{{Short description|19th-century keyed brass instrument}} {{More citations needed|date=February 2020}} {{Infobox instrument | name = Keyed bugle | names = {{ublist | Royal Kent bugle | Kent bugle | {{langx|fr|bugle à clefs}} | {{langx|de|Klappenhorn, Klappenflügelhorn}} | {{langx|it|cornetta a chiavi}} }} | image = Klappenhorn in C -Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg-1912.1543.tif | caption = Keyed bugle, c. 1830 | background = brass | classification = {{hlist | Aerophone | Brass instrument }} | hornbostel_sachs = 423.21 | hornbostel_sachs_desc = lip-reed aerophone with keys | developed = 19th century | range =<div style="text-align: center; background-color: white;"> <score> \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } { \cadenzaOn b1 \glissando c'''1 } </score> </div> Range of the keyed bugle in C{{sfn|Herbert|Myers|Wallace|2019|p=486|loc=Appendix 2: The Ranges of Labrosones}} | related = {{hlist | Bugle | Keyed trumpet | Flugelhorn | Cornet | Ophicleide }} }} thumb|start=8|thumbtime=15|Keyed bugle made {{circa|1835}} The '''keyed bugle''' (also '''Royal Kent bugle''', or '''Kent bugle''') is a wide conical bore brass instrument with tone holes operated by keys to alter the pitch and provide a full chromatic scale.{{sfn|Herbert|Myers|Wallace|2019|p=234–6|loc=Keyed bugle}} It was developed from the bugle around 1800 and was popular in military bands in Europe and the United States in the early 19th century, and in Britain as late as the 1850s,<ref name="royalArtillery">{{cite book |last1=Farmer |first1=Henry George |title=Memoirs of the Royal Artillery Band; Its Origin, History, and Process; An Account of the Rise of Military Music in England |date=1904 |publisher=Boosey and Co. |location=London |page=183 |url=https://archive.org/details/memoirsroyalart00farmgoog/page/n243/mode/2up?q=1856 |access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref> by which time it had been superceded by the flugelhorn and cornet after the invention of valves.
==History== The first known mention of a bugle with keys appears on 4 April 1800 in London's ''Morning Chronicle'' newspaper, in an advertisement for an instrument built by instrument maker George Astor.{{sfn|Lasocki|2009|p=16}}<ref name="chronicle">{{cite news |title=New-Invented Bugle Horn |work=The Morning Chronicle |date=4 April 1800 |location=London}}; cited in Lasocki (2009).</ref> However, not until 5 May 1810 was a patent on a five-keyed bugle granted to Yorkshireman Joseph Haliday, entitled "Halliday's [sic] Improvements in the Musical Instrument called the Bugle Horn."{{sfn|Lasocki|2009|p=11}} Shortly thereafter, in 1811 the first known solos on the instrument were performed by trumpeter Henry Willman, brother of the clarinetist Thomas Lindsay Willman. Performances at the Theatre Royal, Dublin were announced with "Mr. H. Willman will play a Concerto on that highly-improved Instrument, The Patent Kent Bugle Horn, (Invented by Mr. Joseph Halliday)".{{sfn|Lasocki|2009|p=36}} The first book on the instrument, which by then had six keys to enable more tones, was ''Introduction to the Art of Playing on the Royal Kent Bugle'' by Johann Bernhard Logier in 1813.{{sfn|Lasocki|2009|p=13}}<ref name="logierIntroduction">{{cite book |last1=Logier |first1=Johann Bernhard |title=Introduction to the Art of playing on the Royal Kent Bugle Illustrated with Appropriate Examples of Fingering also General Rules for Acquiring a good Embouchre [sic] to which are prefixed Forty-two Lessons in various Keys Calculated to facilitate the Improvement of the Pupil on this Curious & Delightful Instrument. |date=25 Nov 1813 |publisher=J. B. Logier's Music Saloon |location=Dublin, Sackville-Street |url=https://imslp.org/wiki/Introduction_to_the_Art_of_playing_on_the_Royal_Kent_Bugle_(Logier,_Johann_Bernhard) |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref>
While the 1911 ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' claims that Haliday called it the "Royal Kent Bugle" as a compliment to the duke of Kent, who was at the time commander-in-chief, and encouraged the introduction of the instrument into the regimental bands, this appears to be at least partly erroneous.<ref name="EB1911-Bugle"/> The duke was never commander-in-chief of any bands in Europe, and the dedication might have been made by Holden.{{sfn|Lasocki|2009|p=11}} A Royal Kent bugle in the key of C, stamped with Halliday’s name as inventor, and made by P. Turton, 5 Wormwood Gate, Dublin, was exhibited by Col. Shaw-Hellier at the Royal Military Exhibition in 1890.<ref name="dayCatalogue" /> The instrument, made of copper, measures {{convert|17|in|cm}}, and the total length of the tubing, including the mouthpiece, {{convert|50.5|in|cm}}.<ref name="dayCatalogue" /> The diameter at the mouthpiece is {{convert|0.5|in|cm}} and at the bell {{convert|5.75|in|cm}}.<ref name="dayCatalogue" />
==Pitch== The instrument has a tessitura range of around two octaves, not including the fundamental tones. The notes of the harmonic series with no keys down are:<ref name="dayCatalogue">{{cite book |last1=Day |first1=Captain C. R. |title=A descriptive catalogue of the musical instruments recently exhibited at the Royal Military Exhibition, London, 1890. |date=1891 |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode |location=London |pages=168–169, and pl. xi. fig. D |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044041019977&view=1up&seq=200&skin=2021&q1=kent |access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref>
{{Image frame | align = center | width = 300 | innerstyle = background:white;padding:0.4em | caption = Notes from the harmonic series available open (no keys)<ref name="EB1911-Bugle"/> | content = <score lang="lilypond"> { \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } \clef bass \key c \major \cadenzaOn \parenthesize c4 \finger \markup \text "1" ^ \markup "unused" \once \hide r1 \clef treble c'4 \finger \markup \text "2" g' \finger \markup \text "3" c'' \finger \markup \text "4" e'' \finger \markup \text "5" g'' \finger \markup \text "6" \parenthesize bes'' \finger \markup \text "7♭" c''' \finger \markup \text "8" \break } </score> }}
To the original instrument specified in the patent, Halliday added a sixth key, which became the first and was in the normal position open; this key when closed gave B{{Music|flat}}, with the same series of harmonics as the open tube. The series, however, becomes shorter with each successive key:<ref name="EB1911-Bugle">{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Bugle |volume = 4 |last= Schlesinger |first= Kathleen |author-link= Kathleen Schlesinger |pages= 760-761 |short=1}}</ref>
{{Image frame | align = center | width = 600 | innerstyle = background:white;padding:0.4em | caption = Notes from the harmonic series available on the second through sixth keys<ref name="EB1911-Bugle"/> | content = <score lang="lilypond"> { \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } \clef treble \key c \major \cadenzaOn cis'4 \finger \markup \text "2" ^ \markup "2nd key" gis' \finger \markup \text "3" cis'' \finger \markup \text "4" eis'' \finger \markup \text "5" gis'' \finger \markup \text "6" \once \hide r2 d'4 \finger \markup \text "2" ^ \markup "3rd key" a' \finger \markup \text "3" d'' \finger \markup \text "4" fis'' \finger \markup \text "5" \once \hide r2 ees'4 \finger \markup \text "2" ^ \markup "4th key" bes' \finger \markup \text "3" \once \hide r1 e'4 \finger \markup \text "2" ^ \markup "5th key" \once \hide r1 f'4 \finger \markup \text "2" ^ \markup "6th key" \break } </score> }}
The bore of the instrument is just wide enough in proportion to its length to make possible the playing of the fundamental tones in the first two series, but these notes are never used, and the harmonics above the sixth are also avoided, being of doubtful intonation.<ref name="dayCatalogue" /> In the ophicleide, the bass variety of the key bugle, the bore is sufficiently wide to produce fundamentals of a satisfactory quality.<ref name="dayCatalogue" />
The keyed bugle was chiefly used in B{{Music|flat}}, a crook for B{{Music|flat}} being frequently added to the bugle in C.<ref name="dayCatalogue" />
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Bibliography== {{refbegin}} {{ubli | {{Cite Q|last= Dudgeon |first= Ralph T. |date= 2004 |Q116224505}} | {{Cite Q|editor1-last=Herbert |editor1-first=Trevor |editor2-last=Myers |editor2-first=Arnold |editor3-last=Wallace |editor3-first=John |date=2019 |publication-place=unset |Q136027509}} | {{Cite Q|editor1-last=Herbert |editor1-first=Trevor |editor2-first=John |editor2-last=Wallace |date=1997 |publication-place=unset |Q112852613}} | {{cite journal |last1=Lasocki |first1=David |date=2009 |title=New Light on the Early History of the Keyed Bugle Part I: The Astor Advertisement and Collins v. Green |journal=Historic Brass Society Journal |volume=21 |pages=10–55 |doi=10.2153/0120090011002 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |url=https://www.historicbrass.org/publications/hbs-journal?view=article&id=6903&catid=52 |access-date=10 October 2021|url-access=subscription }} }} {{refend}} {{EB1911 |wstitle= Bugle |volume = 4 |last= Schlesinger |first= Kathleen |author-link= Kathleen Schlesinger |pages= 760-761 |short=}}
==External links== * {{Commons-inline}}
{{Brass instruments}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kent Bugle}} Category:Brass instruments