진종|labels=no}}; 4 April 1719 – 16 December 1728) * Biological mother: [[Lady Hyegyŏng|Queen Heongyeong]] of the Pungsan Hong clan ({{Korean|hangul=헌경왕후 홍씨|labels=no}}; 6 August 1735 – 13 January 1816)<ref name=":1" /> ** Grandfather: Hong Bong-han ({{Korean|hangul=홍봉한|labels=no}}; 1713–1778)<ref name=":1" /> ** Grandmother: Lady Yi of the Hansan Yi clan ({{Korean|hangul=한산 이씨|labels=no}}; 1713–1755) * Adoptive mother: [[Queen Hyosun]] of the [[Pungyang Jo clan]] ({{Korean|hangul=효순왕후 조씨|labels=no}}; 8 January 1716 – 30 December 1751) '''Consort(s) and their respective issue''' * [[Queen Hyoui]] of the Cheongpung Kim clan ({{Korean|hangul=효의왕후 김씨|labels=no}}; 5 January 1754 – 10 April 1821)<ref name=":1" /> * [[Royal Noble Consort Subin Park|Royal Noble Consort Su]] of the Bannam Park clan ({{Korean|hangul=수빈 박씨|labels=no}}; 1 June 1770 – 6 February 1823) ** [[Sunjo of Joseon|Crown Prince Yi Gong]] ({{Korean|hangul=왕세자 이공|labels=no}}; 29 July 1790 – 13 December 1834), second son ** [[Princess Sukseon]] ({{Korean|hangul=숙선옹주|labels=no}}; 1 March 1793 – 7 June 1836), second daughter{{efn|She created [[Kkakdugi]]. Her husband, Hong Hyeon-ju, is a great-grandson of [[Lady Hyegyŏng]]'s father's cousin.}} * [[Royal Noble Consort Uibin Seong|Royal Noble Consort Ui]] of the Changnyeong Seong clan ({{Korean|hangul=의빈 성씨|labels=no}}; 6 August 1753 – 4 November 1786){{efn|Daughter of Seong Yun-u ({{Korean|hangul=성윤우|labels=no}}) and Lady Im. She did not become a [[Naemyeongbu#Ranks|royal consort]] until the birth of her son in 1782. She died suddenly in 1786, just months after the death of her son.}} ** ''Miscarriage'' (8 December 1780){{efn|According to the [[Korean calendar]] ([[lunisolar calendar|lunisolar]]).}} ** ''Miscarriage'' (July 1781){{efn|According to the [[Korean calendar]] ([[lunisolar calendar|lunisolar]]).}} ** [[Crown Prince Munhyo|Yi Sun, Crown Prince Munhyo]] ({{Korean|hangul=문효세자 이순|labels=no}}; 13 October 1782 – 6 June 1786), first son ** ''First daughter'' (20 March – 12 May 1784){{efn|According to the [[Korean calendar]] ([[lunisolar calendar|lunisolar]]).}} ** ''Unborn child'' (4 November 1786){{efn|Died in utero as a result of mother's death.}} * [[Royal Noble Consort Wonbin Hong|Royal Noble Consort Won]] of the Pungsan Hong clan ({{Korean|hangul=원빈 홍씨|labels=no}}; 27 May 1766 – 7 May 1779) * [[Royal Noble Consort Hwabin Yun|Royal Noble Consort Hwa]] of the Namwon Yun clan ({{Korean|hangul=화빈 윤씨|labels=no}}; 11 April 1765 – 14 January 1824)
==Ancestry== {{ahnentafel |collapsed=yes |align=center |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |1 = '''Yi San, King Jeongjo''' |2 = [[Crown Prince Sado]] |3 = [[Lady Hyegyŏng|Lady Hyegyŏng of the Pungsan Hong clan]] |4 = [[Yeongjo of Joseon|King Yeongjo]] |5 = [[Royal Noble Consort Yeongbin Yi|Royal Noble Consort Yeong of the Jeonui Yi clan]] |6 = Hong Bong-han |7 = Lady Yi of the Hansan Yi clan |8 = [[Sukjong of Joseon|King Sukjong]] |9 = [[Royal Noble Consort Sukbin Choe|Royal Noble Consort Suk of the Haeju Choe clan]] |10 = Yi Yu-beon |11 = Lady Kim of the Hanyang Kim clan |12 = Hong Hyeon-bo |13 =Lady Im of the Pungcheon Im clan |14 = |15 = |16 = [[Hyeonjong of Joseon|King Hyeonjong]] |17 = [[Queen Myeongseong|Queen Myeongseong of the Cheongpung Kim clan]] |18 = [[Choe Hyo-won]] |19 = Lady Hong of the [[Namyang Hong clan]] |20 =Yi Yeong-im |21 = |22 =Kim Woo-jung |23 =Lady Yi of the [[Jeonju Yi clan]] |24 = Hong Joong-ki |25 = Lady Yi of the [[Jeonju Yi clan]] }}
==In popular culture== * Portrayed by [[Kim Yong-gun]] in the 1989 [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]] TV series ''500 Years of Joseon Dynasty: Pa Mun''. * Portrayed by Jung Jae-gon in the 2001 MBC TV series ''Hong Guk-yeong''. * Portrayed by [[Lee Seo-jin]] and [[Park Ji-bin]] in the 2007 MBC TV series ''[[Lee San, Wind of the Palace]]''.<ref name=renaissance /> * Portrayed by [[Ahn Nae-sang]] in the 2007 [[KBS2]] TV series ''[[Conspiracy in the Court]]''.<ref name=renaissance /> * Portrayed by [[Kim Sang-joong]] and [[Park Gun-woo (actor)|Park Gun-woo]] in the 2007 CGV TV series ''[[Eight Days, Assassination Attempts against King Jeongjo]]''.<ref name=renaissance>{{cite web|last=Chung |first=Ah-young |title=Renaissance of Joseon King Jeongjo |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2007/11/135_13619.html |work=[[The Korea Times]] |access-date=2013-04-02 |date=13 November 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224221250/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2007/11/135_13619.html |archive-date=24 February 2012 }}</ref> * Portrayed by [[Bae Soo-bin]] in the 2008 [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]] TV series ''[[Painter of the Wind]]''. * Portrayed by Han Myeong-goo in the 2008 film ''[[Portrait of a Beauty]]''. * Portrayed by [[Jo Sung-ha]] in the 2010 KBS2 TV series ''[[Sungkyunkwan Scandal]]''. * Portrayed by [[Hong Jong-hyun]] in the 2011 SBS TV series ''[[Warrior Baek Dong-soo]]''. * Portrayed by [[Hyun Bin]] and [[Goo Seung-hyun]] in the 2014 film ''[[The Fatal Encounter]]''. * Portrayed by [[Lee Je-hoon]], Kim Woo-suk, and Kim Dan-yool in the 2014 SBS TV series ''[[Secret Door (TV series)|Secret Door]]''. * Portrayed by Go Woo-rim in the 2015 KBS2 Drama Special ''[[KBS Drama Special|Crimson Moon]].'' * Portrayed by [[So Ji-sub]] and Lee Hyo-je in the 2015 film ''[[The Throne (film)|The Throne]]''. *Portrayed by [[Lee Jun-ho (entertainer)|Lee Jun-ho]] and Lee Joo-won in the 2021 [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]] TV series ''[[The Red Sleeve]].''
== Notes == {{Notelist}}
==References== {{reflist}}
== External links == *{{Commons category-inline}} * {{in lang|ko}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20100513012552/http://kingjeongjo.com/ King Jeongjo Foundation for Humanities and Act] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130508190934/http://ehs.suwon.ne.kr/ Official website of Hwaseong Fortress] *[http://A%20Unique%20Banchado:%20The%20Documentary%20Painting,%20with%20Commentary,%20of%20King%20Jeongjo's%20Royal%20Procesion%20to%20Hwaseong%20in%201795 "Introduction." A Unique Banchado: The Documentary Painting, with Commentary, of King Jeongjo's Royal Procesion to Hwaseong in 1795, by Han Young-woo and Chung Eunsun, Renaissance Books, Folkestone, 2017, pp. 1–6. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1s17p7t.7.]
{{s-start}} {{s-hou|[[House of Yi]]|22 September|1752|28 June|1800}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef|before=[[Yeongjo of Joseon|Yeongjo]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of monarchs of Korea|King of Joseon]]|years=1776–1800}} {{s-aft|after=[[Sunjo of Joseon|Sunjo]]}} {{s-end}} {{House of Yi}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jeongjo of Joseon}} [[Category:1752 births]] [[Category:1800 deaths]] [[Category:18th-century Korean monarchs]] [[Category:People from Jongno District]] [[Category:Jeonju Yi clan]]