Kenneth Spence

{{Infobox scientist | name = Kenneth Wartinbee Spence | image = | caption = Kenneth Wartinbee Spence | birth_date = {{birth date|1907|5|6|mf=y}} | birth_place = Chicago, Illinois, United States | death_date = {{death date and age|1967|1|12|1907|5|6|mf=y}} | death_place = | residence = | field = Psychology | work_institutions = University of Virginia University of Iowa University of Texas | alma_mater = McGill University Yale University | doctoral_advisor = Robert M. Yerkes | doctoral_students = | known_for = Contiuous Account of Discrimination Learning Hull-Spence Learning Theory | prizes = 1929 Prince of Wales Gold Medal in Mental Sciences, McGill University 1930 Governor General's Medal for Research, McGill University 1953 Howard Crosby Warren Medal, Society of Experimental Psychology 1955 Yale University Silliman Lectures 1956 First Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award, American Psychological Association | spouse = {{marriage|Janet Taylor Spence|1960}} | children = {{flatlist|Bill}} | signature = | footnotes = }}

'''Kenneth Wartinbee Spence''' (May 6, 1907 – January 12, 1967) was a prominent American psychologist known for both his theoretical and experimental contributions to learning theory and motivation. As one of the leading theorists of his time,<ref name = Amsel>{{cite journal|last1=Amsel|first1=Abram|author-link=Abram Amsel|title=Kenneth Wartinbee Spence|journal=Biographical Memoirs|date=1995|volume=66|pages=335–351}}</ref> Spence was the most cited psychologist in the 14 most influential psychology journals in the last six years of his life (1962 – 1967).<ref name = Wagner>{{cite journal|last1=Wagner|first1=Allan|title=Some observations and remembrances of Kenneth W. Spence|journal=Learning & Behavior|date=2008|volume=36|issue=3|pages=169–173|doi=10.3758/LB.36.3.169|doi-access=free|pmid=18683462 }}</ref> A ''Review of General Psychology'' survey, published in 2002, ranked Spence as the 62nd most cited psychologist of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haggbloom |first1=Steven J. |title=The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century |journal=Review of General Psychology |volume=6 |issue=2 |year=2002 |pages=139–52 |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139 |url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug02/eminent.aspx |last2=Warnick |first2=Renee |last3=Warnick |first3=Jason E. |last4=Jones |first4=Vinessa K. |last5=Yarbrough |first5=Gary L. |last6=Russell |first6=Tenea M. |last7=Borecky |first7=Chris M. |last8=McGahhey |first8=Reagan |last9=Powell |first9=John L. III |last10=Beavers |first10=Jamie |last11=Monte |first11=Emmanuelle |citeseerx=10.1.1.586.1913 |s2cid=145668721 }}</ref>

==Personal history==

Spence was born in Chicago on May 6, 1907.<ref name="Amsel" /> In 1911, Spence's father, an electrical engineer, moved the family to Montreal, Quebec, Canada when transferred by his employer, Western Electric.<ref name = Kendler>{{cite journal|last1=Kendler|first1=Howard|title=Kenneth W. Spence (1907-1967): Obituary|journal=Psychological Review|date=1967|volume=74|issue=5|pages=335–341|doi=10.1037/h0024873|pmid=4864832}}</ref> Spence spent his youth and adolescence there, attending West Hill High School in Notre Dame de Grace.<ref name ="Amsel"/><ref name="Kendler"/> While in high school, Spence was involved in basketball, tennis and track.<ref name="Amsel"/>

Spence sustained a back injury during a track competition while attending McGill University.<ref name="Amsel"/> As part of his physical therapy, Spence moved to live with his grandmother in LaCrosse, Wisconsin.<ref name="Amsel"/> There, Spence attended LaCrosse Teacher's College and majored in Physical Education, and met his future wife Isabel Temte.<ref name="Amsel"/> He and Isabel had two children, Shirley Ann Spence Pumroy and William James Spence.<ref name="Amsel"/> Spence and Isabel later divorced, and Spence was remarried to Janet A. Taylor, his graduate student, in 1960.<ref name=Hilgard>{{cite journal|last1=Hilgard|first1=Ernest|title=Kenneth Wartinbee Spence: 1907-1967|journal=The American Journal of Psychology|date=1967|volume=80 |issue=2|pages=314–318 |pmid=4861576}}</ref>

Spence eventually returned to McGill University and changed his major to psychology.<ref name="Amsel"/> He received his B.A. in 1929, and M.A. in 1930.<ref name ="Amsel"/><ref name ="Kendler"/> After McGill, Spence attended Yale University as a research assistant to Robert M. Yerkes.<ref name="Amsel"/> Yerkes sponsored his dissertation, a study on the visual acuity of chimpanzees.<ref name="Amsel"/> Spence received his PhD from Yale in 1933.<ref name ="Amsel"/><ref name ="Kendler"/>

While at Yale, Spence collaborated with Walter Shipley to test Clark L. Hull's blind alley maze learning in rats, a contribution which led to further publications while pursuing his PhD.<ref name="Amsel"/> Spence applied to a postdoctoral fellowship to study mathematics after the completion of his graduate training, but his application was rejected by a biologist on the grounds that psychology would never reach a level of precision to require sophisticated mathematical knowledge.<ref name="Kendler"/>

==Professional contributions==

===Discrimination learning=== After his PhD, Spence accepted a position as National Research Council at Yale Laboratories of Primate Biology<ref name="Amsel"/><ref name ="Kendler"/> in Orange Park, Florida from 1933 to 1937.<ref name="Kendler"/> There, Spence examined discrimination learning in chimpanzees.<ref name="Kendler"/> From this and further research, Spence developed the continuous learning account of two-choice discrimination learning in rats.<ref name="Kendler"/> As reported by Lashley (1929), rats in a two-choice discrimination task demonstrated an extended period of chance performance, followed by a sudden leap to a high percentage of accurate responding.<ref name="Wagner"/> Lashley explained this phenomenon by suggesting that the rat's essential learning emerged from testing and confirming the correct hypothesis "during the rapidly changing portion of the function, with the practice preceding and the errors following being irrelevant to the final solution."<ref name="Wagner"/> In contrast, Spence proposed that essential learning was produced through increases in the excitatory tendencies of task-relevant characteristics of the display, and decreases in inhibitory tendencies of the non-relevant characteristics of the display – a continuous learning account not directly detected by the choice measure.<ref name="Wagner"/>

===Motivation=== Spence moved to the University of Iowa in 1938, and was appointed to the head of the psychology department in 1942.<ref name="Kendler"/> There, Spence established an eyelid-conditioning lab to study the influence of motivation on classical conditioning, and contributed to Clark Hull's seminal ''Principles of Behavior'' book.<ref name="Kendler"/> Like Hull, Spence believed learning was the result of the interaction between drive and incentive motivation. Unlike Hull, Spence's formulation summed drive (D) and incentive motivation (K) instead of multiplying them.<ref name="Hilgard"/> This allowed Spence "to show that increasing motivational level will facilitate performance on tasks in which the correct, to-be-learned response is stronger than those of other response-tendencies elicited by a stimulus, but will deter performance on tasks in which the habit-strength of the correct response is initially weaker than those of competing response-tendencies. He showed also that the mathematical form of the curves obtained when probability of the conditioned response is plotted against successive presentations of the paired stimulus changes systematically with motivational level."<ref name="Hilgard"/> Spence believed that differences in motivation were attributable to internal emotional responses created by an intraorganic brain mechanism.<ref name="Kendler"/>

Spence's contributions to Hull's ''Principles of Behavior'' are commemorated in the book's foreword, where Hull stated: "To Kenneth L. Spence I owe a debt of gratitude which cannot adequately be indicated in this place; from the time when the ideas here put forward were in the process of incubation in my graduate seminar and later when the present work was being planned, on through its many revisions, Dr. Spence has contributed generously and effectively with suggestions and criticisms, large numbers of which have been utilized without indication of their origin." The variable for incentive motivation (K) was said to have been chosen in honor of Kenneth Spence.<ref name="Hilgard"/>

===Teaching=== Spence directed a total of 75 PhD theses,<ref name="Wagner"/> producing faculty members in every major psychology department in the United States.<ref name="Wagner"/> Students of Spence at Iowa referred to their degrees as PhDs in "theoretical-experimental psychology"<ref name="Amsel"/> due to Spence's emphasis on methodological rigor.

==Influential publications==

===Discrimination learning=== *The Nature of Discrimination Learning in Animals, 1936.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Spence|first1=Kenneth|title=The Nature of Discrimination Learning in Animals|journal=Psychological Review|date=1936|volume=43|issue=5|pages=427–449|doi=10.1037/h0056975}}</ref> *The Differential Response in Animals to Stimuli Varying Within a Single Dimension, 1937.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Spence|first1=Kenneth|title=The differential response in animals to stimuli varying within a single dimension.|journal=Psychological Review|date=1937|volume=44|issue=5|pages=430–444|doi=10.1037/h0062885}}</ref> *Continuous Versus Non-continuous Interpretations of Discrimination Learning, 1940.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Spence|first1=Kenneth|title=Continuous versus non-continuous interpretations of discrimination learning.|journal=Psychological Review|date=1940|volume=47|issue=4|pages=271–288|doi=10.1037/h0054336}}</ref>

===Theoretical=== *The Nature of Theory Construction in Contemporary Psychology, 1944.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Spence|first1=Kenneth|title=The nature of theory construction in contemporary psychology.|journal=Psychological Review|date=1944|volume=51|pages=47–68|doi=10.1037/h0060940}}</ref> *The Postulates and Methods of Behaviorism, 1948.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Spence|first1=Kenneth|title=The postulates and methods of behaviorism.|journal=Psychological Review|date=1948|volume=55|issue=2|pages=67–69|doi=10.1037/h0063589|pmid=18910282}}</ref> *Theoretical Interpretations of Learning, 1951.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Spence|first1=Kenneth|title=Theoretical interpretations of learning.|journal=Handbook of Experimental Psychology|date=1951|pages=690–729}}</ref> *Mathematical Formulations of Learning Phenomena, 1952.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Spence|first1=Kenneth|title=Mathematical formulations of learning phenomena.|journal=Psychological Review|date=1952|volume=59|issue=2|pages=152–160|doi=10.1037/h0058010|pmid=14920650}}</ref> *Behavior Theory and Conditioning, 1956.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Spence|first1=Kenneth|title=Behavior Theory and Conditioning|url=https://archive.org/details/behaviortheoryco00spen|url-access=registration|date=1956|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven}}</ref>

===Eyelid conditioning=== *Anxiety and Strength of the UCS as Determiners of the Amount of Eyelid Conditioning, 1951.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Taylor|first1=Janet|last2=Spence|first2=Kenneth|title=Anxiety and strength of the UCS as determiners of the amount of eyelid conditioning.|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology|date=1951|volume=42|issue=3|pages=183–188|doi=10.1037/h0061580|pmid=14880670}}</ref> *Cognitive and Drive Factors in the Extinction of the Conditioned Eyeblink in Human Subjects, 1966.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Spence|first1=Kenneth|title=Cognitive and drive factors in the extinction of the conditioned eyeblink in human subjects.|journal=Psychological Review|date=1966|volume=73|issue=5|pages=445–449|doi=10.1037/h0023638|pmid=5976738}}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== *{{Find a Grave}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spence, Kenneth Wartenbe}} Category:1907 births Category:1967 deaths Category:20th-century American psychologists Category:McGill University Faculty of Science alumni Category:Yale University alumni Category:University of Iowa faculty Category:APA Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology recipients