{{Short description|Lithuanian-language military magazine}} '''''Karys''''' (literary: ''soldier'') is a Lithuanian-language military magazine published since 1919. It is a magazine about the Lithuanian Army and is geared towards the soldiers and the general public. During the interwar period (1919–1940) it was published weekly in Kaunas by the Ministry of National Defence of Lithuania and the General Staff of Lithuania. During World War II, it was a magazine of the Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions. During the Soviet period (1950–1990), it was published monthly by Lithuanian veterans in New York. After the restoration of independence in 1990, it is once again published monthly by the Ministry of Defence.<ref name=tapin/> The circulation was 4,000 copies in 1920, 33,000 copies in 1940, 1,650 copies in 1983, 22,000 copies in 1991, 3,000 copies in 2005.<ref name=urbonas/>
==History== ===Interwar=== The first 8-page issue appeared on 22 May 1919 titled ''Kariškių žodis'' (Word of Soldiers) in Kaunas. At the time, the newly established Lithuanian Army was fighting in the Lithuanian–Soviet War. The magazine was renamed to ''Karys'' in October 1920 by editor Jonas Laurinaitis who believed that ''kariškis'' is not a proper Lithuanian word.<ref name=raugas/> The weekly magazine printed military news, reports from soldiers' lives, memoirs from the Lithuanian Wars of Independence, popular science articles on military science or weapons, works of literary fiction, humorous anecdotes. It also published one-time supplements on individual units of the Lithuanian Army.<ref name=raugas/>
When military education became compulsory in Lithuanian schools in 1929, ''Karys'' was distributed among students as well. To attract them, poetry and short story contests were organized. Under editor Simas Urbonas (1936–1940), the magazine grew to 28 pages and increased publication frequency to twice a week. At the time, it was a richly illustrated magazine printed using intaglio technique.<ref name=raugas/> In the first 20 years, ''Karys'' had some 5,000 contributors. The number of contributors grew from 26 in 1919, to 65 in 1923, 148 in 1926, 256 in 1929, 414 in 1931, to about 500 in 1935–1938.<ref name=butkus/>
===World War II=== When Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union in June 1940, ''Karys'' was discontinued and replaced by pro-Soviet daily ''Karių tiesa'' (Soldiers' Truth) on 6 July 1940.<ref name=karos/> When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, ''Karys'' was reestablished in Vilnius as the weekly magazine of the Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions on 23 December 1941.<ref name=raugas/> It also served as recruitment platform for the Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force of General Povilas Plechavičius in early 1944.<ref name=karos/>
Despite heavy censorship and lack of paper, editor Urbonas managed to increase the circulation to up to 40,000 copies.<ref name=raugas/> The anniversary edition in May 1944 was marked by a 20-page issue printed in color.<ref name=karos/> In mid-1944, Lithuania was re-occupied by the Soviet Union as a result of the Operation Bagration and ''Karys'' was discontinued. Most of its editors and contributors fled to Germany ahead of the advancing Red Army. The magazine was briefly revived in Berlin and Weimar as a supplement to newspaper ''Lietuvis''.<ref name=raugas/>
===United States=== The magazine was revived again in United States by Stasys Butkus, secretary of the editorial board of ''Karys'' since the first issues who continued to work on ''Karys'' until his death in 1961, and Augustas Astrauskas who agreed to provide financial support.<ref name=raugas/> They invited Urbonas to resume editorship. The first issue (24 pages) appeared on 23 November 1950. The monthly magazine reoriented itself to cater to Lithuanian veterans, both privates and officers, thus merging the traditions of pre-war ''Karys'' and ''Kardas''. After Urbonas had to resign due to health issues, Domas Penikas became the editor. During his tenure the circulation dropped to just 250 copies.<ref name=raugas/>
In 1954, the publication was taken over by the New York chapter of Ramovė, an organization of Lithuanian officers, and Zigmantas Raulinaitis became the new editor. It was an unpaid position but over 30 years of his editorship, Raulinaitis displayed great enthusiasm and dedication. The circulation recovered and the number of subscribers exceeded 1,000.<ref name=raugas/> In 1958–1973, ''Karys'' published ''Tremties trimitas'' (Trumpet of Exile, a homage to the pre-war ''Trimitas''), a supplement for members of the former Lithuanian Riflemen's Union.<ref name=urbonas/> By 1970s and 1980s, it was becoming more and more difficult to find contributors as the older generation that actually served in the Lithuanian armed forces was naturally dying off.<ref name=raugas/>
When Dr. {{interlanguage link|Kazys Ėringis|lt}} defected in 1981, he contributed a series of articles over four years on the gradual destruction of the Lithuanian Army by the Soviet Union. The articles were published as a separate book in 1993. Other series were published separately as well: memoirs by Jonas Abraitis on Grand Duke Gediminas Staff Battalion, memoirs of Juozas Klimas on his wartime experiences, three-act drama by Anatolijus Kairys on Romas Kalanta.<ref name=raugas/> thumb|220x220px|Karys journals
===Return to Lithuania=== In January 1991, ''Kardas'' was reestablished in Vilnius by the Ministry of National Defence of Lithuania, but the magazine continued to be published in the United States for another year due to the precarious situation of the newly independent Lithuania.<ref name=raugas/> In 1991–2001, the magazine was published twice a month. From 2002, it became a monthly.<ref name=libis/>
==Editors== Magazine's editors were:<ref name=karys/>
* Major Petras Ruseckas: first issue and 13 December 1922 – 4 November 1925 * Lieutenant colonel Vytautas Steponaitis: 25 May 1919 – 24 March 1920 * Lieutenant colonel Jonas Laurinaitis: 25 March 1920 – 29 September 1921 * Reserve lieutenant Kazys Kepalas: 30 September 1921 – 1 February 1922 * Military official Juozas Petrėnas: 2 February 1922 – 8 September 1922 * Military official Zigmantas Kuzmickas: 9 September 1922 – 12 December 1922 * Reserve captain Antanas Majus: 12 November 1925 – 3 February 1926 * Reserve major Juozas Tomkus: 4 February 1926 – 29 June 1926 * Reserve lieutenant colonel Romualdas Burokas: 30 June 1926 – 15 March 1927 and 7 September 1927 – 6 March 1928 * Reserve lieutenant Tadas Šakmanas: 16 March 1927 – 6 September 1926 * Reserve lieutenant Stanislovas Kuizinas: 7 March 1928 – 10 October 1928 * Lieutenant colonel Juozas Balčiūnas-Švaistas: 11 October 1928 – 24 November 1935 * Major Petras Jakštas: 25 November 1935 – 18 March 1936 * Captain Simas Urbonas (Simonas Urbanavičius): 1936–1940, 1941–1944, and 1950–1951<ref name=raugas/> * Bronius Aušrotas: 1945<ref name=libis/> * Domas Penikas: 1951–1954<ref name=tapin/> * Zigmantas Raulinaitis: 1954–1984<ref name=tapin/> * Balys Raugas: 1985–1991<ref name=tapin/> * Bronius Čekanauskas: 1991–1993 * Kęstutis Starinskas: 1994–1998 * Alina Meilūnaitė-Vaišvilienė: 1999–2004, 2006 (4 issues), 2009 (one issue), 2010 (six issues)<ref name=libis/> * Kazys Jonušas: 2004–2012 (with breaks)<ref name=libis/> * Darius Varanavičius: since 2012<ref name=libis/>
==References== <references>
<ref name=butkus>{{cite journal |first=Stasys |last=Butkus | title=Pirmasis pasimatymas apkasuose |language=lt |journal=Karys |date=22 May 1939 |url=http://www.epaveldas.lt/vbspi/showImage.do?id=DOC_O_85482_1&biRecordId=7942 |volume=20–21 |issue=1040–1041 |page=603}}</ref> <ref name=raugas>{{cite journal |first=Balys |last=Raugas |url=http://www.draugas.org/archive/1994_reg/1994-05-21-DRAUGAS.pdf |title=Žodžiai "Kario" metų sukakčiai |language=lt |journal=Draugas |date=21 May 1994 |volume=99 |issue=LXXXV |issn=2377-3286 |page=4}}</ref> <ref name=karys>{{cite journal| title="Kario" redaktoriai per dvidešimt metų |language=lt |journal=Karys |date=22 May 1939 |url=http://www.epaveldas.lt/vbspi/showImage.do?id=DOC_O_85482_1&biRecordId=7942 |volume=20–21 |issue=1040–1041 |pages=593–595}}</ref> <ref name=libis>{{cite web |url=http://nbdb.libis.lt/ |title=Karys. - Kaunas, 1920-1945, 1991-. |language=lt |work=Lietuvos integrali bibliotekų informacijos sistema |publisher=Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania |accessdate=November 4, 2017 |archive-date=November 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004256/http://nbdb.libis.lt/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=urbonas>{{cite encyclopedia| url=https://www.vle.lt/Straipsnis/karys-37917 |title="Karys" |first=Vytas |last=Urbonas |date=2006-01-17 |language=lt |encyclopedia=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija}}</ref> <ref name=tapin>{{cite encyclopedia| encyclopedia=Žurnalistikos enciklopedija |url=http://www.kf.vu.lt/dokumentai/publikacijos/Zurnalistikos-enciklopedija.pdf |editor-first=Laimonas |editor-last=Tapinas|title=Karys |location=Vilnius |publisher=Pradai |year=1997 |isbn=9986-776-62-7 |page=207 |display-editors=etal}}</ref> <ref name=karos>{{cite journal |first=Janina |last=Karosevičiūtė |url=https://kam.lt/kam/download/7977/36-39_2.pdf |title=Karinė spauda (Vytauto Didžiojo karo muziejaus rinkiniuose) |language=lt |date=April 2009 |journal=Karys |page=39 |issn=2029-5669}}</ref>
</references>
==External links== * [http://www.epaveldas.lt/object/recordDescription/LNB/LNB09C582CB Full-text archives 1920–1940] * [http://www.epaveldas.lt/object/recordDescription/LNB/C1B0003824101 Full-text archives 1940–1945] * [http://www.partizanai.org/karys Full-text archives 1950–1965] * [http://kam.lt/lt/naujienos_874/karine_ziniasklaida_655/karys.html Full-text archives since 2003]
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Category:Magazines established in 1919 Category:1919 establishments in Lithuania Category:Lithuanian-language magazines Category:Military magazines Category:Lithuanian-language mass media in the United States