{{Short description|Swedish physicist (1886–1978)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Manne Siegbahn | image = 1924 Karl Manne Siegbahn.jpg | caption = Siegbahn in 1924 | birth_name = Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn | birth_date = {{Birth date|1886|12|03|df=yes}} | birth_place = Örebro, Sweden | death_date = {{Death date and age|1978|09|26|1886|12|03|df=yes}} | death_place = Stockholm, Sweden | education = Lund University ({{Abbr|grad.|graduated}} 1911) | known_for = {{Plainlist| * Siegbahn notation * Molecular drag pump}} | spouse = {{Marriage|Karin Högbom|1914}} | children = {{Flatlist| * Bo * Kai}} | awards = {{Plainlist| * Björkén Prize (1919, 1923) * Nobel Prize in Physics (1924) * Hughes Medal (1934) * Rumford Medal (1940) * Duddell Medal and Prize (1948)}} | fields = Physics | work_institutions = {{Indented plainlist| * Lund University * Uppsala University * Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences}} | thesis_title = Magnetische feldmessung | thesis_url = https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/285742?v=pdf | thesis_year = 1911 | doctoral_advisor = Johannes Rydberg }}
'''Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn''' ({{IPA|sv|ˈmanːɛ ˈsiːgbɑːn|lang}}; 3 December 1886 – 26 September 1978)<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Atterling | first1 = H. | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1991.0022 | title = Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn. 3 December 1886-24 September 1978 | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society | volume = 37 | pages = 428–444| year = 1991 | doi-access = free }}</ref> was a Swedish physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1924 "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy."<ref name="Nobel Prize">{{Cite web|title=Nobel Prize in Physics 1924|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1924/summary|url-status=live|publisher=Nobel Foundation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201041739/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1924/index.html |archive-date=2008-12-01|access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Shampo | first1 = M. A. | last2 = Kyle | first2 = R. A. | title = Manne Siegbahn--Nobel Prize for x-ray spectroscopy | journal = Mayo Clinic Proceedings | volume = 73 | issue = 3 | pages = 249 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9511784 | doi=10.4065/73.3.249 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
== Education and career == Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn was born on 3 December 1886 in Örebro, Sweden, the son of Nils Reinhold Georg Siegbahn, a station master, and Emma Sofia Mathilda Zetterberg.<ref name="Nobel Bio">{{Cite web|title=Manne Siegbahn – Biographical|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1924/siegbahn/biographical/|url-status=live|publisher=Nobel Foundation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224094326/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1924/siegbahn/biographical/ |archive-date=2024-12-24|access-date=2017-04-23}}</ref>
Siegbahn graduated in Stockholm 1906 and began his studies at Lund University the same year.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fysik i Lund under 300 år|last=Litzén|first=Ulf|publisher=Lunds universitetshistoriska sällskap|year=2015|isbn=9789175453200|location=Lund|pages=87|language=sv}}</ref> During his education he was secretarial assistant to Johannes Rydberg.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Manne Siegbahn : 1886 3/12 1951|last=Hulthén|first=Erik|year=1951|location=Uppsala|pages=3|language=sv|chapter=1900–1925, fysikalisk forskning i Lund under ett kvartsekel}}</ref> In 1908, he studied at the University of Göttingen.<ref>{{Cite book|title= Beweis 1924: Prismen brechen auch Röntgenstrahlen|url=http://www.wiki-goettingen.de/images/6/6a/Siegbahn.pdf|publisher=Universität Göttingen|language=de}}</ref> He received his Ph.D. from Lund in 1911 with a thesis titled ''Magnetische feldmessung'' (''Magnetic field measurements''). He became acting professor for Rydberg when his (Rydberg's) health was failing, and succeeded him as full professor in 1920 following his death.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fysik i Lund under 300 år|last=Litzén|year=2015|pages=95|bibcode=2015filu.book.....L }}</ref> In 1923, he left Lund to become Professor of Physics at Uppsala University.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fysik i Lund under 300 år|last=Litzén|year=2015|pages=96|bibcode=2015filu.book.....L |language=sv}}</ref>
In 1937, Siegbahn was appointed Research Professor of Experimental Physics at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.<ref name="Nobel Bio"/> In 1988, this was renamed the Manne Siegbahn Institute (MSI).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.msl.se/MSL_files/history.htm|title=The MSL History|date=2014-12-10|website=msl.se|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427231243/http://www.msl.se/MSL_files/history.htm|archive-date=2015-04-27|access-date=2017-04-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> The institute research groups have been reorganized since, but the name lives on in the Manne Siegbahn Laboratory hosted by Stockholm University.
== X-ray spectroscopy == Siegbahn began his studies of X-ray spectroscopy in 1914. Initially, he used the same type of spectrometer as Henry Moseley had done for finding the relationship between the frequency of characteristic X-rays some elements and their place at the periodic system. Shortly thereafter he developed improved experimental apparatus which allowed him to make very accurate measurements of the X-ray wavelengths produced by atoms of different elements. Also, he found that several of the spectral lines that Moseley had discovered consisted of more components. By studying these components and improving the spectrometer, Siegbahn got an almost complete understanding of the electron shell.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fysik i Lund under 300 år|last=Litzén|year=2015|pages=90|bibcode=2015filu.book.....L |language=sv}}</ref> He developed a convention for naming the different spectral lines that are characteristic to elements in X-ray spectroscopy, the Siegbahn notation. Siegbahn's precision measurements drove many developments in quantum theory and atomic physics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1924/press.html|title=Nobel Prize in Physics 1924 - Presentation Speech|year=2014|website=Nobelprize.org|publisher=Nobel Media AB|access-date=2017-04-23}}</ref>
== Family == Siegbahn married Karin Högbom in 1914. They had two children: Bo Siegbahn (1915–2008), a diplomat and politician, and Kai Siegbahn (1918–2007), a physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1981 for his contribution to the development of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
== Recognition == === Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! Year ! Organization ! Award ! Citation ! {{Reference column heading}} |- | 1919 | {{Flagicon|Sweden}} Uppsala University | Björkén Prize{{Efn|Awarded jointly with Carl Wilhelm Oseen.}} | align=center | — | <ref name="Björkén Prize">{{Cite web|title=The Björkén Prize|url=https://www.uu.se/en/about-uu/academic-traditions/traditions/the-bjorken-prize|url-status=live|publisher=Uppsala University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213232635/https://www.uu.se/en/about-uu/academic-traditions/traditions/the-bjorken-prize|archive-date=2025-12-13|access-date=2026-03-15}}</ref> |- | 1923 | {{Flagicon|Sweden}} Uppsala University | Björkén Prize{{Efn|Awarded jointly with Theodor Svedberg.}} | align=center | — | <ref name="Björkén Prize"/> |- | 1924 | {{Flagicon|Sweden}} Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences | Nobel Prize in Physics | "For his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy." | <ref name="Nobel Prize"/> |- | 1934 | {{Flagicon|UK}} Royal Society | Hughes Medal | "For his work as a physicist and technician on long-wave X-rays." | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hughes Medal|url=https://royalsociety.org/medals-and-prizes/hughes-medal/|website=royalsociety.org|access-date=2025-10-31}}</ref> |- | 1940 | {{Flagicon|UK}} Royal Society | Rumford Medal | "For his poioneer {{sic}} work in high precision X-ray spectroscopy and its applications." | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Rumford Medal|url=https://royalsociety.org/medals-and-prizes/rumford-medal/|website=royalsociety.org|access-date=2024-06-19}}</ref> |- | 1948 | {{Flagicon|UK}} Institute of Physics | Duddell Medal and Prize | align=center | — | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dennis Gabor Medal and Prize recipients|url=https://www.iop.org/about/awards/silver-subject-medals/dennis-gabor-medal-and-prize-recipients|url-status=live|publisher=Institute of Physics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814122751/https://www.iop.org/about/awards/silver-subject-medals/dennis-gabor-medal-and-prize-recipients|archive-date=2025-08-14|access-date=2024-09-25}}</ref> |}
=== Memberships === {| class="wikitable" ! Year ! Organization ! Type ! {{Reference column heading}} |- | 1954 | {{Flagicon|UK}} Royal Society | Foreign Member | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Search Results|url=https://catalogues.royalsociety.org/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=NA2041&pos=1|url-status=live|website=catalogues.royalsociety.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617125235/https://catalogues.royalsociety.org/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=NA2041&pos=1|archive-date=2023-06-17|access-date=2026-03-15}}</ref> |}
== Works == * ''[https://libserv.aip.org/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=167I36V2858C8.1785394&profile=rev-nbl&source=~!horizon&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100006~!44545~!5&ri=13&aspect=power&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=The+Spectroscopy+of+X-Rays&index=.GW&uindex=&aspect=power&menu=search&ri=13 The Spectroscopy of X-Rays]'' (1925)
<gallery> File:Siegbahn-2.jpg| Title page to ''The Spectroscopy of X-Rays'' (1925) File:Siegbahn-7.jpg|Table of contents to ''The Spectroscopy of X-Rays'' (1925) File:Siegbahn-9.jpg|First page of ''The Spectroscopy of X-Rays'' (1925) File:Siegbahn-10.jpg|Figure from ''The Spectroscopy of X-Rays'' (1925) </gallery>
== Notes == {{Noteslist}}
== References == {{reflist|35em}}
== External links == *{{Commons category inline}} * {{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1925 ''The X-ray Spectra and the Structure of the Atoms''
{{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1901-1925}} {{1924 Nobel Prize winners}} {{Swedish Nobel Laureates}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Siegbahn, Manne}} Category:1886 births Category:1978 deaths Category:20th-century Swedish physicists Category:People from Örebro Category:Experimental physicists Category:Lund University alumni Category:Nobel laureates in Physics Category:Swedish Nobel laureates Category:Academic staff of Uppsala University Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences Category:Foreign members of the Royal Society Category:Foreign members of the USSR Academy of Sciences Category:Spectroscopists Category:Amanuenses Category:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star Category:Presidents of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics Category:Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala