Khingala

{{Short description|Ruler of the Turk Shahis (r. c. 775–785)}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Khingala | title = The supreme lord, the Great King, the King of Kings, the Majestic Sovereign | succession = Turk Shahi King | image = Gardez Ganesha, Maharajadhiraja Shri Shahi Kimgalau.jpg | image_size = 300 | caption = Name and titles of Khingala (50px|Khimgaala, Sharada script ''khiṃ-gā-la'') in the ''Gardez Ganesha'' inscription, in proto-Sharada script:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=M. Nasim |title=A Proto-Sharada Inscription from Hund - Pakistan |journal=Indo-Koko-Kenkyu |issue=20 |date=1 January 1999 |pages=81–82 |url=https://www.academia.edu/38885759 |archive-date=10 July 2022 |access-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710084428/https://www.academia.edu/38885759 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br>''Mahārājadhirāja''<br>''śrī ṣāhi Khiṃgālau''<br>"The great king, the king of kings<br>Sri Shahi Khimgala"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kuwayama |first1=Shoshin |title=Historical Notes on Kapisi and Kabul in the Sixth-Eighth Centuries |journal=ZINBUN |date=1999 |volume=34 |page=71 |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/48769/1/34%281%29_25.pdf}}</ref> | reign = circa 775–785 CE | coronation = | full name = | predecessor = Possibly Bo Fuzhun | successor = Possibly Langaturman | queen = | spouse = | issue = | royal house = | dynasty = | father = | mother = | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | burial_date = | burial_place = | religion = }} {{Location map+ |West Asia |float = right |width = 300 |caption = Approximate location of the Turk Shahis |nodiv = 1 |mini = 1 |relief = yes |places = {{location map~ |West Asia |lat=40|N |long=65|E |label=<div talign=center>TOKHARISTAN<br>YABGHUS</div>|position=bottom |label_size=50|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}} {{location map~ |West Asia |lat=37.5|N |long=70.5|E |label=<div talign=center>'''TURK<br>SHAHIS'''</div>|position=bottom |label_size=60|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}} {{location map~ |West Asia |lat=35|N |long=55|E |label=ABBASID<br>CALIPHATE|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}} {{location map~ |West Asia |lat=45|N |long=65|E |label=WESTERN TURKS|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}} {{location map~ |West Asia |lat=22|N |long=74|E |label=CHALUKYAS|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}} {{location map~ |West Asia |lat=31|N |long=73|E |label=<div talign=center>GUJARA-<br>PRATIHARA</div>|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}} }} '''Khingala''',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alram |first1=Michael |title=Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford |date=1 February 2021 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-46066-9 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5AcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 |language=en}}</ref> also transliterated '''Khinkhil''', '''Khinjil''' or '''Khinjal''', (Sharada script: 50px|Khimgaala, Sharada script ''khiṃ-gā-la'', ruled circa 775–785 CE) was a ruler of the Turk Shahis. He is only known in name from the accounts of the Muslim historian Ya'qubi and from an epigraphical source, the ''Gardez Ganesha''. The identification of his coinage remains conjectural.

==Arabic accounts== The Muslim historian Ya'qubi (died 897/8) in his ''Ta'rikh'' ("History"), recounts that the third Abbasid Caliph Al-Mahdi (ruled 775–785 CE) asked for, and apparently obtained, the submission of various Central Asian rulers, including that of the Kabul Shah.<ref name="SK44">{{cite journal |last1=Kuwayama |first1=Shoshin |title=Historical Notes on Kapisi and Kabul in the Sixth-Eighth Centuries |journal=ZINBUN |date=1999 |volume=34 |page=44 |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/48769/1/34%281%29_25.pdf}}</ref> Al-yaqubi seems to give the name of the Kabul Shah as "Ḥanḥal", but the reading is uncertain.<ref name="AY1138"/><ref name="AHH">{{cite journal |last1=Habibi |first1=Abdul Hai |author-link=Abdul Hai Habibi|title=Afghanistan at the end of the Koshan period |journal=Afghanistan Magazine |date=1971 |volume=1971 |issue=4 |pages=51-56, reproduced in the Kabul Times |url=https://content.library.arizona.edu/digital/api/collection/p16127coll6/id/27745/download |access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref> But a later handwritten copy of the book is known to transcribe the name as "Khanjal".<ref name="AHH"/> The original account by Ya'qubi reads:

{{quote|Al-Mahdī sent messengers to the kings, calling on them to submit, and most of them submitted to him. Among them were the king of Kābul Shāh, whose name was Ḥanḥal; the king of Ṭabaristān, the Iṣbahbadh; the king of Soghdia, the Ikhshīd; the king of Tukhāristān, Sharwin; the king of Bamiyan, the Shīr; the king of Farghana, ------ ; the king of Usrūshana, Afshīn; the king of the Kharlukhiyya, Jabghūya; the king of Sijistān, Zunbīl; the king of Turks, Tarkhan; the king of Tibet, Ḥ-h-w-r-n; the king of Sind, al-Rāy; the king of China, Baghbür; the king of India and Atrāḥ, Wahūfūr; and the king of the Tughuz-ghuz, Khāqān.|Ya'qubi (died 897/8), ''Ta'rikh'' ("History")<ref name="AY1138">{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Mathew S. and al. |title=The Works Of Ibn Wāḍiḥ Al Yaʿqūbī |date=2018 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004364165 |pages=1138-1139, note 2959 |url=https://archive.org/details/the-works-of-ibn-wadih-al-yaqubi/The%20Works%20of%20Ibn%20W%C4%81%E1%B8%8Di%E1%B8%A5%20al-Ya%CA%BFq%C5%ABb%C4%AB%20volume%203/page/1138/mode/2up?}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rahman |first1=A. |title=New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis |journal=Ancient Pakistan |date=2002|page=41|url=http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v15_37to42.pdf}}</ref>}}

The name "Khanjal" has been variously reconstructed as "Khinkhil", "Khinjil" or "Khinjal", and is very similar to the name of an earlier Alchon Hun ruler named Khingila (5th century CE).<ref name="AHH"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rahman |first1=A. |title=New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis |journal=Ancient Pakistan |date=2002 |url=http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v15_37to42.pdf}}</ref> According to historian Rezakhani, the name mentioned by Ya'qubi is "obviously a namesake" of Khingila.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rezakhani |first1=Khodadad |title=ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity |date=15 March 2017 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-0030-5 |page=109, note 9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 |language=en}}</ref>

==Epigraphy== {{main|Gardez Ganesha}} [[File:Ganesha from Gardez.jpg|thumb|The ''Gardez Ganesha'' from Gardez, Afghanistan, was dedicated by Khiṃgāla.]] The ''Gardez Ganesha'' is a statue of the Hindu god Ganesha, discovered in Gardez, near Kabul in Afghanistan. It is considered as "a typical product of the Indo-Afghan school".<ref name="MKD">{{cite journal |last1=Dhavalikar |first1=M. K. |title=A Note on Two Gaṇeśa Statues from Afghanistan |journal=East and West |date=1971 |volume=21 |issue=3/4 |pages=331–336 |jstor=29755703 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/29755703.pdf |issn=0012-8376}}</ref> A dedicatory inscription appears on the base of the statue. It is written in the Siddhamatrika script, a development of the Brahmi script.<ref name="DCS">{{cite book |last1=Sircar |first1=D.C. |title=Epigraphia-indica 35 |date=1966 |publisher=Archeological Survey of India |pages=44–60 |url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphia-indica/epigraphia-indica-vol-35/page/n85/mode/2up}}</ref> An analysis of the writing suggests a date from the 6th or 8th century CE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=KUWAYAMA |first1=Shoshin |title=Historical Notes on Kapisa and Kabul in the Sixth-Eighth Centuries|journal=ZINBUN |date=1999 |volume=34 |page=69-72 |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/48769/1/34%281%29_25.pdf}}</ref>

{{quote|center|600px 1. ''sarṃvatsare aṣṭatame saṃ 8 jyeṣṭha-māsa-śukla-pakṣa-tithau ttrayodaśyāṃ śu di 10-3 rikṣe viśākhe śubhe siṃhe[citra-]''<br> 2. ''[-ke] mahat pratiṣṭhāpitam idaṃ māha-vināyaka paramabhaṭṭeraka mahārājādhirāja-śri-ṣāhi-khiṃgālauḍyāna-ṣāhi-pādaiḥ.''<br>

On the thirteenth day of the bright half of the month of yestha, the [lunar] mansion being the Visakha, at the auspicious time when the zodiacal sign Lion was bright on the horizon (lagna), in the year eight, this great [image] of the Mahavinayaka was consecrated by the supreme lord, the great king, the king of the kings, the Sri Shahi Khiṃgāla, the king of Odyana..|Inscription of the Ganesh Ganesha (Translation: Hideaki Nakatani).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=KUWAYAMA |first1=Shoshin |title=Historical Notes on Kapisa and Kabul in the Sixth-Eighth Centuries |journal=ZINBUN |date=1999 |volume=34 |page=71 |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/48769/1/34%281%29_25.pdf}}</ref><ref name="MKD"/><ref name="DCS"/>}}

The identity of this Khingala is uncertain.<ref name="MKD"/> A famous Khingila is known from the dynasty of the Alchon Huns, and one of his coins has the legend "''Deva Shahi Khingila''" (10px10px14px^16px47px "God-King Khingila"), but he is dated quite earlier, to the 5th century CE.<ref name="MKD"/>

Given the stylistically probable mid-8th century date for the Ganesha, the ''Śrī Ṣāhi Khiṃgāla'' of the inscription may have been identical with the Turk Shahi ruler of Kabul known in Arab sources as Khinkhil or Khinjil, who, according to Ya'qubi, gave his submission to Al-Mahdi in 775–785.<ref name="SK44"/>

==Relation with Bo Fuzhun== {{Turk Shahi rulers}} There is a possibility that the Khinkhil of the Arabs is identical with the Turk Shahi Bo Fuzhun (勃匐準) of the Chinese sources, which mention that he was the son of Fromo Kesaro and acceded to the throne precisely in 745 CE.<ref name="SK44" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase15?language=en |title=The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit: 15. The Rutbils of Zabulistan and the "Emperor of Rome" |newspaper=Pro.geo.univie.ac.at |publisher=Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna |access-date=July 22, 2017 |archive-date=August 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802204758/http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase15?language=en |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Inaba |first1=Minoru |title=From Kesar the Kābulšāh and Central Asia |page=446 |url=https://www.academia.edu/7838558 |language=en}}</ref><ref>天寶四年,又冊其子勃匐準為襲罽賓及烏萇國王,仍授左驍衞將軍。"Kesar's son Bo Fuzhun succeed him on the throne as the king of Jibin and Oddiyana. He was conferred the title General of the Left Stalwart Guard" in {{cite book |last1=Balogh |first1=Dániel |title=Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History |date=12 March 2020 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-01-4 |page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frnVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="KR171">{{cite book |last1=Rezakhani |first1=Khodadad |title=ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity |date=15 March 2017 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-0031-2 |page=171 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VjVYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT234 |language=en}}</ref>

==References== {{reflist|30em}}

==Notes== {{notelist}}

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{{s-start}} {{s-bef|before=Possibly<br>Bo Fuzhun}} {{s-ttl|title=Turk Shahis|years=665-680 CE}} {{s-aft|after=Possibly<br>Langaturman}} {{s-end}} {{Afghanistan topics}}

Category:8th-century monarchs in Asia Category:Kabul Shahi