Abdullah I of Jordan

{{Short description|Ruler of Jordan from 1921 to 1951}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Abdullah I <br /> {{Nobold|عبد الله الأول}} | image = Cecil Beaton Photographs- Political and Military Personalities; Abdullah, King of Jordan; Abdullah, King of Jordan CBM1666.jpg | caption =1942 portrait | alt = | succession = [[King of Jordan]] | reign = 25 May 1946 – 20 July 1951 | predecessor = ''Himself as Emir of Transjordan'' | successor = [[Talal of Jordan|Talal]] | reg-type = [[List of prime ministers of Jordan|Prime ministers]] | regent = {{Collapsible list|title=''See list'' | 1 = [[Ibrahim Hashem]] | 2 = [[Samir Al-Rifai]] | 3 = [[Tawfik Abu Al-Huda]] | 4 = [[Sa'id Mufti]] }} | succession2 = [[Emir of Transjordan]] | reign2 = 11 April 1921 – 25 May 1946<ref name=Salibi>Salibi (1998), p. 93</ref><ref name=Hussein>[https://www.alhussein.jo/en/the-hashemites/history-hashemites Hashemite Monarchs of Jordan], "The Emirate of Transjordan was founded on 11 April 1921, and became the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan upon formal independence from Britain in 1946". alhussein.jo.</ref> | predecessor2 = ''Office established'' | successor2 = ''Himself as King of Jordan'' | reg-type2 = Prime ministers | regent2 = {{Collapsible list|title=''See list'' | 1 = [[Rashid Talaa]] | 2 = [[Mazhar Raslan]] | 3 = [[Ali al-Rikabi]] | 4 = [[Hasan Abu Al-Huda]] | 5 = [[Abd Allah Siraj]] | 6 = Ibrahim Hashem | 7 = Tawfik Abu Al-Huda | 8 = Samir Al-Rifai }} | birth_date = {{Birth date|1882|02|02|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Mecca]], Hejaz Vilayet, Ottoman Empire | death_date = {{Death date and age|1951|07|20|1882|02|02|df=yes}}<ref name="EB 22">Encyclopædia Britannica (2010), p. [https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/22 22]</ref><ref>Some sources state that his birth date was on 22 September.</ref> | death_place = [[East Jerusalem]], West Bank, Jordan | death_cause = [[Assassination of Abdullah I of Jordan|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds) | burial_place = [[Raghadan Palace]], Amman, Jordan | spouses = {{Plain list| * {{Marriage|[[Musbah bint Nasser]] | 1904}} * {{Marriage|Suzdil [[Khanum]] | 1913}} * {{Marriage|Nahda bint Uman|1949}} }} | issue = {{Plain list| * Princess Haya * [[Talal of Jordan|King Talal]] * Princess Munira * [[Prince Nayef bin Abdullah|Prince Nayef]] * Princess Maqbula * Princess Naifeh }} | full name = Abdullah bin Hussein bin Ali bin Muhammad | house = [[Hashemite]] | father = [[Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz|Hussein bin Ali]] | mother = Abdiyya bint Abdullah | religion = [[Sunni Islam]] {{Infobox military person | embed = yes | allegiance = {{Plain list| * {{Flag|Kingdom of Hejaz|1917}} (1916–1921) * {{Flag|Emirate of Transjordan}} (1921–1946) * {{Flag|Jordan}} (1946–1951) }} | branch_label = Branches | branch = {{Plain list| * [[Sharifian Army]] * [[Arab Legion]] * [[Royal Jordanian Army]] }} | service_years = 1916–1951 | rank = Brigadier General1916 -1921<br /> Commonder in Chief 1921–1951 | battles_label = Wars | battles = {{Plain list| * [[Arab Revolt]] (1916–1918) * [[Kura rebellion]] (1921) * [[Adwan Rebellion]] (1923) * [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] (1941) * [[Syria–Lebanon campaign]] (1941) * [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|First Arab–Israeli War]] (1948) }} }} <!-- Infobox military person --> }}

'''Abdullah I'''{{Efn|{{langx|ar|عبد الله الأول|translit=ʿAbd Allāh al-Awwal}}.}} ('''Abdullah bin Hussein''';{{Efn|{{langx|ar|عبد الله بن الحسين|translit=ʿAbd Allāh bin al-Ḥusayn|links=no}}.}} 2 February 1882{{Snd}}20 July 1951) was the ruler of [[Jordan]] from 11 April 1921 until [[Assassination of Abdullah I of Jordan|his assassination]] in 1951. He was the [[Emir]] of [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]], a [[British protectorate]], until 25 May 1946,<ref name=Salibi /><ref name=Hussein /> after which he was king of an independent Jordan.<ref name="Salibi" /><ref name="Hussein" /> As a member of the [[Hashemite]] dynasty, the royal family of Jordan since 1921, Abdullah was a [[Hashemites#Members and family tree|38th-generation direct descendant]] of [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Corboz |first=Elvire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BOkKngEACAAJ |title=Guardians of Shi'ism: Sacred Authority and Transnational Family Networks |date=2015 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-9144-9 |page=271 |language=en}}</ref>

Born in [[Mecca]], Hejaz, Ottoman Empire, Abdullah was the second of four sons of [[Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz|Hussein bin Ali]], [[Sharif of Mecca]], and his first wife, Abdiyya bint Abdullah. He was educated in [[Istanbul]] and Hejaz. From 1909 to 1914, Abdullah sat in the Ottoman legislature, as deputy for Mecca, but allied with [[British Empire|Britain]] during the [[World War I|First World War]]. During the war, he played a key role in secret negotiations with the [[United Kingdom]] that led to the [[Arab Revolt]] against Ottoman rule that was led by his father Sharif Hussein.<ref name="EB">Encyclopaedia Britannica (online). ''Abdullah I:...''</ref> Abdullah personally led guerrilla raids on garrisons.<ref>Shlaim (2007), p. 3</ref>

Abdullah [[Sharifian Solution|became Emir]] of Transjordan in April 1921. He upheld his alliance with the British during World War II, and became king after Transjordan gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1946.<ref name="EB" /> In 1950, [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|Jordan annexed the West Bank]],<ref name="EB" /> which angered [[Arab world|Arab countries]] including [[Second Syrian Republic|Syria]], [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]].<ref name="EB" /> He was [[Assassination of Abdullah I of Jordan|assassinated]] in [[Jerusalem]] while attending Friday prayers at the entrance of the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] by a [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] in 1951.<ref>[[Chambers Biographical Dictionary]], {{ISBN|0-550-18022-2}}, page 3</ref> Abdullah was succeeded by his eldest son [[Talal of Jordan|Talal]].

== Early political career == {{quote box | quote = In their Revolt and their Awakening, Arabs never incited sedition or acted out of greed, but called for justice, liberty and national sovereignty. | source = Abdullah about the [[Arab Revolt|Great Arab Revolt]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arabrevolt.jo/en/quotes-list/advocates-of-righteousness-and-liberty/ |title=Abdullah I quotes |access-date=20 July 2018 |date=1 January 2016 |publisher=Arabrevolt.jo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722213621/https://arabrevolt.jo/en/quotes-list/advocates-of-righteousness-and-liberty/ |archive-date=22 July 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> | align = left | width = 35% }} In 1910, Abdullah persuaded his father to stand, successfully, for Grand [[Sharif of Mecca]], a post for which Hussein acquired British support. In the following year, he became deputy for Mecca in the parliament established by the [[Young Turks]], acting as an intermediary between his father and the Ottoman government.<ref name="Thornhill">Thornhill (2004)</ref> In 1914, Abdullah paid a clandestine visit to Cairo to meet [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]], the United Kingdom's [[Secretary of State for War]], to seek British support for his father's ambitions in Arabia.<ref name="Murphy">Murphy (2008), p. 13</ref>

Abdullah maintained contact with the British throughout the First World War and in 1915 encouraged his father to enter into correspondence with [[Henry McMahon (diplomat)|Sir Henry McMahon]], British high commissioner in Egypt, about Arab independence from Turkish rule (see [[McMahon–Hussein Correspondence]]).<ref name="Thornhill" /> This correspondence in turn led to the Arab Revolt against the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]].<ref name="EB 22" /> During the [[Arab Revolt]] of 1916–18, Abdullah commanded the Arab Eastern Army.<ref name="Murphy" /> Abdullah began his role in the Revolt by attacking the Ottoman garrison at [[Ta'if]] on 10 June 1916.<ref>Murphy (2008), p. 34</ref>

The garrison consisted of 3,000 men with ten [[Krupp 7.5&nbsp;cm Model 1903|75-mm Krupp]] guns. Abdullah led a force of 5,000 tribesmen, but they did not have the weapons or discipline for a full attack. Instead, he laid siege to town. In July, he received reinforcements from Egypt in the form of [[howitzer]] batteries manned by Egyptian personnel. He then joined the siege of [[Medina]] commanding a force of 4,000 men based to the east and north-east of the town.<ref>MacMunn. p. 228.</ref>

In early 1917, Abdullah ambushed an Ottoman convoy in the desert, and captured £20,000 worth of gold coins that were intended to bribe the [[Bedouin]] into loyalty to the Sultan.<ref>Murphy (2008), p. 38</ref> In August 1917, Abdullah worked closely with the French Captain Muhammand Ould Ali Raho in sabotaging the [[Hejaz Railway]].<ref>Murphy (2008), p. 45</ref> Abdullah's relations with the British Captain [[T. E. Lawrence]] were not good, and as a result, Lawrence spent most of his time in the Hejaz serving with Abdullah's brother, [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal]], who commanded the Arab Northern Army.<ref name="Murphy" />

== Founding of the Emirate of Transjordan == [[File:המלך עבדאללה בביקור ברבת-עמון-JNF022254.jpeg|thumb|Abdullah arrives in Amman 1920]] [[File:המלך עבדאללה ועוזריו-JNF022253.jpeg|thumb|Abdullah 1920]] [[File:Abdullah I of Jordan and Kemal Atatürk in 1937.jpg|thumb|upright|Abdullah I of Transjordan during the visit to Turkey with Turkish president [[Mustafa Kemal]] 1937]]

On 8 March 1920, Abdullah was proclaimed King of Iraq by the Iraqi Congress but he refused the position. After his refusal, his brother [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal]] who had just been defeated in Syria, accepted the position.<ref name="EB 22" /><ref name="EB" /> When French forces captured Damascus after the [[Battle of Maysalun]] (24 July 1920) and expelled his brother [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal]] (27 July–1 August 1920), Abdullah moved his forces from Hejaz into Transjordan with a view to liberating Damascus, where his brother had been proclaimed King in 1918.<ref name="Thornhill" />

Having heard of Abdullah's plans, [[Winston Churchill]] invited Abdullah to Cairo in 1921 for a famous "[[Cairo Conference (1921)|tea party]]", where he convinced Abdullah to stay put and not attack Britain's allies, the French. Churchill told Abdullah that French forces were superior to his and that the British did not want any trouble with the French. Abdullah headed to Transjordan and [[Establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan|established an emirate there on 11 April 1921]]{{clarify|reason=This is an essential date, potentially the de facto creation of future Jordan, and it's not stated. The Britannica page offered, p. 22, is a) not fully available w/o subscription, and b) During the short glimpse allowed, I couldn't find anything about Abdallah & the emirate.|date=October 2021}} after being welcomed into the country by its inhabitants.<ref name="EB 22" />

Although Abdullah established a legislative council in 1928, its role remained advisory, leaving him to rule as an autocrat.<ref name="Thornhill" /> Prime ministers under Abdullah formed 18 governments during the 23 years of the Emirate.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

Abdullah set about the task of building Transjordan with the help of a reserve force headed by Lieutenant-Colonel [[Frederick Peake]], who was seconded from the Palestine police in 1921.<ref name="Thornhill" /> The force, renamed the [[Arab Legion]] in 1923, was led by [[John Bagot Glubb]] between 1930 and 1956.<ref name="Thornhill" /> During World War II, Abdullah was a faithful British ally, maintaining strict order within Transjordan, and helping to suppress a pro-Axis uprising in Iraq.<ref name="Thornhill" /> The Arab Legion assisted in the occupation of Iraq and Syria.<ref name="EB 22" />

== Expansionist aspirations == [[File:King Abdullah I of Jordan declaring independence, 25 May 1946.jpg|thumb|King Abdullah declaring the end of the British Mandate and the independence of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, 25 May 1946.]] [[File:King Abdullah I, 1 January 1950.jpg|thumb|upright|The Independence of Jordan]] [[File:'Coronation' of King Abdullah in Amman. Sheik handing King Abdullah proclamation of the 'crowning' LOC matpc.14990.jpg|thumb|right|King Abdullah I of Jordan after Jordanian independence 1946]] Abdullah negotiated with Britain to gain independence. On 25 May 1946, the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan (renamed the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan on 26 April 1949) was proclaimed independent. On the same day, Abdullah was crowned king in [[Amman]].<ref name="EB 22" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Yitzhak |first1=Ronen |title=Abdullah al-Tall – Arab Legion Officer: Arab Nationalism and Opposition to the Hashemite Regime |date=2022 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |isbn=978-1-80207-224-2 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qv2gEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:عبد العزيز مع عبد الله بن الحسين.png|thumb|King Abdullah I of Transjordan and King Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia in 1947]] [[File:Arab Leaders during the Anshas conference (cropped).jpg|thumb|King Abdullah I of Transjordan and King Farouk I of Egypt]] Abdullah, alone among the Arab leaders of his generation, was considered a moderate by the West.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile: King Abdullah I of Jordan |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/2/20/profile-king-abdullah-i-of-jordan |access-date=15 December 2023 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijayan |first=Anoop |date=4 May 2023 |title=King Abdullah I of Jordan |url=https://winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-196/king-abdullah-i-of-jordan/ |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=International Churchill Society |language=en-US}}</ref> It is possible that he might have been willing to sign a separate peace agreement with Israel, but for the [[Arab League]]'s militant opposition. Because of his dream for a [[Greater Syria]] within the borders of what was then [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]], Syria, Lebanon, and [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]] under a Hashemite dynasty with "a throne in Damascus," many Arab countries distrusted Abdullah and saw him as both "a threat to the independence of their countries and they also suspected him of being in cahoots with the enemy" and in return, Abdullah distrusted the leaders of other Arab countries.<ref>Shlaim, 2001, p. 82.</ref><ref>Tripp, in Rogan & Shlaim (2001), p. 136.</ref><ref>Landis, in Rogan & Shlaim (2001), pp. 179–184.</ref>

Abdullah supported the [[Peel Commission]] in 1937, which proposed that Palestine be split up into a small Jewish state (20 percent of the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate for Palestine]]) and the remaining land be annexed into Transjordan. The Arabs within Palestine and the surrounding Arab countries objected to the Peel Commission while the Jews accepted it reluctantly.<ref>Morris, 190</ref> Ultimately, the Peel Commission was not adopted. In 1947, when the UN supported [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|partition of Palestine]] into one Jewish and one Arab state, Abdullah was the only Arab leader supporting the decision.<ref name="EB 22" />

In 1946–48, Abdullah supported partition in order that the Arab allocated areas of the British Mandate for Palestine could be annexed into Transjordan. Abdullah went so far as to have secret meetings with the [[Jewish Agency for Israel]]. Future Israeli prime minister [[Golda Meir]] was among the delegates to these meetings that came to a mutually agreed upon partition plan independently of the United Nations in November 1947.<ref>Rogan & Shlaim (2007, 2nd edition), pp. [https://archive.org/details/warforpalestiner00roga/page/n134 109]–110</ref>

On 17 November 1947, in a secret meeting with Golda Meir, Abdullah stated that he wished to annex all of the Arab parts as a minimum, and would prefer to annex all of Palestine.<ref name="Karsh">Karsh (2002), p. 51.</ref><ref>Shlaim (1988)</ref> This partition plan was supported by British Foreign Secretary [[Ernest Bevin]] who preferred to see Abdullah's territory increased at the expense of the Palestinians rather than risk the creation of a Palestinian state headed by the [[Mufti]] of Jerusalem [[Mohammad Amin al-Husayni]].<ref name="Thornhill" /><ref>Sela, ed. (2002). "al-Husseini, Hajj (Muhammad) Amin". pp. 360–362 (see p. 361).</ref>

Historian Graham Jevon discusses the Shlaim and Karsh interpretations of the critical meeting and accepts that there may not have been a "firm agreement" as posited by Shlaim while claiming it is clear that the parties openly discussed the possibility of a Hashemite-Zionist accommodation and further says it is "indisputable" that the Zionists confirmed that they were willing to accept Abdullah's intention.<ref>Jevon (2017), pp. 64–65.</ref>

On 4 May 1948, Abdullah, as a part of the effort to seize as much of Palestine as possible, sent in the Arab Legion to attack the Israeli settlements in the Etzion Bloc.<ref name="Karsh" /> Less than a week before the outbreak of the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], Abdullah met with Meir for one last time on 11 May 1948.<ref name="Karsh" /> Abdullah told Meir, "Why are you in such a hurry to proclaim your state? Why don't you wait a few years? I will take over the whole country and you will be represented in my parliament. I will treat you very well and there will be no war".<ref name="Karsh" />

Abdullah proposed to Meir the creation "of an autonomous Jewish [[Canton (administrative division)|canton]] within a Hashemite kingdom," but "Meir countered back that in November, they had agreed on a partition with [[Jewish state]]hood."<ref name="Morris 193" /> Depressed by the unavoidable war that would come between Jordan and the [[Yishuv]], one [[Jewish Agency]] representative wrote, "[Abdullah] will not remain faithful to the 29 November [UN Partition] borders, but [he] will not attempt to conquer all of our state [either]."<ref>"Meeting of the Arab Section of the Political Department of the Jewish Agency," qtd. in Morris, 194</ref> Abdullah too found the coming war to be unfortunate, in part because he "preferred a Jewish state [as Transjordan's neighbour] to a Palestinian Arab state run by the [[Mohammad Amin al-Husayni|mufti]]."<ref name="Morris 193" />

[[File:King Abdullah, Jerusalem, 29 May 1948.jpg|thumb|right|King Abdullah welcomed by [[Palestinian Christians]] in [[East Jerusalem]] on 29 May 1948, the day after his forces [[Battle for Jerusalem|took control]] over the city.]]

The Palestinian Arabs, the neighbouring Arab states, the promise of the expansion of territory and the goal to conquer [[Jerusalem]] finally pressured Abdullah into joining them in an "all-Arab military intervention" on 15 May 1948. He used the military intervention to restore his prestige in the Arab world, which had grown suspicious of his relatively good relationship with Western and Jewish leaders.<ref name="Morris 193">Morris, 193–194.</ref><ref>Sela (2002), p. 14.</ref> Abdullah was especially anxious to take Jerusalem as compensation for the loss of the guardianship of Mecca, which had traditionally been held by the Hashemites until [[Ibn Saud]] [[Saudi conquest of Hejaz|seized the Hejaz]] in 1925.<ref>Karsh (2002), p. 50.</ref>

Abdullah's role in this war became substantial. He distrusted the leaders of the other Arab nations and thought they had weak military forces; the other Arabs distrusted Abdullah in return.<ref name="Morris 189">Morris, 189</ref><ref>Bickerton, 103</ref> He saw himself as the "supreme commander of the Arab forces" and "persuaded the [[Arab League]] to appoint him" to this position.<ref>Tripp, in Rogan & Shlaim (2001), p. 137.</ref> His forces under their British commander [[John Bagot Glubb|Glubb Pasha]] did not approach the area set aside for the Jewish state, though they clashed with the Yishuv forces around Jerusalem, intended to be an international zone.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} According to [[Abdullah el-Tell]] it was the King's personal intervention that led to the [[Arab Legion]] entering the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]] against Glubb's wishes.<ref name="Morris 189" />

On 16 July 1951, [[Riad Al Solh]], a former prime minister of Lebanon, was assassinated in Amman, where rumours were circulating that Lebanon and Jordan were discussing a joint separate peace with Israel.<ref name="Morris 189" />

== Assassination == {{unreferenced section|date=December 2025}} {{Main|Assassination of Abdullah I of Jordan}} [[File:King Abdullah I of Jordan visiting the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, 1 June 1948.png|thumb|Visiting the Dome of the Rock, 1948]] [[File:Abdullah leaving Al Aqsa.jpg|thumb|King Abdullah, in white, leaving the [[Al-Aqsa]] Mosque compound a few weeks before his assassination, July 1951]] [[File:Abdulla the day before his death.jpg|thumb|King Abdullah with [[John Bagot Glubb|Glubb Pasha]], the day before Abdullah's assassination, 19 July 1951]] [[File:Coffin of King Abdullah I in Jordan, 29 July 1951.png|thumb|Abdullah's coffin with mourners.]] On 20 July 1951, King Abdullah of Jordan was assassinated while visiting Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem by Mustafa Shukri Ashu, a Palestinian tailor's apprentice associated with a [[Palestinian nationalism|Palestinian nationalist]] group seeking an [[State of Palestine|independent Palestinian state]]. Abdullah, who was accompanied by his grandson Prince Hussein, was shot during Friday prayers, with three bullets hitting his head and chest. Prince Hussein survived when a medal he wore deflected a bullet.

The assassination was attributed to a secret group linked to the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] with political ties to [[Amin al-Husseini]], the former [[Grand Mufti of Jerusalem]]. The assassin was shot dead by Abdullah's guards, and several individuals, including Colonel Abdullah at-Tell and members of the Husseini family, were later implicated in the plot. Abdullah's reign was followed by the reign of his son [[Talal of Jordan|Talal]] (r.1951-1952), and thereafter by that of Talal's son [[Hussein of Jordan|Hussein]] (r.1952-1999). Abdullah's assassination is thought to have influenced Hussein's decision not to pursue peace talks with Israel after the [[Six-Day War]]. However, King Hussein remained interested in a [[Jordanian option|Jordanian-Palestinian federation]] throughout his reign - proposing a [[King Hussein's federation plan|federation of Jordan, the West Bank, and East Jerusalem]] in 1972; and reaching a [[Peres–Hussein London Agreement|secret agreement with Israel]] on the matter in 1987. Despite the interest of Israeli leadership (notably including [[Shimon Peres]]), Palestinian unification with Jordan was opposed by Palestinian nationalist factions including the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|PLO]], and the 1987 agreement failed to materialise largely due to the start of the [[First Intifada]] later that year.

== Marriages and children == {{unreferenced section|date=May 2023}} Abdullah married three times.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}

In 1904, Abdullah married his first wife, Sharifa [[Musbah bint Nasser]] (1884 – 15 March 1961), at Stinia Palace, [[İstinye]], Istanbul, Ottoman Empire. She was a daughter of [[Emir]] Nasser Pasha and his wife, Dilber Khanum. They had three children:

* [[Princess Haya bint Abdullah|Princess Haya]] (1907–1990). Married Abdul-Karim Ja'afar Zeid Dhaoui. * [[Talal of Jordan|King Talal]] (26 February 1909 – 7 July 1972). * [[Princess Munira bint Abdullah|Princess Munira]] (1915–1987). Never married.

In 1913, Abdullah married his second wife, Suzdil Khanum (d. 16 August 1968), in Istanbul, Turkey. They had two children: * [[Prince Nayef bin Abdullah]] (14 November 1914 – 12 October 1983; a [[colonel]] of the [[Royal Jordanian Land Force]]. Regent for his older half-brother, Talal, from 20 July to 3 September 1951). Married in [[Cairo]] or [[Amman]] on 7 October 1940 Princess [[Mihrimah Sultan (daughter of Şehzade Ziyaeddin)|Mihrimah Sultan]] (11 November 1922 – March 2000, [[Amman]], and buried in [[Istanbul]] on 2 April 2000), daughter of the Ottoman prince, [[Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin]] (1873–1938) and his fifth consort, Neşemend Hanım (1905–1934), and paternal granddaughter of [[Mehmed V]] through his first consort. * [[Princess Maqbula bint Abdullah|Princess Maqbula]] (6 February 1921 – 1 January 2001); married [[Hussein ibn Nasser]], [[List of Prime Ministers of Jordan|Prime Minister of Jordan]] (terms 1963–64, 1967).

In 1949, Abdullah married his third wife, Nahda bint Uman, a lady from [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]], in Amman. They had one child: * [[Princess Naifeh bint Abdullah|Princess Naifeh]] (1950–); married Sameer Hilal Ashour.

== Honours == * {{flagicon|Spain|1945}} [[Francoist Spain]]: Grand Cross of the [[Crosses of Military Merit (Spain)|Order of Military Merit]], with white distinctive, 1949.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE/1949/287/A04354-04354.pdf |title=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=28 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429080217/http://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE/1949/287/A04354-04354.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Notes == {{Notelist}}

== References == {{Reflist}}

== Bibliography == * Alon, Yoav. ''The Shaykh of Shayks: Mithqal al-Fayiz and Tribal Leadership in Modern Jordan'', Stanford Univ. Press, 2016. * Bickerton, Ian J., and Carla L. Klausner. ''A Concise History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict''. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2002. * {{Cite book |last=Corboz |first=Elvire |title=Guardians of Shi'ism: Sacred Authority and Transnational Family Networks |year=2015 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-9144-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BOkKngEACAAJ}} * {{cite book |last=Dayan |first=Moshe |author-link=Moshe Dayan |title=Moshe Dayan: Story of My Life: An Autobiography |publisher=[[William Morrow & Co.]] |year=1976 |isbn=0-688-03076-9}} * {{cite book |author=Encyclopædia Britannica (Macropaedia) |title=Abdullah |edition=15th |year=2010 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |volume=I |location=Chicago |page=22 |isbn=978-1-59339-837-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia01ency_1/page/22/mode/2up?view=theater |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite web |author=Encyclopaedia Britannica (online) |title=Abdullah I: Biography, History, & Assassination |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abdullah-I |access-date=4 September 2021}} * {{cite book |last=Haddad |first=Jurj Mari |title=Revolutions and Military Rule in the Middle East: The Arab states pt. I: Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Jordan |page=488 |publisher=R. Speller |year=1965 |isbn=0-8315-0060-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g926AAAAIAAJ&q=habis+majali+prince+naif |access-date=24 October 2021}} * [[Dilip Hiro|Hiro, Dilip]] (1996). "Abdullah ibn Hussein al Hashem". ''Dictionary of the Middle East''. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp.&nbsp;3–4. * {{cite book |last=Jevon |first=Graham |title=Glubb Pasha and the Arab Legion: Britain, Jordan and the End of Empire in the Middle East |year=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-83396-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=teXFDgAAQBAJ}} * {{cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |title=Historical Fictions |journal=[[Middle East Quarterly]] |date=September 1996 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=55–60 |url=http://www.meforum.org/93/historical-fictions |access-date=13 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207182838/http://www.meforum.org/93/historical-fictions |archive-date=7 February 2013 |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |author-link=Efraim Karsh |title=The Arab-Israeli Conflict: The Palestine War 1948 |year=2002 |publisher=Osprey |location=London |isbn=1-4728-9518-5}} No Google Books access. ** see also the 2014 [[Bloomsbury Publishing]] edition, {{ISBN|978-1472810014}} * {{cite book |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |title=Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest |year=2003 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-4158-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EiUXQgruG7EC&pg=PA43 |access-date=24 October 2021}} * {{cite book |last=Lunt |first=James |author-link=James Lunt |title=Hussein of Jordan |pages=7–8 |publisher=Fontana/Collins |year=1990 |orig-year=1989 (Macmillan)}} See also W. Morrow 1989 edition, {{isbn|0688064981}}, {{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYctAQAAIAAJ}}. * [[Benny Morris|Morris, Benny]] (2008). ''1948: The History of the First Arab-Israeli War''. New Haven: Yale University Press * {{cite book |last=Murphy |first=David |title=The Arab Revolt 1916–18: Lawrence sets Arabia ablaze |publisher=Osprey |location=London |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84603-339-1}} * [[Michael Oren|Oren, Michael]] (2003). ''Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East''. New York: Ballantine. {{ISBN|0-345-46192-4}} pp.&nbsp;5, 7. * {{cite book |last1=Rogan |first1=Eugene L. |last2=Shaim |first2=Avi |title=The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948 |edition= |year=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}} * {{cite book |title=The War for Palestine... |edition=2nd |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-87598-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/warforpalestiner00roga |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press}} ** [[Avi Shlaim|Shlaim, Avi]]. "Israel and the Arab coalition in 1948". pp.&nbsp;79–103. ** [[Eugene Rogan|Rogan, Eugene L]]. "Jordan and 1948: the persistence of an official history". pp.&nbsp;104–124. ** [[Charles R. H. Tripp|Tripp, Charles]]. "Iraq and the 1948 War: mirror of Iraq's disorder". pp.&nbsp;125–150. ** [[Joshua Landis|Landis, Joshua]]. "Syria and the Palestine War: fighting King 'Abdullah's 'Greater Syria plan'". pp.&nbsp;178–205. * {{cite book |last=Rogan |first=Eugene |title=The Arabs: A History |publisher=Basic Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-465-03248-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16U0mEbf4nAC}} * {{cite book |author=Salibi, Kamal S. |title=The Modern History of Jordan |date=1998 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-86064-331-6 |page=93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zdi2sCuIh8C}} * [[Avraham Sela|Sela, Avraham]], ed. (2002). ''The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East''. New York: Continuum. ** Sela, "Abdallah Ibn Hussein". pp.&nbsp;13–14. ** "al-Husseini, Hajj (Muhammad) Amin". pp.&nbsp;360–362. * {{Cite book |last=Shlaim |first=Avi |title=Collusion across the Jordan: King Abdullah, the Zionist movement, and the partition of Palestine |year=1988 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-06838-3 |oclc=876002691}} * Shlaim, Avi (1990). ''The Politics of Partition; King Abdullah, the Zionists and Palestine 1921–1951 ''. [[Columbia University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-231-07365-8}}. * Shlaim, Avi (2007). ''Lion of Jordan; The life of King Hussein in War and Peace''. Allen Lane {{ISBN|978-0-7139-9777-4}} * Thornhill, Michael T. (2004). ''[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/70069 Abdullah ibn Hussein (1882–1951)]''. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press; online edn, Jan 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2009. * Wilson, Mary Christina (1990). ''King Abdullah, Britain and the Making of Jordan''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-39987-4}}.

== Further reading == * {{cite book |last=Tell |first=Tariq Moraiwed |title=The Social and Economic Origins of Monarchy in Jordan |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-230-10801-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XR56Jup9hwwC |access-date=24 October 2021}}

== External links == {{Commons category}} * [http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=527299 A genealogical profile of him] * {{PM20|FID=pe/000022}}

{{s-start}} {{succession box | title = Emir of [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]] under the British Mandate | years = 1921–46 | before = ''Office established'' | after = Himself as [[List of Kings of Jordan|King of Transjordan]] }} {{succession box | title = [[List of Kings of Jordan|King of Jordan]] | years = 1946–51 (titled as King of Transjordan 1946–49) | before = Himself as Emir of Transjordan | after = [[Talal of Jordan|Talal]] }} {{s-end}}

{{Kings of Jordan}} {{Authority control}}

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[[Category:1882 births]] [[Category:1951 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century Jordanian people]] [[Category:20th-century monarchs in the Middle East]] [[Category:20th-century murdered monarchs]] [[Category:Assassinated heads of state in Asia]] [[Category:Assassinated Jordanian people]] [[Category:Dhawu Awn]] [[Category:Field marshals of Egypt]] [[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]] [[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Category:House of Hashim]] [[Category:Jordanian independence activists]] [[Category:Jordanian people of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War]] [[Category:Kings of Jordan]] [[Category:People from Mecca]] [[Category:People from the Emirate of Transjordan]] [[Category:People of the Arab Revolt]] [[Category:Politicians assassinated in the 1950s]] [[Category:Politicians from the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:Sons of caliphs]] [[Category:Sunni monarchs]] [[Category:World War II political leaders]]