{{short description|Military conflict between Spain and Riffian rebels}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Kert Campaign | image = 1911-10-14, La Hormiga de Oro, Tropas acampadas en las inmediaciones del Ker (cropped).jpg | image_size = 325 | caption = Spanish camp near the Kert River in October 1911. | date = 24 August 1911 – 15 May 1912 | place = Eastern Rif, northern Morocco | result = Spanish victory | territory = Consolidation of the Spanish-controlled territory in Kelaïa east of the Kert River | combatant1 = {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} Spain | combatant2 = {{flagicon|Morocco|1666}} Riffian tribes | commander1 = {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} {{ill|José García Aldave|es}}<br />{{flagicon|Spain|1785}} Agustín Luque<br />{{flagicon|Spain|1785}} Dámaso Berenguer<br />{{flagicon|Spain|1785}} Salvador Díaz{{KIA}} | commander2 = {{flagicon|Morocco|1666}} Mohammed Ameziane{{KIA}}<br/>{{flagicon|Morocco|1666}} Mohammed Bourahail{{surrender}}<br/>{{flagicon|Morocco|1666}} Hajj Amar Metalsi{{surrender}} | units1 = Spanish Army<br />Regulares | units2 = Riffian ''harkas'' | casualties1 = 500 killed<br />1,900 wounded | casualties2 = Unknown | partof = the Spanish-Moroccan conflicts and Scramble for Africa | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Spanish colonial wars in Morocco}} {{Spanish colonial campaigns}} {{Campaignbox Scramble for Africa}} }}
The '''Kert campaign''' ({{langx|es|campaña del Kert}}) was a conflict in northern Morocco between Spain and insurgent Riffian ''harkas'' led by Mohammed Ameziane, who had called for a ''jihad'' against the Spanish occupation in the eastern Rif. It took place between 1911 and 1912.
== History == The campaign saw the introduction of the ''tropas regulares indígenas'' ("native regular troops"), created by Dámaso Berenguer on 30 June 1911.
The campaign followed a revolt initiated by Mohammed Ameziane, caïd of Segangan, who had called for a ''jihad'' and had attacked both Spanish and tribes friendly to them.{{Sfnp|León Rojas|2018|p=52}}{{Sfnp|Requejo Gómez|2017}} After an attack on a group of Spanish military personnel undertaking topographic works at a position near Ishafen (near the river Kert) the Spanish campaign formally started on 24 August.{{Sfnp|Ramos Oliver|2013|p=176}} A Spanish column had been however already shot on 30 June.{{Sfnp|Gajate Bajo|2012|p=267}} thumb|left|Spanish convoy heading for Imaroufene Following a visit to Melilla, Spanish War Minister Agustín Luque took control of the operations on 7 October, and the struggles brought numerous losses to both sides, 64 death and 204 wounded on the Spanish side.{{Sfnp|Barrio Jala|2002|p=45}} On 14 October 1911 General Salvador Díaz Ordóñez was killed in action and a column commanded by {{ill|Felipe Navarro y Ceballos-Escalera|es|lt=General Navarro}} had 33 deaths and 105 wounded.{{Sfnp|Barrio Jala|2002|p=45}}
The Spanish forces took the position of Al Aaroui (''Monte Arruit'') on 18 January 1912.{{Sfnp|Barrio Jala|2002|p=46}}
The Spanish ended the campaign following the killing of Ameziane by native regulares on 15 May 1912.{{Sfnp|León Rojas|2018|p=52}}{{Sfnp|Macías Fernández|2013|p=61}} Si Mohammed Bourhayl replaced him but surrendered soon after.<ref>{{Cite newspaper |url=https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/pdf?oid=0000651569 |journal=La Correspondencia de España |language=es |date=12 July 1912 |title=LA ACCIÓN ESPAÑOLA EN MARRUECOS: Sumisión del jefe de la "harka" |location=Madrid}}</ref> The Spanish losses by that time amounted to about 500 killed and 1,900 wounded.{{Sfnp|Gajate Bajo|2012|p=268}} The Spanish control line was extended to the Kert River and the new boundaries for the Spanish-occupied territory entailed the annexation of the Berber cabiles of Aith Sidel and Aith Bouyafar.{{Sfnp|Martínez Antonio|2006|p=224}}
== See also ==
* Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860) * First Melillan campaign * Second Melillan campaign
== Citations and references ==
=== Citations === {{reflist|30em}}
=== References === * {{Cite journal|title=Nuestros Generales en el Norte de África|pages=41–51|url=https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/r/e/revista_ejercito_732.pdf|first=Manuel del|last=Barrio Jala|issue=732|volume=LXIII|year=2002|issn=0013-2918|location=Madrid|publisher=Ministry of Defence|journal=Ejército}} * {{Citation|title=Las campañas de Marrueco y la opinión pública. El ejemplo de Salamanca y su prensa (1906-1927)|url=https://iugm.es/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/las_campanas_de_marruecos.pdf|first=María|year=2012|last=Gajate Bajo|publisher=Instituto Universitario General Gutiérrez Mellado|location=Madrid|isbn=978-84-615-9842-7|access-date=2020-08-27|archive-date=2023-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605222842/https://iugm.es/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/las_campanas_de_marruecos.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite journal|issn=1130-7986|location=Tarifa|publisher=Ayuntamiento de Tarifa|journal=Aljaranda|volume=1|issue=92|year=2018|url=http://aljaranda.com/index.php/aljaranda/article/view/1078|title=Tarifa y las Campañas de Marruecos (1909-1927)|first=José|last=León Rojas}} * {{Cite journal|title=Las campañas de Marruecos (1909-1927)|first=Daniel|last=Macías Fernández|journal= Revista Universitaria de Historia Militar|volume=2|issue=3|url=https://ruhm.es/index.php/RUHM/article/view/86 |year=2013}} * {{Cite book|url=http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/21839/1/2006%20FJ%20Martinez%20Tangerian%20Ghosts.pdf|chapter=Tangerian Ghosts and Riffian Realities: The Limits of Colonial Public Health in Spanish Morocco (1906–1921)|first=Francisco Javier|last=Martínez Antonio|editor-last=Nelson|editor-first=M.C.|title=Occupational Health and Public Health: Lessons from the Past, Challenges for the Future|pages=180–250|location=Sweden|publisher=National Institute for Working Life|isbn=91-7045-810-3|issn=0346-7821|year=2006}} * {{Cite journal|isbn=978-84-88642-16-5|issn=1130-314X|location=Gijón|year=2013|journal=Entemu|publisher=UNED Centro Asociado de Asturias|title=Las guerras de Marruecos|first=Francisco|last=Ramos Oliver|pages=165–185|url=https://www2.uned.es/ca-gijon/web/actividades/publica/entemu13/entemu_2013_7_RAMOS_OLIVER.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827145021/https://www2.uned.es/ca-gijon/web/actividades/publica/entemu13/entemu_2013_7_RAMOS_OLIVER.pdf|archive-date=2020-08-27}} * {{Cite book|url=http://www.racv.es/es/racv_digital/los-regulares-en-la-guerra-de-africa|title=Los Regulares en la Guerra de África|first=José Antonio|last=Requejo Gómez|year=2017|publisher=Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana|location=Valencia}} {{authority control}}
Category:Kert campaign Category:Wars involving Spain Category:Wars involving Morocco Category:Conflicts in 1911 Category:Conflicts in 1912 Category:Rif Category:African resistance to colonialism