Yevpatoria

{{short description|City in Crimea}} {{redirect-distinguish|Kerkinitis|Kerkini}} {{pp|small=yes}} {{Expand Ukrainian|topic=geo|date=July 2022}} {{use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Yevpatoria | native_name = {{native name|uk|Євпаторія|italics=no}} {{native name|ru|Евпатория|italics=no}} {{native name|crh|Kezlev}} {{native name|crh|Кезлев|italics=no}} | settlement_type = | image_skyline = Eupatoria 04-14 img06 sea embankment.jpg | imagesize = | image_caption = Black Sea beach in Yevpatoria | image_flag = Flag Eupatoria.svg | image_shield = COA Yevpatoriia, Crimea, Ukraine.svg | pushpin_map = Crimea#Ukraine#Black Sea | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Yevpatoria within Crimea | pushpin_relief = 1 | coordinates = {{coord|45|11|38|N|33|22|5|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{UKR}} (occupied by Russia) | subdivision_type1 = Autonomous republic | subdivision_name1 = Crimea (de jure) | subdivision_type2 = Raion | subdivision_name2 = Yevpatoria Raion {{nowrap|(de jure)}} | area_total_km2 = 120 | elevation_m = 10 | population_footnotes = | population_as_of = 2014 | population_total = 105,719 | population_density_km2 = 1618.37 | timezone = MSK | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 97400 — 97490 | area_code = +7-36569 | blank_info = Kezlev (Gezlev) (till 1784) | blank1_name = Climate | blank1_info = Cfa | website = {{URL|http://my-evp.ru/}} (russian site) | name = | subdivision_type3 = Federal subject | subdivision_type4 = Municipality | subdivision_name3 = Crimea (de facto) | subdivision_name4 = Yevpatoria Municipality (de facto) | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 10 | mapframe-wikidata = yes }}

'''Yevpatoria''' ({{langx|uk|Євпаторія|Yevpatoriia}}; {{langx|ru|Евпатория|Yevpatoriya}}; {{crh|Kezlev|Кезлев}}; {{langx|el|Ευπατορία|Eupatoría}}) is a city in western Crimea, north of Kalamita Bay. Yevpatoria serves as the administrative center of Yevpatoria Municipality, one of the districts (''raions'') into which Crimea is divided. It had a population of {{Crimea-census2014|105,719|punct=.}}

== History == === Greek settlement === {{main| Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea}} thumb|left|Archaeological excavations of the ancient city of Kerkinitis The first recorded settlement in the area, called '''''Kerkinitis''''' ({{lang|el|Κερκινίτις}}), was built by Greek colonists around 500 BCE. Along with the rest of the Crimea, Kerkinitis formed part of the dominions of King Mithridates VI Eupator ({{reign | 120 | 63}} BCE). The name of the modern city derives from his nickname, ''Eupator'' ('of a noble father').

=== Khanate period ===

From roughly the 7th through the 10th centuries, Yevpatoria was a Khazar settlement; its name in Khazar language was probably ''Güzliev'' (literally 'beautiful house').<ref>Brutzkus, Julius (1944). "The Khazar Origin of Ancient Kiev", Slavonic and East European Review, p. 118</ref> It was later subject to the Cumans (Kipchaks), the Mongols, and the Crimean Khanate. During this period the city was called ''Kezlev'' by Crimean Tatars and ''Gözleve'' by Ottoman Turks. The Russian medieval name ''Kozlov'' is a Russification of the Crimean Tatar name. For a short period between 1478 and 1485, the city was administered by the Ottoman Empire. Afterward, it became an important urban center of the Crimean Khanate.

The 400-year-old Juma-Jami Mosque is one of the many designed by the Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan. It was built in 1552-1564. 35-metre minarets rose on the flanks of the building. The mosque was of great state significance. It was here that a ceremony of the declaration of rights of the Crimean Khans was held at their enthronement. Only after that did they go to their capital, the city of Bakhchysarai.

{{main|Crimean Karaites|Eupatorian Kenassas}} Yevpatoria became a residence of the spiritual ruler of the Crimean Karaites, the Ḥakham. In this connection, a complex of two prayer houses was built under the supervision of the Rabovich brothers, in which the Renaissance and Muslim architectural styles entwined in a most unusual manner. The ensemble organically incorporates three courtyards. The entrance to it is marked by gates, built in 1900, which look like a refined triumphal arch.

=== Imperial Russian rule === In 1783, along with the rest of Crimea, Kezlev was captured by the Russian Empire. Its name was officially changed to ''Yevpatoriya'' in 1784. This spelling of the city name came to the French, German, Spanish, and English languages at the end of the 18th сentury.

[[File:Yvon 3.jpg|thumb|left|The Battle of Eupatoria of 1855, depicted by Adolphe Yvon]] Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz visited the town in 1825 and wrote one of his ''Crimean Sonnets'' here.

The city was occupied in September 1854 by British, French and Turkish troops during the Crimean War prior to the Allied landing in Kalamita Bay, after which the Battle of the Alma south of the bay followed. It became a garrison of Ottoman troops later during the war and was the site of the Battle of Eupatoria in February 1855, which was the largest military clash in the Crimean theatre outside the Sevastopol area.

=== Soviet rule === Natural factors at Yevpatoria created beneficial conditions for the treatment of osteoarticular tuberculosis and other children's diseases; in 1933, at a scientific conference in Yalta, it was agreed that among Soviet resort towns for the organization of children's resorts, most people approved Yevpatoria. In 1936, the Soviet government placed the All-Union children's resort in Yevpatoria. In 1938, the approved plan of a general reconstruction of the city.

thumb|German occupation of Yevpatoria in 1942 During World War II, sanatoriums were used as military hospitals. By 1 July 1945, Yevpatoria operated 14 sanatoriums, and have taken 2,885 people. By the 1980s, the city operated 78 sanatoriums for 33 thousand people.

=== Independent Ukraine and Russian annexation === {{update|section|date=January 2024}} On 24 December 2008, a blast destroyed a five-story building in the town. 27 people were killed. President of Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko declared 26 December to be a day of national mourning.<ref>[http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/171479.html UPDATE: 26 Killed, 5 Hospitalized After Crimea House Blast]{{Dead link|date=March 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Ukrainian News Agency (26 December 2008)</ref><ref>[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/3910/ Death toll of Crimean blast reaches 27, says Emergencies Ministry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229010006/http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/3910/|date=29 December 2008}}, Interfax-Ukraine (26 December 2008)</ref><ref>[http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/171480.html Friday Declared Mourning Day In Ukraine For Victims Of Yevpatoriya Gas Explosion] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120913213556/http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/171480.html |date=2012-09-13 }}, Ukrainian News Agency (26 December 2008)</ref><ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7799935.stm Ukraine mourns Crimea blast dead], BBC News (26 December 2008)</ref><ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/12/26/ukraine.explosions.death.toll/ 27 dead after Ukrainian apartment blast], CNN (26 December 2008)</ref>

Two beaches in Yevpatoria have been Blue Flag beaches since May 2010, these were the first beaches (with two beaches in Yalta) to be awarded a Blue Flag in a CIS member state.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/66482/ Four beaches in Crimea receive international certificates of cleanliness], Kyiv Post (12 May 2010)</ref>

In 2014 due to the military operation of the Russian Armed forces, the city of Yevpatoria was occupied by Russia along with the entire Crimean peninsula. The UN General Assembly condemned the Russian operation and considered the annexation ''the temporary occupation of part of the territory of Ukraine—the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the City of Sevastopol''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/71/205|title=A/RES/71/205 – E – A/RES/71/205|website=undocs.org}}</ref>

Today, Yevpatoria is a major Black Sea port, a rail hub, and a resort town. The main industries of the city include fishing, food processing, winemaking, limestone quarrying, weaving, manufacturing, machinery, furniture manufacturing, and tourism.

Yevpatoria has spas of mineral water, salt, and mud lakes. These resorts belong to a vast area with curative facilities where the main health-improving factors are the sunshine and sea, air and sand, brine and mud of the salt lakes, as well as the mineral water of the hot springs. The curative qualities of the local mud was witnessed by the manuscripts of Pliny the Elder, a Roman scholar ({{Circa|80 BC}}).

== Economy == [[File:71-411 tram on 1st route in Yevpatoria (another photo distance).jpg|thumb|71-411 tram.]] * Industry, Engineering * Agriculture * AO Vympel NPO (MicroElectronics and Electronics, circuits microchips IC, Electrical parts, connectors, optoelectronics television and other devices and machinery, metallurgy engineering technology) * Eupatoria Aircraft Plant and Repair EupAZ EARZ (An, Mi, Ka, Su, MiG, Yak, Il, Be, Tu; An-22, Su-25, MiG-31, Yak-38, Be-12, transport aircraft and amphibious) * Construction, Building

== Education ==

* Institute of Social Sciences (Branch), Crimean Federal University

== Demographics == {{Historical populations|1897|17900|1926|23300|1939|47030|1959|56992|1970|79444|1979|93281|1989|107792|2001|105915|2014|105719|2021|107877|type=|footnote=Source: Census data}} Ethnic composition of Yevpatoria in 2001 according to the Ukrainian census: {{div col}} # Russians: 64,9% # Ukrainians: 23,3% # Crimean Tatars: 6,9% # Belarusians: 1,5% # Armenians: 0,5% # Jews: 0,4% # Tatars (excluding Crimean Tatars): 0,2% # Poles: 0,2% # Moldovans: 0,2% # Azerbaijanis: 0,2% {{div col end}}

== Geography == === Climate === Yevpatoria has a humid subtropical climate (''Cfa'') under the Köppen climate classification with cool winters and warm to hot summers.

{{Weather box |location = Yevpatoria (1981–2010) |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan high C = 4.4 |Feb high C = 4.9 |Mar high C = 8.3 |Apr high C = 14.6 |May high C = 20.7 |Jun high C = 25.7 |Jul high C = 28.9 |Aug high C = 28.8 |Sep high C = 23.1 |Oct high C = 16.9 |Nov high C = 10.5 |Dec high C = 6.1 |year high C = 16.1 |Jan mean C = 1.5 |Feb mean C = 1.6 |Mar mean C = 4.6 |Apr mean C = 10.3 |May mean C = 15.9 |Jun mean C = 21.0 |Jul mean C = 23.9 |Aug mean C = 23.6 |Sep mean C = 18.4 |Oct mean C = 12.7 |Nov mean C = 7.0 |Dec mean C = 3.2 |year mean C = 12.0 |Jan low C = -1.1 |Feb low C = -1.3 |Mar low C = 1.7 |Apr low C = 6.8 |May low C = 12.0 |Jun low C = 17.0 |Jul low C = 19.5 |Aug low C = 19.0 |Sep low C = 14.2 |Oct low C = 9.0 |Nov low C = 4.1 |Dec low C = 0.6 |year low C = 8.5 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 30.5 |Feb precipitation mm = 31.1 |Mar precipitation mm = 28.9 |Apr precipitation mm = 29.3 |May precipitation mm = 25.1 |Jun precipitation mm = 39.7 |Jul precipitation mm = 31.1 |Aug precipitation mm = 41.4 |Sep precipitation mm = 46.4 |Oct precipitation mm = 33.6 |Nov precipitation mm = 38.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 37.5 |year precipitation mm = 413.4 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 6.5 |Feb precipitation days = 6.3 |Mar precipitation days = 6.4 |Apr precipitation days = 4.7 |May precipitation days = 5.0 |Jun precipitation days = 5.2 |Jul precipitation days = 3.5 |Aug precipitation days = 4.1 |Sep precipitation days = 5.2 |Oct precipitation days = 4.8 |Nov precipitation days = 6.7 |Dec precipitation days = 6.6 |year precipitation days = 65.0 |Jan humidity = 83.4 |Feb humidity = 80.8 |Mar humidity = 78.2 |Apr humidity = 74.1 |May humidity = 71.8 |Jun humidity = 70.2 |Jul humidity = 64.8 |Aug humidity = 63.9 |Sep humidity = 70.2 |Oct humidity = 76.8 |Nov humidity = 81.9 |Dec humidity = 83.3 |year humidity = 75.0 |source 1 = NOAA<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210717143555/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20%282%29.xls | archive-date = 17 July 2021 | archive-format = XLS | format = XLS | url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20(2).xls | title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010 | publisher = National Centers for Environmental Information | access-date = 17 July 2021}}</ref> }}

==Area attractions== {{multiple image |align=right |perrow=2 |total_width=365 |caption_align = center |image1 = Eupatoria 04-14 img16 Karaimskaya Street.jpg |image2 = Дворик в Евпаторийских Кенассах.jpg |image3 = Eupatoria 04-14 img12 Juma Jami Mosque.jpg |image4 = Евпатория 11.JPG |caption1 = Entrance to one of the Eupatorian Kenassas |caption2 = Garden at the Karaite Kenasa |caption3 = Juma-Jami Mosque |caption4 = Odun-Bazar-Kapusu}} Famous attractions within or near Yevpatoria are: * Juma-Jami Mosque designed in 1552 by Mimar Sinan * Eupatorian Kenassas * St. Nicholas' the Miracle Worker Cathedral * Tekie Dervishes

==Notable people== *Denys Andriyenko (born 1980), Ukrainian football player *Lyudmila Alexeyeva (1927-2018), Soviet and Russian human rights activist *Borys Babin (born 1981), Ukrainian politician *Oleksandr Davydov (1912-1993), Soviet and Ukrainian physicist *{{ill|Semyon Douvan|uk|Дуван Семен Езрович}} (1870-1957), City Mayor and Duma Deputy 1905-1919 *Maria Gorokhovskaya (1921-2001), Russian-born Soviet gymnast *Nikolaos Himonas (Nikolai Khimona) (1864-1929), painter of Greek descent *Zula Pogorzelska (1896-1936), Polish cabaret and film actress *Kseniya Simonova (born 1985), Ukrainian sand animator *Sergei Sokolov (1911-2012), Russian-born Soviet Marshal *Ruslana Taran (born 1970), Ukrainian sailor *Vitya Vronsky (1909-1992), Russian-born American pianist

==Names of asteroid number 6489 and number 24648== Asteroid number 6489 has the name Golevka, which has a complicated origin. In 1995, Golevka was studied simultaneously by three radar observatories across the world: Goldstone in California, Eupatoria RT-70 radio telescope (Yevpatoriya is sometimes romanized as '''Evpatoria''' or '''Eupatoria''' (Russian origin), and Kashima in Japan. ''''Gol-Ev-Ka'''' comes from the first few letters of each observatory's name; it was proposed by the discoverer following a suggestion by Alexander L. Zaitsev.

Asteroid 24648 Evpatoria was discovered on September 19, 1985, by Nikolai Chernykh and Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, and named in honor of Evpatoria (transliteration from Russian to English). The minor planet marked the occasion of the 2500th anniversary of the town in 2003.<ref>[http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=24648+Evpatoria JPL Small-Body Database], NASA</ref>

==Twin towns – sister cities== {{update|section|date=January 2024}} thumb|City council {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Arms ! City ! Nation ! Since |- | |style="background:lemonchiffon;"| '''Ioannina''' |align=left| {{Flag|Greece|size=30px}} |1989 |- |25px |style="background:lemonchiffon;"| '''Figueira da Foz''' |align=left| {{Flag|Portugal|size=30px}} |1989 |- |25px |style="background:lemonchiffon;"| '''Ludwigsburg''' |align=left| {{Flag|Germany|size=30px}} |1992 |- | |style="background:lemonchiffon;"| '''Zakynthos''' |align=left| {{Flag|Greece|size=30px}} |2002 |- |30px |style="background:lemonchiffon;"| '''Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski''' |align=left| {{Flag|Poland|size=30px}} |2004 |- |30px |style="background:lemonchiffon;"| '''Krasnogorsky District''' |align=left| {{Flag|Russia|size=30px}} |2006 |- | |style="background:lemonchiffon;"| '''Lambie''' |align=left| {{Flag|Greece|size=30px}} |2009 |- |25px |style="background:lemonchiffon;"| '''Belgorod''' |align=left| {{Flag|Russia|size=30px}} |2010 |}

==Gallery== <gallery mode="packed"> Евпатория 7.JPG|Greek church Армянская церковь в Евпатории, 2022, 05.jpg|Armenian church Здание в Евпатории, январь 2023, 30.jpg|Local History Museum Eupatoria 04-14 img08 sea embankment.jpg|Central resort polyclinic Здание театра им. А.С.Пушкина.JPG|Theatre File:Krimmi-tatarlaste paviljonid Jevpatorija rannajoonel Musta mere kaldal.jpg|Vacation on the Black Sea coast in Yevpatoria File:Морской порт г Евпатория.jpg|Port of Yevpatoria File:Monument-Omer-Gezlevi-Eupatoria.jpg|Monument to Crimean Tatar poet Omer Gezlevi File:Yevpatoria.Holiday on Lake Moinaki.jpg|Holiday by Lake Moinaki File:Лиман Мойнаки в Евпатории.Черное море..jpg|Healing Lake Moinaki </gallery>

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== {{commons category|Yevpatoria}} * http://evpatoriya-history.info/ * https://evp.rk.gov.ru/ru/index * [http://ukrainian.su/photogallery.html?func=viewcategory&catid=46 Yevpatoriya Photo gallery ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413083347/http://ukrainian.su/photogallery.html?func=viewcategory&catid=46 |date=2010-04-13 }} - {{in lang|ru}} * [http://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/database/index.asp?cid=299 The murder of the Jews of Yevpatoria] during World War II, at Yad Vashem website. * https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-07/biden-says-illegal-russian-occupation-of-crimea-must-end * http://www.kalamit.info/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321223907/http://kalamit.info/ |date=21 March 2015 }}

{{Yevpatoria municipality}} {{Subdivisions of Crimea}} {{Cities in Ukraine}} {{Catherinian pseudo-Hellenization}} {{Pontic colonies}}

Category:Yevpatoria Category:Yevpatoria Municipality Category:Port cities and towns of the Black Sea Category:Port cities and towns in Russia Category:Seaside resorts in Russia Category:Populated coastal places in Russia Category:Cities in Crimea Category:Port cities and towns in Ukraine Category:Seaside resorts in Ukraine Category:Populated coastal places in Ukraine Category:Cities of regional significance in Ukraine Category:Greek colonies on the Black Sea coast Category:Greek colonies in Crimea Category:Populated places established in the 5th century BC Category:Khazar towns Category:Holocaust locations in Ukraine Category:Territorial disputes of Ukraine Category:Mithridates VI Eupator