Kayan–Murik languages

{{for|the unrelated "Kayan" language spoken by the Kayan people of Burma|Padaung language}} {{short description|Subgroup of the Austronesian language family}} {{Infobox language family |name=Kayan–Murik |altname=Kayan–Murik–Merap{{sfn|Smith|2017|p=442}} |region=central Borneo (East Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, Sarawak, and West Kalimantan) |familycolor=Austronesian |fam2=Malayo-Polynesian |fam3=Greater North Borneo ? |fam4=Kayanic |child1=Kayan |child3=''Murik'' |glotto=kaya1336 |glottorefname=Kayan-Murik-Modang }}

The '''Kayan–Murik languages''' are a group of Austronesian languages spoken in Borneo by the Kayan, Murik, and Bahau peoples.

==Languages== The Kayan–Murik languages include:

*'''Kayan proper''': Bahau, various languages called ''Kayan'' *Murik

===Smith (2017, 2019)=== Smith (2017, 2019) classifies the Kayanic languages as follows:{{sfn|Smith|2017|p=442}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Alexander D. |year=2019 |title=A Reconstruction of Proto-Segai-Modang |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=58 |number=2 |pages=353–385 |doi=10.1353/ol.2019.0012}}</ref>

{{tree list}} *Kayanic **'''Kayan–Murik–Merap''' ***Kayan **** Baram **** Rejang-Busang **** Bahau **** Data Dian ***Murik–Merap **** Ngorek **** Pua’ **** Huang Bau **** Merap {{tree list/end}}

== Notable sound changes == === Glottalisation of final vowels === In all Kayan–Murik languages, final vowels ''*-a'', ''*-i'', and ''*-u'' are closed with a glottal stop (similar to Banyumasan or Ngapak dialect of Javanese). This process resulted ''-aʔ'', ''-eʔ'', and ''-oʔ'' in most languages, but two latter outcomes are instead ''-ayʔ'' and ''-awʔ'' in Merap.{{sfn|Smith|2017|p=83}}

However, the Kayan–Murik languages have different treatments regarding syllables ending in ''*-ʔ'' (inherited from PMP ''*-q''). Data Dian Kayan (DDK) and Bahau lengthen PMP ''*-aq'' into ''-aːʔ'' (but ''-iʔ'' and ''-uʔ''), Busang simply retains the glottal stops without any lengthening, meanwhile, Long Naah Kayan (LNK) and Balui Liko Kayan (BLK) deleted ''*-q'' altogether.{{sfn|Smith|2017|p=54–57}}

=== Final voiced stops === Original final voiced stops have been altered to some extent in the Kayan–Murik languages. In LNK and DDK, ''*-b'' and ''*-d'' became nasalised into ''-m'' and ''-n'', respectively (similar to Karo Batak). Meanwhile, in BLK and Busang, both are lenited into ''-v'' and ''-r''. However, in Bahau, Ngorek, and Merap, the outcomes of final voiced stops are more variable, with ''*-b'' devoiced into ''-p'', but ''*-d'' evolved into ''-l'' (Bahau), and then nasalised into ''-n'' (Ngorek and Merap).{{sfn|Smith|2017|p=65–66}}

=== Vowel breaking before velar consonants === In DDK, BLK, and additionally Uma Juman Kayan (UJK), vowels ''*a'' and ''*i'' were broken into ''eə'' and ''iə'', before velar consonants ''*k'' or ''*ŋ'' (''*anak'' 'child' → ''aneək'').{{sfn|Smith|2017|p=59}}

=== Outcomes of ''*z'' and ''*s'' === In Bahau, PMP ''*s'' was debuccalised to ''h'' in all positions (eventually merging with the outcome of PMP ''*ʀ''), while ''*z'' chain shifted to ''s''. In other languages, ''*s'' was only debuccalised in initial, or final position; therefore, it is still retained in the medial position (merging with medial ''*-z-''). Meanwhile, initial ''*z-'' became ''j-'' instead in these languages. However, in BLK and Busang, ''*-s'' was further deleted in the final position, but this rule did not apply for ''*-ʀ'', nor the sequence ''*əs'' in Busang. Because of this, Alexander D. Smith speculates that the Proto-Kayanic outcome for PMP ''*z'' is ''*c'', while ''*s'' remains unchanged.{{sfn|Smith|2017|p=57–58}}

{| class="wikitable" ! PMP | rowspan="6" | → ! Daughter |- | ''*pusuʔ'' 'heart' | Bahau ''puhuʔ'' |- | ''*uzan'' 'rain' | Bahau ''usan'' |- | ''*bətis'' 'calf' | Busang ''bəti'' |- | ''*hapəjəs'' 'smarting pain' | Busang ''pərah'' |- | ''*qitəluʀ'' 'egg' | Busang ''təloh'' |}

=== Sequences of nasals and voiced consonants === In most Kayan–Murik languages, such sequences (''*mb'', ''*nd'', ''*nj'', ''*ŋg'') have evolved into ''*b'', ''*d'', ''*j'', ''*g'', by deleting the homorganic nasals.{{sfn|Smith|2017|p=53}} This change followed the lenition of medial ''*-b-'' and ''*-d-'' into ''-v-'' (''-f-'' in DDK and Bahau) and ''-r-'' in Kayan languages.{{sfn|Smith|2017|p=53}} However, in Murik and Merap, they merged with ''*mp'', ''*nt'', ''*nc'', ''*ŋk'', with devoiced plosives.{{sfn|Smith|2017|p=64}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

===Bibliography=== * {{cite thesis|first=Alexander D.|last=Smith|year=2017|title=THE LANGUAGES OF BORNEO: A COMPREHENSIVE CLASSIFICATION|publisher=University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa}}

== External links == {{Wikivoyage|Kayan phrasebook|Kayan phrasebook|an entry}} * Kaipuleohone archived materials of Kayan from the Robert Blust collection (RB2-003-A, RB2-003-C).

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kayan-Murik languages}} Category:Kayan–Murik languages Category:Greater North Borneo languages