Kastamonu

{{Infobox Turkey place | type = municipality | name = Kastamonu | other_name = | image_skyline = Kastamonu1.jpg | image_caption = Kastamonu Castle | coordinates = {{coord|41|22|35|N|33|46|35|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | province = Kastamonu | district = Kastamonu | leader_party = CHP | leader_name = Hasan Baltacı | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_m = 904 | population_footnotes = <ref name=tuik/> | population_total = 125622 | population_as_of = 2021 | postal_code = | area_code = 0366 | website = {{url|https://www.kastamonu.bel.tr/}} | blank1_name = Climate | blank1_info = Dfb |image_logo=Kastamonu Belediyesi logo.svg}} '''Kastamonu''' is a city in northern Turkey. It is the seat of Kastamonu Province and Kastamonu District.<ref name=il>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx İl Belediyesi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706215822/https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx |date=2015-07-06 }}, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023.</ref> Its population is 125,622 (2021).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021|url=https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx |access-date=1 March 2023|publisher=TÜİK|language=tr |format=XLS}}</ref> The city lies at an elevation of {{cvt|904|m|ft|0}}. It is located in the southern part of the province.

According to the first view, it should be considered that the name Kastamonu is Turkishized from the name Paphlagonía [Greek "land of Paphlagon (people)"]. The region covering the West Black Sea and Central Black Sea regions was called Paphlagonia before the Turks. Today, Kastamonu, Sinop, Bartın, Çankırı and Karabük are located in this region, while parts of Çorum, Bolu, Zonguldak and Samsun provinces remain within the region. The Paphlagonians, who dominated this region in 1000 BC, gave their name to this geography.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nijman |first=Jan |title=Geography: Realms, Regions, and Concepts |date=2020 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1119607410 |edition=20.}}</ref>

According to a second opinion, the city of Kastamonu took its name from the name Kastama, which was used for the same region in the Hittite period. The name Kastama turned into Kastamonu over time.<ref>Ahmet Ünal, Hititler Devrinde Anadolu Cilt 2, syf. 54</ref>

According to another view, the city of Kastamonu took its name from the combination of the words Gas and Tumanna. Gas, or better known as Kashkas, are among the first settlers of Kastamonu. Tumanna is the name of a city/region located on Kastamonu at that time. The combination of these two words took the form of Kastamonu over time.<ref>Talat Mümtaz Yaman, Kastamonu Tarihi, syf. 175</ref>

According to a third opinion, the city of Kastamonu took its name from the combination of the words Kastra and Komnen. Kastra is derived from the Latin word for "castle" and Komnen refers to the Komnenos Dynasty of emperors, the settlers of this region during the Byzantine period. These two words took the form of Kastamonu over time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarihçe |url=http://www.kastamonukultur.gov.tr/TR-63806/tarihce.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930193226/http://www.kastamonukultur.gov.tr/TR-63806/tarihce.html |archive-date=30 September 2018}}</ref>

Ibn Battuta visited the city, noting it as "one of the largest and finest cities, where commodities are abundant and prices low." He stayed here forty days.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Battutah|first1=Ibn|title=The Travels of Ibn Battutah|date=2002|publisher=Picador|location=London|isbn=9780330418799|pages=117}}</ref>

The famous Sufi saint of the city is Sheikh Shaban Veli (''Şaban-ı Veli'' in Turkish, d. 976 AH/1569 AD).<ref>{{Cite web|title=ŞÂBÂN-ı VELÎ - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/saban-i-veli|access-date=2020-09-11|website=islamansiklopedisi.org.tr|language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.laluask.com/2020/03/14/saban-i-veli/ |title=Laluask: Şaban-ı Veli |access-date=2020-10-14 |archive-date=2020-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015145512/https://www.laluask.com/2020/03/14/saban-i-veli/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Dress Code Revolution under President Mustafa Kemal Pasha (later known as Atatürk) was started on August 23, 1925, at Kastamonu. He made his historical speech concerning the "Hat and Dress Revolution" during his visit to Kastamonu in 1925 in the Republican People's Party building.<ref>{{Cite book|last=İğdemir|first=Uluğ|others=Mango, Andrew (trans.)|title=Atatürk|publisher=Turkish National Commission for UNESCO|location=Ankara|year=1963|oclc=75604149|pages=165–170}}</ref> The building is now used as the Archeological Museum of Kastamonu. The possessions used by Atatürk in his Kastamonu visit are also exhibited in the museum.

==Cuisine== Typical country fare in Kastamonu includes a quick rose petal jam made with sugared water, citric acid and ''gül mayası'' – the latter is a preparation of culinary-grade rose petals with sugar and citric acid that preserves them and brings out their flavor and fragrance. Homemade hot sauce is made by simmering grated tomato, garlic, Turkish red pepper, hot peppers, sunflower oil, salt and pepper on the stove. Sweet ''katmer'' is made by preparing a simple unleavened dough of flour, salt and water that is smeared with a tahini and sunflower oil mixture as it is folded.<ref name=kastamonu>{{Cite AV media| work = Show TV| title = Lezzet Haritası - Kastamonu /29 Kasım| access-date = 2018-07-30| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zMQH4vZ-Q5Q}}</ref>

Breakfast might include farm made cheese, olives, pekmez, fried potatoes, rose jam homemade hot sauce, eggs served hot in the pan (called ''sahanda yumurta''), folded unleavened bread called ''katmer'', fresh farm milk and black tea.<ref name=kastamonu />

A speciality of Taşköprü, Kastamonu is freshly slaughtered whole lamb slow-cooked over the glowing embers of wood in a sealed, airtight "well" — this regional specialty is called ''kuyu kebabı'' in Turkish. A little water added to a tray ensures that steam keeps the meat moist throughout the cooking process.<ref name=kastamonu />

Produces around 200 tons of pastırma each year, çemen is made using garlic that is locally produced by the farming villages of Taşköprü.<ref>Tarım TV. Sarımsağı kadar pastırması da ünlü. Archived from the original on 2018-07-31. Retrieved 2018-07-31.</ref>

==Economic history== In the early 20th century, nickel was mined in the area around Kastamonu.<ref name=Prothero106>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=G.W.|title=Anatolia|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=106|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11766/view/1/106/}}</ref>

==Education== Kastamonu is home to Kastamonu University, which was established in 2006 by incorporating existing colleges, schools, and institutes that were previously under Ankara University and Gazi University. Notable high schools in Kastamonu are: ''Abdurrahman Paşa Lisesi'', also known as Kastamonu Lisesi, the first modern high school that was established in Anatolia in late Ottoman Empire. Kastamonu Mustafa Kaya Lisesi, an Anatolian high school, one of the most successful high schools in Turkey outside Istanbul, Ankara and İzmir.

==Geography== The city consists of 20 quarters: Kuzeykent, Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Yavuz Selim, Budamış, Akmescit, Aktekke, Atabeygazi, Beyçelebi, Cebrail, Hepkebirler, Hisarardı, Honsalar, Inönü, Isfendiyar, Ismailbey, Kırkçeşme, Saraçlar, Topçuoğlu, Esentepe and Candaroğulları.<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Mahalle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706215822/https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx |date=2015-07-06 }}, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023.</ref>

===Climate=== Kastamonu has a humid continental climate (Köppen: ''Dfb, Trewartha: Dc'') with cold winters and warm summers. Precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year, with a noticeable increase during spring.

{{Weather box |metric first= Yes |single line= Yes |collapsed= |location= Kastamonu (1991–2020, extremes 1930–present) |Jan record high C = 19.2 |Feb record high C = 21.1 |Mar record high C = 28.5 |Apr record high C = 31.4 |May record high C = 35.1 |Jun record high C = 37.5 |Jul record high C = 42.2 |Aug record high C = 40.2 |Sep record high C = 39.3 |Oct record high C = 32.5 |Nov record high C = 25.3 |Dec record high C = 21.1 |year record high C = 42.2 |Jan high C = 3.6 |Feb high C = 6.9 |Mar high C = 11.5 |Apr high C = 17.0 |May high C = 21.7 |Jun high C = 25.3 |Jul high C = 28.8 |Aug high C = 29.1 |Sep high C = 24.6 |Oct high C = 18.7 |Nov high C = 11.2 |Dec high C = 4.8 |year high C = 16.9 |Jan mean C = -0.6 |Feb mean C = 1.1 |Mar mean C = 4.8 |Apr mean C = 9.5 |May mean C = 14.2 |Jun mean C = 17.7 |Jul mean C = 20.5 |Aug mean C = 20.5 |Sep mean C = 16.2 |Oct mean C = 11.2 |Nov mean C = 4.9 |Dec mean C = 0.7 |year mean C = 10.1 |Jan low C = -3.8 |Feb low C = -3.1 |Mar low C = -0.4 |Apr low C = 3.4 |May low C = 7.7 |Jun low C = 11.0 |Jul low C = 13.0 |Aug low C = 13.1 |Sep low C = 9.5 |Oct low C = 5.9 |Nov low C = 0.5 |Dec low C = -2.4 |year low C = 4.5 |Jan record low C = -26.9 |Feb record low C = -22.3 |Mar record low C = -19.7 |Apr record low C = -8.5 |May record low C = -3.6 |Jun record low C = 0.2 |Jul record low C = 0.0 |Aug record low C = 0.9 |Sep record low C = -1.5 |Oct record low C = -7.5 |Nov record low C = -19.3 |Dec record low C = -23.7 |year record low C = -26.9 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 29.4 |Feb precipitation mm = 28.1 |Mar precipitation mm = 38.5 |Apr precipitation mm = 50.5 |May precipitation mm = 77.9 |Jun precipitation mm = 89.6 |Jul precipitation mm = 36.0 |Aug precipitation mm = 38.2 |Sep precipitation mm = 38.7 |Oct precipitation mm = 34.8 |Nov precipitation mm = 27.5 |Dec precipitation mm = 36.1 |year precipitation mm = 525.3 |Jan precipitation days = 12.23 |Feb precipitation days = 10.77 |Mar precipitation days = 12.37 |Apr precipitation days = 12.8 |May precipitation days = 14.4 |Jun precipitation days = 12.6 |Jul precipitation days = 6.73 |Aug precipitation days = 6.1 |Sep precipitation days = 7.17 |Oct precipitation days = 9.37 |Nov precipitation days = 9.07 |Dec precipitation days = 12.07 |year precipitation days = |Jan humidity=79.0 |Feb humidity=73.3 |Mar humidity=69.1 |Apr humidity=66.3 |May humidity=68.0 |Jun humidity=67.5 |Jul humidity=61.9 |Aug humidity=61.8 |Sep humidity=66.7 |Oct humidity=73.8 |Nov humidity=78.0 |Dec humidity=82.1 |year humidity=70.6 |Jan sun = 60.5 |Feb sun = 94.5 |Mar sun = 125.0 |Apr sun = 160.5 |May sun = 198.3 |Jun sun = 220.7 |Jul sun = 273.3 |Aug sun = 265.2 |Sep sun = 192.9 |Oct sun = 143.7 |Nov sun = 103.5 |Dec sun = 51.8 |year sun = 1881.1 |Jand sun = 2.0 |Febd sun = 3.4 |Mard sun = 4.1 |Aprd sun = 5.4 |Mayd sun = 6.4 |Jund sun = 7.4 |Juld sun = 8.8 |Augd sun = 8.6 |Sepd sun = 6.4 |Octd sun = 4.8 |Novd sun = 3.5 |Decd sun = 1.8 |yeard sun = 5.2 |source 1 = Turkish State Meteorological Service<ref name = TSMS>{{cite web | url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=KASTAMONU | title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020) | publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service | language = tr | access-date = 24 April 2021}}</ref> |source 2 = NOAA (humidity, sun 1991-2020)<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web | url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Turkiye/CSV/Kastamonu_17074.csv | title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020 | publisher = National centers for Environmental Information |format=CSV | access-date = 2 August 2023}}</ref> }}

===Transport=== thumb|middle|200px|Kastamonu Airport The main bus station has bus links to most major Turkish cities. Kastamonu Airport is active. Kastamonu is also the main railroad endpoint for the West Black Sea region.

==Notable natives== * Latifî (1491–1582), Ottoman poet * Iovan Tsaous (Yiannis Eitziridis) (1893–1942), Greek musician and composer * Oğuz Atay (1934–1977), novelist * Rıfat Ilgaz (1911–1993), novelist * Halit Akmansü (1883–1953), military officer in the Ottoman and Turkish armies

==Gallery== <gallery> File:Kastamonu dan (2012) - panoramio.jpg|City center File:TAŞ_MEKTEP_E.M.L_-_panoramio.jpg|Kastamonu school building File:Kastamonu Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü.JPG|Kastamonu University File:Kastamonu da yeşillikler içinde konak - panoramio.jpg|Historic Turkish houses File:KastamonuPir.jpg|A türbe (tomb) File:Nasrullah Mosque, Kastamonu.jpg|Nasrullah Mosque File:Across_the_mountains.jpg|Küre Mountains National Park </gallery>

==See also== *List of clock towers – Kastamonu has its own Ottoman clock tower (1885) *Paphlagonia

==Notes== {{Reflist}}

==References== *Runciman, Steven (1951) ''A History of the Crusades, Vol. I: The First Crusade,'' Cambridge University Press.

==Further reading== * Boğaç A. Ergene: ''Local Court, Provincial Society and Justice in the Ottoman Empire, Legal Practice and Dispute Resolution in Çankırı and Kastamonu (1652–1744)''. Studies in Islamic Law and Society, volume 17, Brill, Leiden, 2003. {{ISBN|90-04-12609-0}}.

==External links== {{Wikivoyage|Kastamonu}} {{commons category}}

Category:Kastamonu Category:Populated places in Kastamonu Province Category:Kastamonu District Category:Provincial municipalities in Turkey