Karnasuvarna

{{Short description|Ancient capital city in West Bengal, India}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}} {{Infobox ancient site |name = Karnasuvarna |native_name = Kānsonā |alternate_name = Karnasubarna |image = karnasubarna_debaditya_chatterjee.jpg |caption = Remains of Raktamrittika Vihara, c. 600 CE |map_type = India West Bengal |map_alt = |coordinates = {{coord|24|01|49|N|88|11|27|E|display=inline,title}} |location = West Bengal, India |region = |type = Settlement |part_of = |length = |width = |area = |height = |builder = |material = |built = 7th century AD |abandoned = |epochs = |cultures = |dependency_of = |occupants = |event = |excavations = 1929–30, 1962 |archaeologists = {{ubl|K. N. Dixit|S. R. Das}} |condition = |ownership = Archaeological Survey of India, University of Calcutta |management = |public_access = |website =  }} '''Karnasuvarna''' or '''Karnasubarna''' (Bengali : কর্ণসুবর্ণ or কানসোনা, lit. "Golden-Ear"/ "Gold-Ear") was an ancient city, located in the present day Berhampore CD block in the Berhampore subdivision of Murshidabad district, West Bengal, India. It was the capital of Gauda Kingdom.<ref name = Majumdar>{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |year=1971 |title=History of Ancient Bengal |location=Calcutta |publisher=G. Bhardwaj & Co. |pages=6–8 |oclc=961157849}}</ref>

==Geography== {{OSM Location map | width=450| height=400| zoom=10 | coord={{coord|23|57|0|N|88|13|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Berhampore and Kandi subdivisions, Murshidabad district'''<br/> M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical centres<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly |mark-coord1={{coord|24|4|29|N|88|14|36|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Ajodhya Nagar | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=Ajodhya Nagar (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2 |mark-coord2={{coord|24|5|40|N|88|17|11|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Banjetia| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=Banjetia (CT) |mark-coord3={{coord|23|56|19|N|88|14|1|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3= Barua| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=Barua, Murshidabad (CT) |mark-coord4={{coord|24|4|8|N|88|15|46|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Chaltia| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=Chaltia (CT) |mark-coord5={{coord|24|7|37|N|88|16|48|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Cossimbazar| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=Cossimbazar (CT) |mark-coord6={{coord|24|6|58|N|88|14|32|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Goaljan| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=Goaljan (CT) |mark-coord7={{coord|24|7|44|N|88|13|56|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Gopjan| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=Gopjan (CT) |mark-coord8={{coord|24|5|14|N|88|14|56|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Gora Bazar| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=Gora Bazar (CT) |mark-coord9={{coord|24|3|45|N|88|14|19|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Haridasmati| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=Haridasmati (CT) |mark-coord10={{coord|24|4|55|N|88|16|38|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Sibdanga Badarpur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=Sibdanga Badarpur (CT) |mark-coord11={{coord|23|46|49|N|88|6|9|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Salar| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=Salar, Murshidabad (CT) |mark-coord12={{coord|24|6|46|N|88|15|55|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Berhampore| numbered12=M| mark-title12=Berhampore (M) | shape-color12= #800000 |mark-coord13={{coord|23|55|25|N|88|15|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Beldanga| numbered13=M| mark-title13=Beldanga (M) | shape-color13= #800000 |mark-coord14={{coord|23|57|36|N|88|1|48|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Kandi| numbered14=M| mark-title14=Kandi, Murshidabad (M) | shape-color14= #800000 |mark-coord15={{coord|24|1|49|N|88|11|27|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Karnasuvarna| numbered15=H| mark-title15= Karnasuvarna (H) |shape-color15=black| label-size15=13|label-color15=black  |mark-coord16={{coord|23|55|55|N|88|26|51|E}} | label-pos16=top|label16= Amtala | numbered16=R| mark-title16= Amtala, Murshidabad (R) |shape-color16=#C40000 |mark-coord17={{coord|24|8|40|N|88|22|50|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Daulatabad | numbered17=R| mark-title17= Daulatabad, Murshidabad (R) |shape-color17=#C40000 |mark-coord18={{coord|24|3|10|N|88|25|7|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Hariharpara | numbered18=R| mark-title18= Hariharpara (R) |shape-color18=#C40000 |mark-coord19={{coord|23|54|41|N|88|27|25|E}} | label-pos19=bottom|label19= Naoda | numbered19=R| mark-title19= Naoda (R) |shape-color19=#C40000 |mark-coord20={{coord|23|51|34|N|88|15|18|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Rejinagar | numbered20=R| mark-title20= Rejinagar (R) |shape-color20=#C40000 |mark-coord21={{coord|23|55|24|N|88|13|45|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Sarulia | numbered21=R| mark-title21= Sarulia (R) |shape-color21=#C40000 |mark-coord22={{coord|23|51|50|N|88|11|55|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Shaktipur | numbered22=R| mark-title22= Shaktipur (R) |shape-color22=#C40000 |mark-coord23={{coord|23|55|17|N|88|25|55|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Surangapur | numbered23=R| mark-title23= Surangapur (R) |shape-color23=#C40000 |mark-coord24={{coord|23|53|17|N|88|4|59|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Bharatpur | numbered24=R| mark-title24= Bharatpur, Murshidabad (R) |shape-color24=#C40000 |mark-coord25={{coord|23|56|16|N|87|56|5|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Burwan | numbered25=R| mark-title25= Burwan (R) |shape-color25=#C40000 |mark-coord26={{coord|24|3|14|N|88|7|3|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26= Gokarna | numbered26=R| mark-title26= Gokarna, West Bengal (R) |shape-color26=#C40000 |mark-coord27={{coord|23|54|32|N|87|57|35|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Gram Salkia | numbered27=R| mark-title27= Gram Salkia (R) |shape-color27=#C40000 |mark-coord28={{coord|24|2|3|N|87|59|7|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Khargram | numbered28=R| mark-title28= Khargram (R) |shape-color28=#C40000 |mark-coord29={{coord|24|5|23|N|87|59|24|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29= Nagar | numbered29=R| mark-title29= Nagar, Murshidabad (R) |shape-color29=#C40000 |mark-coord30={{coord|23|53|23|N|87|59|20|E}} | label-pos30=bottom|label30= Panchthupi | numbered30=R| mark-title30= Panchthupi (R) |shape-color30=#C40000 |mark-coord31={{coord|23|46|30|N|88|12|0|E}} | label31= Bhagirathi |labela31= River| label-color31 = #77A1CB| label-angle31= -80| label-pos31=right| label-size31=10| mark-size31=0| mark-title31 =none |mark-coord32={{coord|23|56|0|N|88|4|0|E}} | label32= Mayurakshi |labela32=River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32= -55| label-pos32=right| label-size32=10| mark-size32=0| mark-title32 =none |mark-coord33={{coord|24|9|0|N|88|4|0|E}} | label33= Dwaraka |labela33= River| label-color33 = #77A1CB| label-angle33= 60| label-pos33=right| label-size33=10| mark-size33=0| mark-title33 =none |mark-coord34={{coord|23|59|0|N|88|28|0|E}} | label34= Jalangi |labela34= River| label-color34 = #77A1CB| label-angle34= -70| label-pos34=right| label-size34=10| mark-size34=0| mark-title34 =none |mark-coord35={{coord|23|50|51|N|88|13|48|E}} | label-pos35=left|label35=Tomb of Mir Madan| numbered35=H| mark-title35= Tomb of Mir Madan (H)| shape-color35=#AA6666}} {{Clear|left}}

===Area overview=== The area shown in the map alongside, covering Berhampore and Kandi subdivisions, is spread across both the natural physiographic regions of the district, Rarh and Bagri.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Physiography, Page 13 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | work= Geography | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities| access-date = 24 July 2017}}</ref> The headquarters of Murshidabad district, Berhampore, is in this area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities| access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref> The ruins of Karnasubarna, the capital of Shashanka, the first important king of ancient Bengal who ruled in the 7th century, is located {{convert|9.6|km}} south-west of Berhampore.<ref>Ray, Nihar Ranjan, ''Bangalir Itihas Adi Parba'', {{in lang|bn}}, 1980 edition, pp. 160-161, Paschim Banga Niraksharata Durikaran Samiti</ref><ref>Sengupta, Nitish, ''History of the Bengali-speaking People'', p.25, UBS Publishers’ Distributors Pvt. Ltd.</ref><ref>Majumdar, Dr. R.C., ''History of Ancient Bengal'', first published 1971, reprint 2005, pp. 5-6, Tulshi Prakashani, Kolkata, {{ISBN|81-89118-01-3}}.</ref> The entire area is overwhelmingly rural with over 80% of the population living in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_6MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, Series 20, Part XII B| work= District Primary Census Abstract page 26|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 2 July 2021}}</ref>

<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivisions. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small>

==History== Karnasuvarna (meaning 'made beautiful by Karna' or 'Gold of Ear', for 'karna' also means ear, and 'suvarna' means both beautiful and Gold, as evident from the Bangla name 'Kānsonā', where 'Kān' is ear and 'sonā' is Gold) was the capital of Gauda Kingdom during the reign of Raja Shashanka, the first important king of ancient Bengal who ruled in the 7th century. karnasuvarna was also known as KanaSona (কানাসুনা) by local people. According to folklore , it was the capital of Mahabharata king Karna .After Shashanka's death it was the ''Jayaskandhavara'' (camp of victory) of Bhaskaravarman, the king of Kamarupa probably for a short period. This is evident from his Nidhanpur copper-plate grant. In the mid-7th century, it was the capital of Jayanaga according to his Vappa Ghoshavata copper-plate grant. The ruins of Karnasuvarna have been located at Kansona in the present Murshidabad district in the Indian state of West Bengal.<ref>Ray, Nihar Ranjan, ''Bangalir Itihas Adi Parba'', (in Bengali), 1980 edition, pp. 160–161, Paschim Banga Niraksharata Durikaran Samiti</ref><ref>Sengupta, Nitish, ''History of the Bengali-speaking People'', p.25, UBS Publishers’ Distributors Pvt. Ltd.</ref> It is {{convert|9.6|km}} south-west of Berhampore, headquarters of Murshidabad district.<ref>Majumdar, Dr. R.C., ''History of Ancient Bengal'', first published 1971, reprint 2005, pp. 5–6, Tulshi Prakashani, Kolkata, {{ISBN|81-89118-01-3}}.</ref>

In the List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal the following are shown as ASI listed monuments:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-west-bengal/|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of West Bengal - Archaeological Survey of India|publisher= ASI|work= Item no. 108|access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref> *Mounds known as Devil’s Mound and Raja Karna’s Palace at Rangamati (Item No. 118). *Nil Kuthi Mound at Mouza Chowk, Chandpara (Item No. 128).

==Excavations at Rajbaridanga==

The famous Chinese traveler Xuanzang mentioned in his travelogues about ''Lo-to-mo-chi'' (Raktamrittika) Mahavihara, an important centre of learning of Vajrayana Buddhists near Karnasuvarna. It has been identified with Rajbaridanga. The archaeological site of Rajbaridanga is about 2.4 km from Karnasuvarna railway station in the bank of the Bhagirathi River. Local transport like cycle vans, e-rickshaws (Toto) are available. This site was first excavated by a team from the Department of Archaeology, University of Calcutta in 1962 under the direction of S.R. Das.<ref name="IAR">{{cite web|url=http://www.asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201962-63%20A%20Review.pdf|title=Indian Archaeology 1962–63 – A Review|editor-last=Ghosh|editor-first=A. |date=1965|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|pages=46|access-date=2009-10-26}}</ref> Amongst the findings, the most significant one was a monastic sealing bearing the legend ''Shri Rakta(m)rttika (Ma)havaiharik arya bhikshu (samgha)s(y)a'' (of the community of venerable monks residing in the Shri Raktamrittika Mahavihara). The other significant findings are terracotta figurines and ornamental stucco mouldings including human heads. Two other sites close by have been excavated at Rakshashidanga (in 1929–30 by K.N. Dixit of the Archaeological Survey of India) and Nil Kuthi.<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.rangan-datta.info/Karnasubarna.htm |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080905112910/http://www.rangan-datta.info/Karnasubarna.htm |url-status =dead |archive-date =5 September 2008 |title =Karnasuvarna |access-date =2009-09-23 |work =Rangan Datta, free-lance travel writer and photographer }}</ref>

===Rakshasi Danga and Rajbari Danga=== Mounds locally known as Rakshasi Danga (Demoness’ Ground) and Rajbari Danga (Raja’s Palace Ground) have been excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India and the Archaeological Department of the University of Calcutta. The discovery of terracotta seals “bearing the legend Raktamrittika Mahavihara has identified the location of the monastery bearing the same name described in the accounts of Hiuen Tsang”, Chinese Buddhist monk and scholar who visited the place in the 7th century AD. The entire area contains “vestiges of ancient remains” from 2nd century AD to 15-16th century AD.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.asikolkata.in/murshidabad.aspx# | title = Mounds known as the Devil's Mound and Raja Karna's Palace | publisher = ASI, Kolkata Circle | accessdate = 3 June 2018}}</ref>

===Nilkuthi Mound=== Nilkuthi Mound, adjacent to Rajbari Danga, is at a higher level, has yielded antiquities sporadically.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.asikolkata.in/murshidabad.aspx# | title = Nilkuthi Mound Mouza Chawk, Chandpara | publisher = ASI, Kolkata Circle | accessdate = 3 June 2018}}</ref>

== Transport == Karna Subarna railway station (earlier known as Chiruti) is on the Barharwa-Azimganj-Katwa loop of Eastern Railway.

Bus services are available to district headquarters Baharampur from Karnasubarna.

==Healthcare== Karnasuvarna Block Primary Health Centre, with 15 beds, is a government medical facility in Berhampore CD block.<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 19 September 2017 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Gallery== <gallery widths="200px" heights="150px"> File:Archaeological site of Karnasubarna.jpg|Well, Archaeological site of Karnasuvarna File:Karnasubarana, a historical place of Murshidabad 02.jpg|Karnasuvarna, Rajbari Danga File:Karnasubarana, a historical place of Murshidabad 01.jpg|Karnasuvarna ground File:কর্ণসুবর্ণ.jpg|ASI Board at karnasuvarna </gallery>

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== * {{Commons-inline}} * {{Wikivoyage-inline|Murshidabad}}

Category:Former populated places in India Category:Archaeological sites in West Bengal Category:Murshidabad district Category:Former capitals in India Category:Buddhist holy places in West Bengal Category:Tourist attractions in Murshidabad district Category:Medieval Indian cities