{{Short description|Sect of Islam}} {{Expand language|topic=|langcode=De|otherarticle=Karrāmīya|date=April 2026}} {{Muslim Beliefs|Other}}'''Karramiyya''' ({{langx|ar| كرّاميّه | Karrāmiyyah}}) was a Hanafi-Mujassim-Murji'ah<ref>{{cite web |title="Definition: Karramiyyah" |url=https://islamic-content.com/dictionary/word/8154 |publisher=islamic-content.com |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Moshe Gil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC |title=A History of Palestine, 634-1099 |date=1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521599849 |page=301 |translator=Ethel Broido}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Nile Green |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEtgQa7jkIC |title=Sufism: A Global History |date=2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781405157612 |page=45}}</ref><ref name="Dhahabi-Siyar">{{cite web |author=Al-Dhahabi |title=Siyar A'lam al-Nubala' (The Biographies of the Most Noble) |url=https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=2107&bk_no=60&flag=1 |publisher=Islamweb.net |language=ar}}</ref><ref name="Hajar-Lisan">{{cite web |author=Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani |title=Lisan al-Mizan (Tongue of the Balance) |url=http://www.al-eman.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%20%28%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%A9%20%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AD%D8%A9%29/7336-%20%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%20%D8%A8%D9%86%20%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%20%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9./i837%26d1131578%26c%26p1 |publisher=al-eman.com |language=ar |access-date=2024-07-23 |archive-date=2022-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503082540/http://www.al-eman.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%20%28%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%A9%20%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AD%D8%A9%29/7336-%20%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%20%D8%A8%D9%86%20%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%20%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9./i837%26d1131578%26c%26p1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=من هم "الكرامية" ولماذا وصفهم أهل السنة والجماعة بأصحاب البدعة؟ |url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2020/5/18/من-هم-الكرامية-ولماذا-وصفهم-أهل-السنة-والجماعة-بأصحاب-البدعة/4777888 |publisher=Youm7 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>[https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kerramiyye KERRÂMİYYE, TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, v. 25, pp. 294-296, 2002.]</ref> sect in Islam which flourished in the central and eastern parts of the Islamic worlds, and especially in the Iranian regions, from the 9th century until the Mongol invasions in the 13th century.<ref name="brill">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/search?s.q=Karr%C4%81miyya&s.f.s2_parent=&search-go=Search|title=Karrāmiyya| publisher=BRILL |access-date=August 28, 2014}}</ref>

The sect was founded by a Sistani named Muhammad ibn Karram<ref>[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/karramiya Encyclopedia Iranica, "KARRĀMIYA"]</ref> (d. 896) who was a popular preacher in Khurasan in the 9th century in the vicinity of Nishapur. He later emigrated with many of his followers to Jerusalem. According to him, the Karrāmites were also called the "followers of Abū'Abdallāh" ''(aṣḥāb Abī'Abdallāh)''.<ref>Zysow: '' Two unrecognized Karrāmī texts. '' 1988, p. 580</ref> Its main distribution areas were in Greater Khorasan, Transoxiana and eastern peripheral areas of Iran. Early Ghaznavids and the early Ghurid dynasty granted the Karrāmīyan rulership. The most important center of the community remained until the end of the 11th century Nishapur. After its decline, the Karrāmīya survived only in Ghazni and Ghor in the area of today's Afghanistan.

==Doctrine== The doctrine of the Karramiyya consisted of literalism and anthropomorphism. Ibn Karram considered that Allah was a substance and that He had a body (''jism'') finite in certain directions when He comes into contact with the Throne.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=B. |last2=Menage |first2=V.L. |last3=Pellat |first3=Ch. |last4=Schacht |first4=J. |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |volume=IV (Iran-Kha) |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden, Netherlands |date=1997 |orig-date=1st. pub. 1978 |isbn=9004078193 |page=667|author1-link=Bernard Lewis |edition=New }}</ref><ref name="ess"/><ref name="mat">{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDYsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111| title=Material Culture and Asian Religions: Text, Image, Object| first1=Benjamin| last1=Fleming| first2=Richard |last2=Mann| publisher=Routledge|year=2014| pages=333| isbn=978-1-135013738| access-date=August 28, 2014}}</ref> This belief was rejected by more mainstream Sunni Muslim scholars and groups including: Abu Bakr al-Samarqandi (d. 268/881–2), al-Hakim al-Samarqandi (d. 342/953), 'Abd al-Qahir al-Baghdadi (d. 429/1037–8), the Ash'arites, and Maturidites in general.

Ibn Hajar al-Haytami stated that, "They believe that Allah is a body sitting on the Throne, touching it and resting on it, and then moves down every night during the last third of the night to the heavens, and then goes back to His place at dawn."<ref>Yossef Rapoport and Shahab Ahmed, Introduction in Ibn Taymiyya and His Times, eds. Yossef Rapoport and Shahab Ahmed (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2010), 278</ref>

They also believed that Munkar and Nakir angels were actually the same as guardian angels on the right and left side of every person.<ref name="ess">{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JNxvMRJM3EAC&pg=PA284 | title=The Essentials of Ibadi Islam| first=Valerie |last=J. Hoffman| publisher=Syracuse University Press| year=2012| pages=328| isbn=978-0815650843| access-date=August 28, 2014}}</ref>

The Karramiyya also held the view that the world was eternal and that Allah power was limited.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

These beliefs were rejected by many Sunni theologians as heretical and eventually disappeared. The Karramiyya operated centers of worship and propagated asceticism.<ref name="form">{{cite book|title=The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLV6lo4mvj0C&q=karramiyya&pg=PA157| first=Jonathan | last=Porter Berkey| volume=2|edition=illustrated, reprint| publisher=Cambridge University Press| year=2003| isbn=9780521588133|pages=286| access-date=August 28, 2014}}</ref>

Unlike other corporealist groups, the Karramiyya emphasised use of reason to defend their beliefs.<ref>Hashim, Abdul Quddus, and Abdull Rahman Mahmood. "Isu Melihat Allah SWT di Akhirat Antara Al-Būtī dan Salafiyyah Semasa." Fikiran Masyarakat 5.1 (2017): 41-49.</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Zysow |first=Aron |encyclopedia=Iranica |title=KARRĀMIYA |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/karramiya |access-date=1 October 2020 |language=en |date=15 October 2011 |publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation |volume=15 |pages=590–601 |quote=Among later Muslim thinkers Ebn Taymiya (d. 728/1328) stands out as a sympathetic, if critical, student of Karrāmi theology, and he took it upon himself to write an extensive commentary on Faḵr-al-Din Rāzi's anti-Karrāmi work Asās al-taqdis, in which he defended the traditionist and Karrāmi positions on the key points of dispute}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://al-maktaba.org/book/31901/1144|author='Alawi ibn Abd al-Qadir as-Saqqaf |display-authors=etal |script-title=ar:كتاب موسوعة الفرق المنتسبة للإسلام - الدرر السنية|publisher=dorar.net|quote=وقام أيضا أبو عبدالله محمد بن كرام بسجستان ونواحيها ينصر مذهب أهل السنة والجماعة، والمثبتة للصفات والقدر وحب الصحابة وغير ذلك، ويرد على الجهمية والمعتزلة والرافضة وغيرهم، ويوافقهم على أصول مقالاتهم التي بها قالوا ما قالوا، ويخالفهم في لوازمها، كما خالفهم ابن كلاب والأشعري، لكن هؤلاء منتسبون إلى السنة والحديث، وابن كرام منتسب إلى مذهب أهل الرأي}}</ref><!-- The following is the primary source referred to by the previous sources, Ibn Taymiyyah's work Bayan al-Talbis al-Jahmiyyah fi Taksis bi Dakmihim al-Kalamiyyah au Naqdi Taksis al-Jahmiyyah, Bayan al Talbis al-Jahmiyyah for short. --><ref>{{cite book|author=Ibn Taymiyyah|author-link=Ibn Taymiyyah|title=Bayan al-Talbis al-Jahmiyyah|language=ar}}</ref>

== See also == * Asas al-Taqdis

==References== {{Reflist}}

{{Islamic Theology|state=uncollapsed|schools}} {{Authority control}}

Category:Islamic branches Category:Anthropomorphism in Islamic theology Category:Hanafi school Category:Islamic asceticism