{{Short description|Gold mine in McGarry, Ontario, Canada}} {{distinguish|text=the adjacent McGarry Mine}} {{good article}} {{Infobox mine | name = Kerr-Addison Mine | image = Kerr-Addison Gold Mine, 1947.jpg | caption = Mine buildings, 1947 |place=McGarry|state/province=Ontario|country=Canada| pushpin_map = Ontario | coordinates = {{Coord|48|08|19|N|79|34|39|W|region:CA-ON|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map_caption = Location near McGarry, Ontario |subdivision_type=Province| products = Gold | amount = 12 million ounces | greatest depth = 1,829 metres | active years = Early 1900s: marginally active<br>1920-1923: exploration<br>1936-1963: operational<br>1990-1996: operational | owner = Golden Candle Ltd | module={{Local impacts|pollution=Cyanide|impact=Larder Lake}} }}
The '''Kerr–Addison Mine''' (also known as the '''Kerr Mine''') is an abandoned Canadian gold mine in the Kearns area of McGarry, Ontario. In 1960, the mine was the largest producer of gold in North America. The mine produced the second most gold overall in North America, with the Homestake Mine being the leader.
The mine is located in basalt of the Abitibi gold belt area in what became the Timiskaming District.
Gold ore was initially discovered at the mine's location around 1900 by Teme-Augama Anishnabai chief Ignace Tonené. European settlers stole Tonené's claim to the ore and started small-scale mining. Production was initially low, but increased from 1936 until its peak in 1960. Employees unionised in 1943. Ore extraction ended in 1960 and production completely stopped in 1963. The increase in global gold prices caused the mine to reopen from 1990 until 1996, by which time over 12 million ounces had been produced. Tailings from the operation were dumped in Larder Lake.
Ownership of the mine changed several times, owners included Golden Shield Resources, a subsidiary of Deak Resources, AJ Perron, and Armistice Resources Corporation, which changed its name to Kerr Mine Ltd. Kerr Mine became Arizona Gold and sold its assets to Golden Candle Limited. Throughout the transfers surface and mining rights did not always stay with the same corporation, although the latest owner, Golden Candle, now holds both.
== Location and geology == thumb|Larder Lake, 1895 The mine is situated on the north east edge of Larder Lake, in the Timiskaming District of Ontario, Canada.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Kerr Addison Mine (MRDS #10084891) AU |url=https://mrdata.usgs.gov/mrds/show-mrds.php?dep_id=10084891 |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=mrdata.usgs.gov}}</ref>
The mine is located in basalt<ref name=":7" /> of the Abitibi gold belt.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Ontario Mineral Inventory Record MDI32D04SE00011: Kerr Mine, Kerr Addison, Reddick, Golden Shield |url=https://www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca/mndmfiles/mdi/data/records/MDI32D04SE00011.html |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca}}</ref> The area of the mine is located between the Timiskaming grouping of metasedimentary rock and Keewatin groupings of metavolcanic rock. The area around the mine includes greywacke, talc-chlorite schist, and syenite rocks.<ref name=":10" />
While predominately containing gold, the ore also contained silver, copper and tungsten.<ref name=":10" /> In total, between 1938 and 1996 the mine produced more than 12 million ounces of gold.<ref name=":2" /> In 1960, the mine was the largest producer of gold in North America. In 1969, the mine produced the second most gold overall in North America, with the Homestake Mine being the leader.<ref>{{cite journal |editor1-first=Lawrence Johnstone |editor1-last=Burpee |editor1-link=Lawrence Johnstone Burpee |date=July 1969 |volume=79 |number=1 |journal=Canadian Geographical Journal |page=14 |title=Kirkland Lake: 50 Golden Years |first=L. Carson |last=Brown |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9tYAAAAMAAJ&q=Virginiatown |access-date=2023-06-05 |publisher=Royal Canadian Geographical Society}} "''Kerr'' - ''Addison'' Gold Mines, at Virginiatown, is the ''biggest'' gold producer in ''Canada'', and in North America exceeded only by the Homestake Mine."</ref>
== History ==
=== Gold discovery === [[File:Tournenie (HS85-10-21122).jpg|thumb|Chief Ignace Tonené, 1909]] In the very late 19th century, Ignace Tonené, chief of the Teme-Augama Anishnabai community, discovered gold ore on the side of Larder Lake.<ref name=":1">Charlie Angus (2022). ''Cobalt: The Making of a Mining Superpower. Canada'': House of Anansi Press Incorporated.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Hodgins |first1=Bruce W. |last2=Morison |first2=James |title=Biography – TONENÉ, IGNACE – Volume XIV (1911-1920) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/tonene_ignace_14E.html |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=www.biographi.ca |archive-date=2022-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517004421/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/tonene_ignace_14E.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Although Tonené properly registered his staking claims, the registration was not respected, and European settlers jumped his claim, registering it again in their name.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> At that time, the ''Indian Act of 1876'' prevented Indigenous people from hiring lawyers.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />
In 1904, H. L. Kerr examined the area north of Larder Lake and concluded he should revisit it for further investigation.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Savage |first=W. S. |url=http://www.geologyontario.mndmf.gov.on.ca/mndmfiles/pub/data/imaging/MDC003/MDC003.pdf |title=Mineral Resources and Mining Properties in the Kirkland Lake-Larder Lake Area |publisher=Frank Fogg, Printer to the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty |year=1964 |pages=34–35 |access-date=2022-04-27 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110344/http://www.geologyontario.mndmf.gov.on.ca/mndmfiles/pub/data/imaging/MDC003/MDC003.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Kerr was a 1903 graduate of the University of Toronto who had spent one week of geological mapping as an assistant at the Geological Survey of Canada.<ref name=":3">{{Cite report |first1=J.P. |last1=Smith |first2=E.T.C. |last2=Spooner |first3=D.W. |last3=Broughton |first4=F.R. |last4=Ploeger |date=1993 |title=Archean Au-Ag-(W) Quartz Vein/Disseminated Mineralisation within the Larder Lake - Cadillac Break, Kerr Addison - Chesterville System, North East Ontario, Canada |url=http://www.geologyontario.mndmf.gov.on.ca/mndmfiles/pub/data/imaging/OFR5831/OFR5831.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Energy, Northern Development and Mines |number=Ontario Geological Survey Open File Report 5831 |access-date=2022-04-27 |archive-date=2022-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427155109/http://www.geologyontario.mndmf.gov.on.ca/mndmfiles/pub/data/imaging/OFR5831/OFR5831.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Kerr shared his analysis with William Addison, who visited the area in 1906 and discovered Dr Reddick of Ottawa already surveying it.<ref name=":4" />
Kerr and Addison registered their claim in 1906, Dr Reddick of Ottawa registered a claim for the adjoining property, and the Ottawa-based ''Chesterville-Larder Lake Gold Mining Company Ltd'' registered the ''Hummel-Kearns'' claim in 1906 or 1907.<ref name=":3" /> Kerr-Addison Gold Mines was formed.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Kernot |first=Charles |title=Valuing Mining Companies: A Guide To the Assessment and Evaluation of Assets, Performance and Prospects |publisher=Elsevier |year=1999 |isbn=9781782420095 |pages=21, 22}}</ref>
=== Start of mining === thumb|Gold ore from Larder Lake, 2006 The ownership of the mine passed between three companies, the third being Associated Goldfields Limited,<ref name=":9" /> who bought both the Kerr-Addison mine, and the adjacent Reddick mine, in 1917.<ref name=":3" /> The company became Canadian Associated Goldfields in 1921 before going bankrupt in 1928. Proprietary Mines Limited was then formed and took over the mines, and an additional nearby sixteen claims.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":9" />
Between 1920 and 1921, Proprietary Mines Limited sunk a 91-metre shaft and developed levels at {{convert|175|ft}} and {{convert|300|ft}} depth.<ref name=":3" /> The lower level cross-cut missed the ore body by about 6 metres, and although more drilling did later reach the ore body, the mine was abandoned in 1923.<ref name=":3" />
Kerr-Addison Mines was incorporated in 1936, out of a merger of Kerr-Addison Gold Mines, Anglo-Huronian, Bouzan Mines and Prospector Airways<ref name=":9" /> and purchased 26 full and 2 fractional claims in 1937.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> The company drove four adits to explore mineral veins into a hill on the west of the property where they found low grades of gold.<ref name=":3" /> Diamond drilling from within the #1 adit was successful and returned ore with 10.5 grams per ton of gold for over 33 metres.<ref name=":3" /> More drilling followed, as did the construction of a $1.75 million 450-tonnes-per-day processing mill.<ref name=":3" /> Ore processing started on May 2, 1938, and the first bar of gold was poured on June 11, 1938.<ref name=":3" /> The same year, the mine's owners requested government permission to dump mine tailings, containing cyanide, into Larder Lake.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.ourontario.ca/timmins/3536943/data |title=Consider Question of Slimes in Lake |publisher=Porcupine Advance |date=1938-02-24 |page=2 |access-date=2023-06-06}}</ref> The mill was upgraded to be able to process 1,090 tons per day in 1939, and after significantly more gold was discovered at 1,000 feet depth in 1940, the mill was further upgraded to 1,725 tons per day in 1941.<ref name=":3" /> By 1958, shaft #3 was lowered to 1,174 metres, and #4 was lowered to 1,829 metres (6,000 feet) in 1959.
World War II decreased production to 1,000 tons per day, but it rose in 1948 to processing over 3,630 tons per day, which was maintained until 1961.<ref name=":3" /> The mine ranked as the top producing gold mine in North America in 1960, when it produced 18,400 kilograms of gold, generated from 1,512,860 tons of ore.<ref name=":3" /> Ore reserves dwindled in 1960 and all further exploration was abandoned in 1963, with the focus of the work shifting to removing ore that was already identified.<ref name=":3" />
In 1957, the mine's owners acquired Chesterville gold mine.<ref name=":42">{{Cite book |last=J.P. Smith, E.T.C. Spooner, D.W. Broughton and F.R. Ploeger |url=http://www.geologyontario.mndmf.gov.on.ca/mndmfiles/pub/data/imaging/OFR5831/OFR5831.pdf |title=Archean Au-Ag-(W) Quartz Vein/Disseminated Mineralisation within the Larder Lake - Cadillac Break, Kerr Addison - Chesterville System, North East Ontario, Canada |publisher=Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines |year=1993}}</ref>
==== Workers and unionisation ==== The mine employed 2,500 people at its peak.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Berns |first=Michael |date=2016-06-16 |title=Affidavit of Michael Berns |url=https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/211718/docs/Gold_Candle_-_6-Supplementary_Application_Record_-_June_21_2016.pdf?t=1508443953287 |access-date=2022-04-27 |archive-date=2018-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620001938/https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/211718/docs/Gold_Candle_-_6-Supplementary_Application_Record_-_June_21_2016.pdf?t=1508443953287 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''Kerr-Addison Employees's Association'' union was formed in 1943.<ref name=":11" /> In December 1946 workers voted on joining the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/731941142/?terms=Kerr-Addison%20union&match=1 |title=Kerr-Addison Votes on Union |publisher=North Bay Nugget |date=1946-12-03 |page=3}}</ref> The Kerr-Addison union became affiliated with the Canadian National Federation of Independent Union in 1981 and in 1989 merged with United Steelworkers of America to become USWA Local 9283.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=P150- Kerr-Addison Employees' Association Fonds |url=https://biblio.laurentian.ca/research/sites/default/files/pictures/P150-Kerr%20Addison%20Mine%20E%20Association.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427155433/https://biblio.laurentian.ca/research/sites/default/files/pictures/P150-Kerr%20Addison%20Mine%20E%20Association.pdf |archive-date=2022-04-27 |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Laurentian University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://biblio.laurentian.ca/research/sites/default/files/pictures/P150-Kerr%20Addison%20Mine%20E%20Association.pdf |title=Kerr-Addison Employees' Association Fonds |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427155433/https://biblio.laurentian.ca/research/sites/default/files/pictures/P150-Kerr%20Addison%20Mine%20E%20Association.pdf |archive-date=2022-04-27 |access-date=2023-06-06 |publisher=Laurentian University}}</ref>
=== Late 20th-century to early 21st-century ===
Gold prices became deregulated and rose from $35 per ounce in 1971 to $800 per ounce in 1980.<ref name=":3" /> In 1987, owners Kerr-Addison Ltd sold the mine for $38 million to Golden Shield Resources Ltd, who started an ambitious exploration program.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1987-07-13 |title=Golden Shield buys Kerr Addison mine |url=https://www.northernminer.com/subscribe-login/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=The Northern Miner |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306080215/https://www.northernminer.com/subscribe-login/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerr-Addison Mine - Timiskaming District, Ontario |url=https://www.ontarioabandonedplaces.com/ontario/timiskaming-district/kerr-addison-mine |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Ontario Abandoned Places |language=en |archive-date=2021-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618145034/https://www.ontarioabandonedplaces.com/ontario/timiskaming-district/kerr-addison-mine |url-status=live }}</ref> Shortly after, the global gold price sharply dropped, forcing Golden Shield into bankruptcy in 1989.<ref name=":3" />thumb|The mine's entrance building, 2009Golden Shield's assets were purchased by GSR Mining Corporation, a subsidiary of Deak Resources of Toronto.<ref name=":3" /> Golden Shield restarted mining operations in 1990 with $2 million financial support from the Ontario Heritage Fund,<ref name=":3" /> which continued until 1996.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Northern Miner |date=2021-05-30 |title=JV Article: Kirkland Lake Gold partnership could lead to world-class discoveries, says Stephen Stewart of Orefinders and Mistango |url=https://www.northernminer.com/joint-venture-article/jv-article-kirkland-lake-gold-partnership-could-lead-to-world-class-discoveries-says-stephen-stewart-of-orefinders-and-mistango/1003831357/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=The Northern Miner |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127183759/https://www.northernminer.com/joint-venture-article/jv-article-kirkland-lake-gold-partnership-could-lead-to-world-class-discoveries-says-stephen-stewart-of-orefinders-and-mistango/1003831357/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During its ownership, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment fined Deak Resources $50,000 due to polluting effluent discharged into a waterway from the mine's Mill. Pollutants included heavy metals and cyanide.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.northernminer.com/news/ontario-fines-deak-50-000-for-larder-lake-cyanide-spill/1000177317/ |title=Ontario fines Deak $50,000 for Larder Lake cyanide spill |publisher=The Northern Miner |date=1992-10-19}}</ref> In 1994, a study by Environment Canada documented "high concentrates" of nickel, gold, copper, lead and zinc in Larder Lake.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mudrock |first1=A. |last2=Azcue |first2=J. |date=1994 |title=Distribution of Metals in Different Size Fractions of Tailing from an Abandoned Gold Mine |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/archivee-archived.html?url=https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2019/eccc/en13-5/En13-5-94-33-eng.pdf |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Government of Canada}}</ref>
In early 1997 McGarry township instructed bailiffs to seize assets at the mine and sell them to raise funds for unpaid taxes. Gwen Resources, AJ Perron Gold Corporation, GSR Mining Corporation and Kerr JEX Corporation, the four companies that owned the mine, threatened litigation against the township. Prior to the bailiffs action, the mine owed $2.1 million of realty taxes and $50,000 of business taxes.<ref>{{cite news |first=Dan |last=Westell |date=1997-06-14 |title=township and mine in tax showdown |publisher=National Post |page=6}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite news |title=Obituary: Alex Perron |publisher=The Northern Miner |date=2002-09-30 |page=5}}</ref> AJ Perron, the successor Deak Resources was delisted in 1998.<ref name=":12" />
GSR, which retained 50 percent of the surface rights, merged with AJ Perron and collectively dissolved on April 10, 2000.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerr-Addison Mine (Kerr Mine), McGarry Township, Timiskaming District, Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.mindat.org/loc-8344.html |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=www.mindat.org |archive-date=2022-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619003215/https://www.mindat.org/loc-8344.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DEAK RESOURCES CORPORATION :: Nova Scotia (Canada) :: OpenCorporates |url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/ca_ns/1812213 |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=opencorporates.com |archive-date=2022-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427132324/https://opencorporates.com/companies/ca_ns/1812213 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, Armistice Resources Corporation, who already owned the neighboring McGarry Mine, bought the Kerr-Addison Mine,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armistice Resources to Acquire Former Kerr-Addison Mine Property |url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/armistice-resources-to-acquire-former-kerr-addison-mine-property-539191661.html |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=www.newswire.ca |language=en |archive-date=2022-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813114632/https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/armistice-resources-to-acquire-former-kerr-addison-mine-property-539191661.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and in 2011 announced plans to drill for more gold.<ref>{{cite web |title=Armistice Resources Confirms McGarry Gold Mine on Target to Begin Production in 2011; Drilling Exploration Program Continues on Kerr-Addison and McGarry Properties. |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bwh&AN=201108260830CANADANWCANADAPR.C6430&site=ehost-live |publisher=Canada Newswire |date=2011-08-26 |access-date=2023-06-05}} Available via [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/users/my_library/ Wikipedia Library]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-03 |title=Armistice Resources Begins Surface Drilling Program at McGarry and Kerr-Addison Properties |url=https://www.azomining.com/News.aspx?newsID=3544 |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=AZoMining.com |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928023921/https://www.azomining.com/News.aspx?newsID=3544 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Ontario Government instructed Armistice Resources to decommission the site, but they refused and took their disagreement to an environmental and land tribunal in 2013.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Armistice Resources Corp. & Jubilee Gold Inc. v. The Director of Mine Rehabilitation |url=https://olt.gov.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/9-4.html |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=olt.gov.on.ca |archive-date=2021-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225000947/https://olt.gov.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/9-4.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They argued that they did not need to submit a mine closure plan as they were not the surface owner, as defined in the Mining Act.<ref name=":8" /> In 2018, the Mining and Lands Commissioner found in Armistice's favour and dismissed the previous governmental demands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=L. Kamerman, Mining and Lands Commissioner |date=2018-03-29 |title=FILE MA 001-12 |url=https://olt.gov.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/MA-001-12-Order-March-29-2018.pdf |access-date=2022-04-27 |archive-date=2022-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427155309/https://olt.gov.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/MA-001-12-Order-March-29-2018.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>thumb|One of the three abandoned gold mines on Larder Lake, 2015Armistice Resources changed their name to Kerr Mines Inc in 2014 and changed their Toronto Stock Exchange symbol to TSX:KER.<ref>{{Cite press release |date=2014-01-09 |title=Armistice Announces Name Change to "Kerr Mines Inc.", Election of Directors and Appointment of Officers |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2014/01/09/1341608/0/en/Armistice-Announces-Name-Change-to-Kerr-Mines-Inc-Election-of-Directors-and-Appointment-of-Officers.html |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=GlobeNewswire News Room |language=en}}</ref> In 2014, Kerr Mines sold the Kerr-Addison Mine, the adjoining McGarry Mine and associated mining claims, to Golden Candle Limited for $11 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerr Mines selling Northern Ontario assets |url=https://www.northernontariobusiness.com/industry-news/mining/kerr-mines-selling-northern-ontario-assets-370832 |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Northern Ontario Business |date=2014-11-17 |language=en |archive-date=2022-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427142232/https://www.northernontariobusiness.com/industry-news/mining/kerr-mines-selling-northern-ontario-assets-370832 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Northeastern Ontario mining company looks to Arizona for future gold (4 photos) |url=https://www.timminstoday.com/local-news/northeastern-ontario-mining-company-looks-to-arizona-for-future-gold-4-photos-687039 |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=TimminsToday.com |date=2017-08-02 |language=en |archive-date=2022-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106103757/https://www.timminstoday.com/local-news/northeastern-ontario-mining-company-looks-to-arizona-for-future-gold-4-photos-687039 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kerr Mines later became Arizona Gold.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arizona Gold Corp. TSX:AZG – Arizona Gold Corp. is a North American gold development and exploration company based in Toronto, Canada. |url=https://www.arizona-gold.com/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525035439/https://arizona-gold.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2016, Michael Berns, the owner of Gold Candle Ltd submitted an affidavit to court stating that dissolved owners of the surface rights (GSR/Deak and AJ Perron) had failed to remediate the site.<ref name=":5" /> As part of that court process, court-appointed receivers took rights over the surface rights mine and sold it to Gold Candle Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GSR Mining Corporation/AJ Perron Gold Corp. |url=https://farbergroup.com/engagements/gsr-mining-corporationaj-perron-gold-corp/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Farber |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707052258/https://farbergroup.com/engagements/gsr-mining-corporationaj-perron-gold-corp/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Gold Candle |title=Gold Candle Ltd. Announces Filing of Amended and Restated Preliminary Prospectus for Proposed Initial Public Offering |url=https://www.newsfilecorp.com/release/81973/Gold-Candle-Ltd.-Announces-Filing-of-Amended-and-Restated-Preliminary-Prospectus-for-Proposed-Initial-Public-Offering |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Newsfile |language=en |archive-date=2021-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023231335/https://www.newsfilecorp.com/release/81973/Gold-Candle-Ltd.-Announces-Filing-of-Amended-and-Restated-Preliminary-Prospectus-for-Proposed-Initial-Public-Offering |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2021, Gold Candle Ltd owned 100 percent of the mine.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-05 |title=Gatling Exploration's shift in focus starts to pay off at Larder |url=https://www.northernminer.com/news/gatling-explorations-shift-in-focus-starts-to-pay-off-at-larder/1003827968/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=The Northern Miner |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208182138/https://www.northernminer.com/news/gatling-explorations-shift-in-focus-starts-to-pay-off-at-larder/1003827968/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
== See also ==
*Beanland Mine *''Cobalt: Cradle of the Demon Metals, Birth of a Mining Superpower'' *List of gold mines in Canada *Virginiatown bank robbery
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
*[https://www.vtownhistory.org/owens-ix.htm Photos at VtownHistory.org] {{Portal bar|Ontario|History|Business|Geology|Indigenous peoples of the Americas}}
Category:Underground mines in Canada Category:Former mines in Ontario Category:1900s establishments in Ontario Category:Gold mines in Ontario Category:Mine closures in the 1990s