{{Short description|American academic}} {{Infobox academic | name = Kevin Tobia | occupation = Law professor | education = Yale Law School (JD)<br /> Yale University (PhD) <br />University of Oxford (BPhil) <br />Rutgers University (BA) | thesis_title = Essays in Experimental Jurisprudence | thesis_url = https://www.proquest.com/openview/d96503d20a5abc4f6a11b5c908547ae1/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss= | thesis_year = 2019 | discipline = Law · Philosophy · Cognitive Science | workplaces = Georgetown University Law Center | birth_place = New Jersey | birth_name = Kevin Patrick Tobia | notable_ideas = Experimental jurisprudence }}
'''Kevin Tobia''' is an American legal scholar based at Georgetown Law, known for his work in constitutional and statutory interpretation.
== Early life ==
Tobia was raised in Bloomfield and Chatham, New Jersey. He attended Chatham High School and was elected to the American Legion's Boys Nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2007 |title=ALJBS wraps up 62nd Session |url=https://archive.aljbs.org/news/archive/news_2007-06-26.php |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=ALJB.org}}</ref> He received a scholarship to Rutgers University,<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2012 |title=Chatham Resident Local Face of Rutgers Campaign |url=https://patch.com/new-jersey/chatham/rutgers-thanks-chathamites-for-donations |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Rutgers University}}</ref> where he studied philosophy and was an affiliate of the Eagleton Institute of Politics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2025 |title=Undergraduate Associates Alumni Class Listing |url=https://eagleton.rutgers.edu/undergraduate-associates-alumni-class-listing/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Rutgers University}}</ref>
In 2012 he was one of fifteen students worldwide awarded an inaugural Ertegun Scholarship to Oxford,<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2012 |title=Rutgers Senior One of 15 Students Worldwide to Receive Ertegun Scholarship to Oxford |url=https://www.rutgers.edu/news/rutgers-senior-one-15-students-worldwide-receive-ertegun-scholarship-oxford |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Rutgers University}}</ref> where he completed a BPhil in philosophy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=St Hilda's College Report and Chronicle 2013–2014 |url=https://www.st-hildas.ox.ac.uk/asset/st-hildas-chronicle-2013-14.pdf#page=42 | access-date=28 July 2025}}</ref> He then attended Yale Law School and was an editor of the Yale Law Journal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yale Law Journal |url=https://www.yalelawjournal.org/masthead/volume-127 | access-date=28 July 2025}}</ref> He completed a PhD in philosophy at Yale University, under the supervision of Stephen Darwall,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Students with Whom I have Worked |url=https://campuspress.yale.edu/stephendarwall/former-students-with-whom-i-have-worked/| access-date=28 July 2025}}</ref> Joshua Knobe, Gideon Yaffe, and Scott Shapiro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Essays in Experimental Jurisprudence | website=ProQuest |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/d96503d20a5abc4f6a11b5c908547ae1/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss= | access-date=28 July 2025}}</ref>
== Career ==
In 2020, Tobia joined Georgetown Law as a law professor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2020 |title=Georgetown Law Welcomes Seven New Faculty Members|url=https://www.law.georgetown.edu/news/seven-scholars-join-georgetown-law-faculty/|access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Georgetown.edu}}</ref> He published works in philosophy and law,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kevin Tobia|url=https://www.law.georgetown.edu/faculty/kevin-tobia/|website=Georgetown.edu}}</ref> especially in experimental philosophy and experimental jurisprudence,<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2024 |title=Faces of X-Phi: Kevin Tobia|url=https://xphi.net/2024/05/15/faces-of-x-phi-kevin-tobia/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=XPhi.net}}</ref> including volumes on ''Experimental Philosophy of Identity and the Self'' (2022),<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Tobia |first=Kevin |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/experimental-philosophy-of-identity-and-the-self-9781350246898/ |title=Experimental Philosophy of Identity and the Self |date=2022 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-350-24689-8 |language=en}}</ref> and ''Experimental Jurisprudence'' (2025).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Tobia |first=Kevin |url=https://www.cambridge.org/us/universitypress/subjects/law/jurisprudence/cambridge-handbook-experimental-jurisprudence |title=The Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Jurisprudence |date=2025 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-1-009-17091-8 |language=en}}</ref> He has also defended the use of linguistics and empirical methods, like survey-experiments, in textualist legal interpretation and his work has been cited by the U.S. Supreme Court. He is among the 50 most downloaded law professors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2023 |title=The 50 Most Downloaded Law Professors of 2022|url=https://taxprof.typepad.com/taxprof_blog/2023/01/the-50-most-downloaded-us-law-professors-of-2022.html |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Taxprof.typepad.com}}</ref> Stanford Law School listed him as a visiting professor in 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kevin Tobia |url=https://law.stanford.edu/kevin-tobia/ |website=SLS Directory |publisher=Stanford Law School |access-date=1 June 2026}}</ref>
== Views ==
=== Legal philosophy ===
Tobia has defended "experimental jurisprudence,"<ref name=":5" /> a new approach to legal philosophy.<ref name=":7"/> He proposes that legal philosophers should not limit themselves to their own intuitions. Instead, they can use empirical methods to assess whether their intuitions are shared among ordinary people. He has claimed that this approach can help legal philosophers disentangle legal concepts from related ordinary ones:
{{Blockquote|[L]aw impacts ordinary people, structuring their families, welfare, employment, freedoms, and responsibilities. Ordinary people also create law, contributing directly to the production of legal content as jurors deciding mixed questions or as statutory interpreters. Moreover, any legal expert (whether a legal philosopher or legal official) was once an ordinary person, and it is plausible that they bring some aspects of that ordinary experience and understanding to law. There are similar considerations about legal language: Law is clearly written and expressed with technical language, but it is not a foreign language to its ordinary citizens. Legal notions—cause, consent, reasonableness, intent—share names with similar notions that we use in ordinary life, whose legal meanings are not entirely distinct from their ordinary ones. Empirical study of ordinary notions and ordinary people can help disentangle the ordinary from the legal.<ref name=":4"/>}}
He also studies legal-philosophical questions across languages and cultures and has found cross-cultural similarities in legal principles <ref name=":16"/> and interpretation.<ref name=":6"/>
In 2022, he published a survey of what hundreds of American law professors believe about legal theory debates.<ref name=":11"/> The study found that most professors are on the left<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2025 |title=Panic politics: Law professors' umpteenth 'constitutional crisis' falls flat|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/education/5183809-constitutional-crisis-trump-legal-professors/|access-date=28 July 2025 |website=The Hill}}</ref> and reject originalism; however, more professors were favorable towards textualism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2022 |title=What Law Professors Think About Legal Issues - and Why it Matters|url=https://reason.com/volokh/2022/08/10/what-law-professors-think-about-legal-issues-and-why-it-matters/|access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Reason}}</ref>
=== Legal interpretation ===
Tobia has written broadly about textualism in statutory interpretation,<ref name=":3"/> often with William Eskridge<ref name=":13"/> and Victoria F. Nourse.<ref name=":8"/><ref name=":9"/><ref name=":10"/> He has criticized some judicial uses of corpus linguistics,<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2024 |title=Inside The Ritzy Retreats Hosting Right-Wing Judges|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/judges-luxury-travel-corpus-linguistics_n_65f75ff6e4b0defe9b276601|access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Huffington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2021 |title=What if Big Data Helped Judges Decide Exactly What Words Mean|url=https://slate.com/technology/2021/04/corpus-linguistics-algorithmic-bias-judicial-opinions.html |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Slate.com}}</ref> although he and Stefan Th. Gries defended a limited use,<ref name=":17"/> and cautioned against recent judicial uses of large language models.<ref name=":18"/> He has defended LGBTQ+ rights, especially in the context of employment discrimination.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tobia |first1=Kevin |last2=Mikhail |first2=John |title=Two Types of Empirical Textualism|date=2021| url=https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/blr/vol86/iss2/6/|journal=Brooklyn Law Review |volume=86 |issue=2 |page=461 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2025 |title=Law Center's LGBTQ+ student group denounces Federalist Society debate, hosts counter event|url=https://georgetownvoice.com/2025/02/14/law-centers-lgbtq-student-group-denounces-federalist-society-debate-hosts-counter-event/|access-date=30 July 2025 |website=Georgetown Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2022 |title=Historic Supreme Court confirmation comes at a time when some in the GOP are trying to reverse LGBTQ rights|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/04/07/politics/lgbtq-rights-movement-race-deconstructed-newsletter/|access-date=30 July 2025 |website=CNN}}</ref>
With Larry Gostin, Tobia defended the legality of federal transit mask requirements during the COVID-19 pandemic, arguing that the Public Health Service Act "plainly empowers CDC to require masks in the midst of a massive and sustained public health emergency" and "that CDC must have ample powers to act decisively and nimbly when the next health crisis arises—and it will."<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2022|title=Give the CDC Back Its Power to Issue Mandates |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/give-the-cdc-back-its-power-to-issue-mandates/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Daily Beast}}</ref> They filed a amicus brief, signed by the American Public Health Association,the Association of American Medical Colleges, the Association of American Medical Colleges, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and 231 experts in public health and the law, including six former CDC Directors, who led the nation's response to all modern health emergencies, from SARS, MERS, and Zika to Ebola and Influenza H1N1. The critique centered on a judge's analysis of the linguistic meaning of the Public Health Service Act<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2022|title=Flaws in the Textualist Argument Against the CDC Mask Mandate|url=https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2022/05/23/flaws-in-the-textualist-argument-against-the-cdc-mask-mandate/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Daily Beast}}</ref> and use of corpus linguistics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2022|title=The linguistics search engine that overturned the federal mask mandate|url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/6/7/23153218/legal-corpus-linguistics-mask-mandate-judges |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=The Verge}}</ref>
Tobia and Thomas Rex Lee submitted an amicus brief in Pulsifer v. United States,<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2023|title=Brief of Amici Curiae Professors Thomas R. Lee, Kevin Tobia, and Jesse Egbert in Support of Neither Party|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22-340/267866/20230526173841166_22-340%20Amicus%20Brief%20Professors%20Final.pdf |access-date=28 July 2025}}</ref> a Supreme Court case concerning the First Step Act's relief of criminal defendants from mandatory minimum sentences for drug-related crimes. That brief drew on their journal article studying how Americans understood the statute's language.<ref name=":15" /> Justice Neil Gorsuch, in dissent, cited their brief and its "study involving ordinary Americans." {{cite court | litigants=Pulsifer v. United States | vol=601 | reporter=U.S. | opinion=__ | date=2024| url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/22-340_3e04.pdf | postscript=none }}. This was reported as "the first time the Supreme Court has cited a survey of Americans to inform its interpretation of a statute's ordinary meaning."<ref>{{Cite web |last=King|first=Daniel|date=29 March 2024|title=Criminal Justice March 29, 2024 Does "And" Really Mean "And"? Not Always, the Supreme Court Rules|url=https://www.motherjones.com/criminal-justice/2024/03/supreme-court-pulsifer-criminal-justice-drug-definitions-law/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Mother Jones}}</ref>
In 2024, he submitted an amicus brief with linguists including James Pustejovsky in Bondi v. VanDerStok,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2024|title=Brief of Professors and Scholars of Linguistics and Law as Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioners |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/23/23-852/316214/20240702134621040_23-852%20tsacProfessorsAndScholarsOfLinguisticsAndLaw.pdf |access-date=28 July 2025}}</ref> arguing that gun parts kits are subject to federal firearm regulations. Tobia argued that the Gun Control Act's definition of "firearm" includes kits of unassembled firearm parts that can be converted into functional firearms in a day's work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2024|title=Bloomberg Law: Ghost Guns & NCAA's $2.78 Billion Settlements|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/audio/2024-10-09/bloomberg-law-ghost-guns-ncaa-s-2-78-billion-settlement |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Bloomberg Law}}</ref> The Supreme Court cited the brief in its linguistic analysis of "firearm,"<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2025|title=How Georgetown Linguists, Legal Expert Scored a Win in Supreme Court 'Ghost Guns' Case|url=https://www.georgetown.edu/news/how-georgetown-experts-scored-win-supreme-court-ghost-guns-case/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Georgetown.edu}}</ref> and Justice Clarence Thomas's dissent accused the majority of "drawing heavily" from it. {{cite court | litigants=Bondi v. VanDerStok | vol=604 | reporter=U.S. | opinion=__ | date = 2025| url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/22-340_3e04.pdf | postscript=none }}.
== Publications ==
=== Books ===
* [https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/experimental-philosophy-of-identity-and-the-self-9781350246898/ Experimental Philosophy of Identity and the Self],(Bloomsbury), 2022<ref name=":1" /> * [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-handbook-of-experimental-jurisprudence/15186215E870AD1C501AB4A79BEDFB6C The Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Jurisprudence], (Cambridge University Press), 2025<ref name=":2" />
=== Articles ===
* [https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/134-Harv.-L.-Rev.-726.pdf Testing Ordinary Meaning], ''Harvard Law Review'' 123 (2020), 726-806.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |title=Testing Ordinary Meaning|date=2020| url=https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/134-Harv.-L.-Rev.-726.pdf|journal=Harvard Law Review}}</ref> * [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cogs.13024 Are There Cross-Cultural Legal Principles? Modal Reasoning Uncovers Procedural Constraints on Law], ''Cognitive Science'' 45 (2021).<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Hannikainen |first1=Ivar R. |last2=Tobia |first2=Kevin P. |last3=De Almeida |first3=Guilherme da F. C. F. |last4=Donelson |first4=Raff |last5=Dranseika |first5=Vilius |last6=Kneer |first6=Markus |last7=Strohmaier |first7=Niek |last8=Bystranowski |first8=Piotr |last9=Dolinina |first9=Kristina |last10=Janik |first10=Bartosz |last11=Keo |first11=Sothie |last12=Lauraitytė |first12=Eglė |last13=Liefgreen |first13=Alice |last14=Próchnicki |first14=Maciej |last15=Rosas |first15=Alejandro |last16=Struchiner |first16=Noel |date=2021 |title=Are There Cross-Cultural Legal Principles? Modal Reasoning Uncovers Procedural Constraints on Law |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cogs.13024|journal=Cognitive Science |volume=45 |issue=8 |article-number=e13024 |doi=10.1111/cogs.13024 |pmid=34379347 |hdl=1887/3277873 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> * [https://lawreview.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/03%20Tobia.pdf Experimental Jurisprudence], ''University of Chicago Law Review'' 89 (2022), 735-802.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |date=2022|title=Experimental Jurisprudence| url=https://lawreview.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/03%20Tobia.pdf|journal=University of Chicago Law Review}}</ref> * [https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2206531119 Coordination and Expertise Foster Legal Textualism], ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' 119 (2022).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Hannikainen |first1=Ivar R. |last2=Tobia |first2=Kevin P. |last3=De Almeida |first3=Guilherme da F. C. F. |last4=Struchiner |first4=Noel |last5=Kneer |first5=Markus |last6=Bystranowski |first6=Piotr |last7=Dranseika |first7=Vilius |last8=Strohmaier |first8=Niek |last9=Bensinger |first9=Samantha |last10=Dolinina |first10=Kristina |last11=Janik |first11=Bartosz |last12=Lauraitytė |first12=Eglė |last13=Laakasuo |first13=Michael |last14=Liefgreen |first14=Alice |last15=Neiders |first15=Ivars |last16=Próchnicki |first16=Maciej |last17=Rosas |first17=Alejandro |last18=Sundvall |first18=Jukka |last19=Żuradzki |first19=Tomasz |date=2022 |title=Coordination and Expertise Foster Legal Textualism|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=119 |issue=44 |article-number=e2206531119 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2206531119 |pmid=36282920 |pmc=9636918 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11906531H |doi-access=free }}</ref> * [https://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Tobia-Slocum-Nourse-Statutory_Interpretation_From_The_Outside_.pdf Statutory Interpretation from the Outside], ''Columbia Law Review'' 122 (2022), 213-330.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |date=2022 |title=Statutory Interpretation from the Outside| url=https://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Tobia-Slocum-Nourse-Statutory_Interpretation_From_The_Outside_.pdf|journal=Columbia Law Review}}</ref> * [https://www.law.georgetown.edu/georgetown-law-journal/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2022/09/Tobia-et-al-Progressive-Textualism.pdf Progressive Textualism], ''Georgetown Law Journal'' 110 (2022), 1437-1493.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |date=2022 |title=Progressive Textualism| url=https://www.law.georgetown.edu/georgetown-law-journal/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2022/09/Tobia-et-al-Progressive-Textualism.pdf|journal=Georgetown Law Journal}}</ref> * [https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/penn_law_review/vol171/iss2/2/ Ordinary Meaning and Ordinary People], ''University of Pennsylvania Law Review'' 171 (2023), 365-458.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Tobia |first1=Kevin |last2=Slocum |first2=Brian |last3=Nourse |first3=Victoria |date=2022|title=Ordinary Meaning and Ordinary People| url=https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/penn_law_review/vol171/iss2/2/|journal=University of Pennsylvania Law Review |volume=171 |issue=2 |page=365 }}</ref> * [https://www.law.georgetown.edu/georgetown-law-journal/in-print/volume-112/volume-112-issue-1-october-2023/what-do-law-professors-believe-about-law-and-the-legal-academy/ What Do Law Professors Believe About Law and the Legal Academy? ], ''Georgetown Law Journal'' 112 (2023), 111-189.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |date=2022 |title=What Do Law Professors Believe About Law and the Legal Academy? | url=https://www.law.georgetown.edu/georgetown-law-journal/in-print/volume-112/volume-112-issue-1-october-2023/what-do-law-professors-believe-about-law-and-the-legal-academy/|journal=Georgetown Law Journal}}</ref> * [https://columbialawreview.org/content/methodology-and-innovation-in-jurisprudence/ Methodology and Innovation in Jurisprudence], ''Columbia Law Review'' 123 (2023), 2483-2516.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |date=2023|title=Methodology and Innovation in Jurisprudence |url=https://columbialawreview.org/content/methodology-and-innovation-in-jurisprudence|journal=Columbia Law Review}}</ref> * [https://jolt.law.harvard.edu/assets/articlePDFs/v36/Chen-Stremitzer-Tobia-Having-Your-Day-in-Robot-Court.pdf/ Having Your Day in Robot Court], ''Harvard Journal of Law & Technology'' 36 (2023), 127-169.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |date=2023 |title=Having Your Day in Robot Court|url=https://jolt.law.harvard.edu/assets/articlePDFs/v36/Chen-Stremitzer-Tobia-Having-Your-Day-in-Robot-Court.pdf |journal=Harvard Journal of Law & Technology}}</ref> * [https://columbialawreview.org/content/textualisms-defining-moment/ Textualism's Defining Moment], ''Columbia Law Review'' 123 (2023), 1611-1698.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |date=2023 |title=Textualism's Defining Moment|url=https://columbialawreview.org/content/textualisms-defining-moment/|journal=Columbia Law Review}}</ref> * [https://harvardlawreview.org/forum/vol-137/the-linguistic-and-substantive-canons/ The Linguistic and Substantive Canons], ''Harvard Law Review'' 137 (2023), 70-108. * [https://www.law.georgetown.edu/georgetown-law-journal/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2023/08/Tobia-et-al.-Final-Review-GLJO-112.pdf Triangulating Ordinary Meaning], ''Georgetown Law Journal'' 112 (2023), 23-54.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |date=2023 |title=Triangulating Ordinary Meaning|url=https://www.law.georgetown.edu/georgetown-law-journal/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2023/08/Tobia-et-al.-Final-Review-GLJO-112.pdf|journal=Georgetown Law Journal}}</ref> * [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666799123000394 Corpus-linguistic approaches to lexical statutory meaning: Extensionalist vs. intensionalist approaches], ''Applied Corpus Linguistics'' (2024).<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last1=Gries |first1=Stefan Th. |last2=Slocum |first2=Brian G. |last3=Tobia |first3=Kevin |date=2024|title=Corpus-linguistic approaches to lexical statutory meaning: Extensionalist vs. intensionalist approaches| url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666799123000394|journal=Applied Corpus Linguistics |volume=4 |article-number=100079 |doi=10.1016/j.acorp.2023.100079 }}</ref> * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/experimental-jurisprudence/ Experimental Jurisprudence], ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (2025).<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |date=2025|title=Experimental Jurisprudence| url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/experimental-jurisprudence/|journal=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> * [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5123124 Large Language Models for Legal Interpretation? Don't Take Their Word for It], ''Georgetown Law Journal'' (2025).<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |date=2025|title=Large Language Models for Legal Interpretation? Don't Take Their Word for It| url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5123124/|journal=Georgetown Law Journal |ssrn=5123124 }}</ref>
== References ==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Tobia, Kevin}} Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Georgetown University Law Center faculty Category:American legal scholars Category:21st-century American philosophers Category:American philosophers of law Category:Yale Law School alumni Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford Category:Rutgers University alumni Category:Living people