{{Short description|Western Armenian dialect}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}} {{Infobox language | name = Karin | altname = Erzurum, Erzerum | nativename = {{lang|hy|Կարնոյ բարբառ}}, {{tlit|hy|Karno barbař}} | states = Turkey | region = Erzurum and surrounding villages | ethnicity = Armenians | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = Armenian | fam3 = Western | script = Armenian alphabet | iso3 = none | iso3comment = (included in {{ISO 639 name|hyw|link=yes}} [hyw]) | glotto = kari1302 | glottorefname = Karin | linglist = hye-kan | map = File:Armenian dialects, Adjarian 1909.png | mapcaption = {{legend|#FFBE00|Erzurum}} | map2 = Կարնո բարբառը.png | mapcaption2 = The spread of the Karin dialect<br /> {{legend inline|#228B22|today<ref name="Mesropyan">{{cite web|last=Mesropyan|first=Haykanush|title=Հայրենակցական միութիւնները և հայերէնի բարբառները ''(Patriotic associations and Armenian dialects)''|url=http://hayeren.hayastan.com/st.php?st=st26arm.html|publisher=Armenian State Institute of Linguistics|access-date=22 March 2013|language=hy}}</ref>}}{{nbsp|8}}{{legend inline|#228B22}}{{legend inline|#90EE90|before 1915–1920{{sfn|Adjarian|1909|ps=: the map from Adjarian's book ''Classification des dialectes arméniens'' can be seen here}} }}<br />''not all areas where the Karin dialect was/is spoken had/have Armenian majority'' }}
The '''Karin dialect''' ({{langx|hy|Կարնոյ բարբառ}}, ''Karno barbař'') is a Western Armenian dialect originally spoken in and around the city of Erzurum (called Karin by Armenians), now located in eastern Turkey.
Before World War I, the Karin dialect was spoken by the local Armenian populations in much of the Erzurum Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire and Kars Oblast of the Russian Empire. After the Armenian genocide of 1915, most of Erzurum's Armenian population took refuge to the Russian-controlled parts of Armenia. The city of Kars and its Russian ''oblast'' became part of the First Republic of Armenia in 1918, but was occupied by Kemalist Turkey as a result of the Turkish–Armenian War in fall 1920.
Today, it is one of the most widely spoken Western Armenian dialects, most of which became virtually extinct after the genocide.<ref>{{cite book|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00brow_869|url-access=limited|year=2009|publisher=Elsevier|location=Amsterdam, Netherlands|isbn=9780080877754|page=[https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00brow_869/page/n106 70]|author=Keith Brown, Sarah Ogvile|quote=The destruction of the Armenian homeland and more than a million Armenians by the Ottoman government in 1915–1920 rendered most nonstadard varieties of modern Armenian moribund; with few exceptions the Armenians in the diaspora (primarily Lebanon, France, and notably in the Los Angeles area of the United States) speak only Standard Western Armenian.}}</ref> Nowadays, it is spoken in the northwest of Armenia (in and around the city of Gyumri) and by the Armenian minority in Georgia's Samtskhe-Javakheti province.<ref name="Hovannisian">{{cite book|editor=Hovannisian, Richard|editor-link=Richard Hovannisian|title=Armenian Karin/Erzerum|year=2003|publisher=Mazda Publ.|location=Costa Mesa, California|isbn=9781568591513|page=48|quote=Thus, even today the Erzerum dialect is widely spoken in the northernmost districts of the Armenian republic as well as in the Akhalkalak (Javakheti; Javakhk) and Akhaltskha (Akhaltsikh) districts of southern Georgia}}</ref>
==History== According to Prof. Haykanush Mesropyan of the Armenian State Institute of Linguistics, the first reference to the provincial dialect (զբառսն զեզերականս) dates back to the 8th century work by Stepanos Syunetsi, who refers to it as զՍպերացն ''zSperatsn'' "of Sper". The dialect was also mentioned in the 13th century by Hovhannes Yerznkatsi and in the 17th century by Hakob Karnetsi.<ref name="Mesropyan"/> In 1887, Alexander Thomson,<ref>{{cite web|title=Alexander Thomson, a prominent Russian linguist and the first phonetics researcher in Odessa, was born 150 years ago|url=http://news.onu.edu.ua/eng/news/single/73|publisher=The press service of the I.I. Mechnikov Odessa National University|access-date=29 March 2013|date=16 July 2010|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031220/http://news.onu.edu.ua/eng/news/single/73|url-status=dead}}</ref> in his ''Linguistic studies'' (''Лингвистические исследования'') briefly discussed the Akhaltsikhe dialect.<ref name="Mesropyan"/>
==Area spoken== {{multiple image | footer = | align = right | caption_align = center | image1 = Erzerum 1901.jpg | width1 = 150 | caption1 = '''Erzerum''' <br />population: 60,000 <br />25% Armenian <small>(1909)</small><ref>{{cite book|last=Hakobyan|first=Tadevos|author-link=Tadevos Hakobyan|title=Պատմական Հայաստանի քաղաքները ''(Cities of historical Armenia)''|year=1987|publisher="Hayastan" Publishing|location=Yerevan|page=[http://armenianhouse.org/hakobyan-t/7-cities.html#3 163–164]|language=hy}}</ref> | image2 = Kars early 20th century.jpg | width2 = 155 | caption2 = '''Kars''' <br />population: 21,000<br />50% Armenian <small>(1897)</small><ref>{{cite web|title=city of Kars|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=403|publisher=1897 Russian Census Demoscope Weekly|access-date=25 March 2013|language=ru}}</ref> | image3 = Alexandropol 1901.jpg | width3 = 150 | caption3 = '''Alexandropol''' <br /> population: 31,000<br />70% Armenian <small>(1897)</small><ref>{{cite web|title=city of Alexandropol|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=573|publisher=1897 Russian Census Demoscope Weekly|access-date=25 March 2013|language=ru}}</ref> | image4 = Akhaltsikhe (19th century).jpg | width4 = 160 | caption4 = '''Akhaltsikhe''' <br /> population: 15,000<br />60% Armenian <small>(1897)</small><ref>{{cite web|title=city of Akhaltsikh|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=531|publisher=1897 Russian Census Demoscope Weekly|access-date=25 March 2013|language=ru}}</ref> }} According to the prominent Armenian linguist Hrachia Adjarian's 1909 book ''Classification des dialectes arméniens'', Karin dialect was spoken in the cities of Erzurum (which he refers to as the dialectal center), Kars (both large cities in eastern Turkey today), Alexandropol and Akhaltsikh.{{sfn|Adjarian|1909|pp=44–45|ps=:Le centre de ce grand dialecte, celebre par sa prononciation douce et agreable, est la ville d'Erzeroum. Il' s'etend au sud jusqu'a Xnus, a l'ouest jusqu'a Erzinghan et Baiburt; les grandes emigrations d'Armeniens d'Erzeroum pendant la derniere guerre russo-turque on elargi les frontiers de ce dialecte a l'est at au nord jusqu'a Eerivan et Tiflis. Quatre autres villes du Caucase (Kars, Alexandropol, Axalkalak et Axalcxa) ont ete fondees par ces emigrants et ont actuellement tout a fait le meme dialecte que les habitants d'Erzeroum. <br />The center of this great dialect, famous for its soft and pleasing pronunciation, is the city of Erzurum. It 'extends south until Xnus, west and up Erzinghan Baiburt, large emigrations of Armenians of Erzurum during the last Russo-Turkish war on the frontiers of this broadened dialect is at the north to Eerivan and Tiflis. Four other cities of the Caucasus (Kars, Alexandropol Axalkalak and Axalcxa) were founded by these emigrants and currently have quite the same dialect as the people of Erzurum.}} After the 1828–29 and 1877–78 Russo-Turkish Wars, Armenians from the Erzurum region migrated to the Russian-controlled Eastern Armenia. They mostly settled in Javakheti (in and around the cities of Akhalkalaki and Akhaltsikhe) and Shirak.<ref>{{cite book|last=Panossian|first=Razmik|title=The Armenians from kings and priests to merchants and commissars|year=2006|publisher=Hurst & Co.|location=London|isbn=9780231511339|page=120}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Simonian|first=Hovann|title=The Hemshin: History, Society and Identity in the Highlands of Northeast Turkey|year=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|location=New York|isbn=9780203641682|page=109}}</ref>
===Today=== In the Republic of Armenia, Karin dialect is chiefly spoken in the cities of Gyumri, Artik, Akhuryan and Aghin, all in Shirak Province (in around 130 villages).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Baghdassarian-Thapaltsian|first=S. H.|title=OA Portal in Armenia |script-title=hy:Շիրակի դաշտավայրի բարբառային նկարագիրը|journal=Bulletin of Social Sciences|year=1970|issue=6|pages=51–60|url=http://lraber.asj-oa.am/1696/|access-date=24 March 2013|language=hy}}</ref> It is spoken in the western parts of the Aragatsotn Province: mainly in the city of Talin and villages of Aragats and Nor Artik. Residents of three villages in northern Aragatsotn (Geghadzor, Lernapar, Geghadir) also speak in Karin dialect. Karin dialect is spoken in the villages of Martuni (Gegharkunik), Urtsadzor (Ararat), Buzhakan and Kaputan in Kotayk.<ref name="Mesropyan"/>
The Karin dialect is also spoken by the Armenians in Samtskhe-Javakheti province of Georgia.<ref name="Hovannisian"/>
==Pronunciation== Hrachia Adjarian called the pronunciation of Karin dialect "soft and pleasing."{{sfn|Adjarian|1909|p=45}} According to him, the dialect has three degrees of consonants, mutated as follows:{{sfn|Adjarian|1909|pp=46}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/42817300 | title=Armenian Dialects | last1=Hodgson | first1=Katherine }}</ref> {| | '''բ''' {{IPA|hy|bʰ|}} || — || '''պ''' {{IPA|hy|b|}} || — || '''փ''' {{IPA|hy|pʰ|}} |- | '''դ''' {{IPA|hy|dʰ|}} || — || '''տ''' {{IPA|hy|d|}} || — || '''թ''' {{IPA|hy|tʰ|}} |- | '''գ''' {{IPA|hy|ɡʰ|}} || — || '''կ''' {{IPA|hy|ɡ|}} || — || '''ք''' {{IPA|hy|kʰ|}} |- | '''ձ''' {{IPA|hy|dzʰ|}} || — || '''ծ''' {{IPA|hy|dz|}} || — || '''ց''' {{IPA|hy|tsʰ|}} |- | '''ջ''' {{IPA|hy|dʒʰ|}} || — || '''ճ''' {{IPA|hy|dʒ|}} || — || '''չ''' {{IPA|hy|tʃʰ|}} |}
==Famous speakers== {{Div col|colwidth=30em}} *Jivani (1846–1909), ''gusan'' (folk musician) and poet *Sheram (1857–1938), ''gusan'' (folk musician), poet and composer *Stepan Malkhasyants (1857–1947), Dashnak politician *Keri (1858–1916), Dashnak military commander, ''fedayee'' *Hovhannes Katchaznouni (1868–1938), Dashnak politician, Prime Minister of Armenia in 1918–1919 *Armen Garo (1872–1923), Dashnak politician, the first Armenian ambassador to the US *Hamo Ohanjanyan (1873–1947), Dashnak politician, Prime Minister of Armenia in 1920 *Avetik Isahakyan (1875–1957) writer, public activist *Derenik Demirchian (1877–1956), writer *Yeghishe Charents (1897–1937), poet *Ruben Ter-Minasian (1882–1951), military commander *Hakob Kojoyan (1883–1959), painter *Grégoire-Pierre Agagianian (1895–1971), Cardinal, leader of the Armenian Catholic Church *Kourken Yanigian (1895–1984), author, engineer, assassinated two Turkish consular officials in Los Angeles *Hovhannes Shiraz (1915–1984), poet *Mher Mkrtchyan (1930–1993), actor *Vazgen Manukyan (b. 1946), politician, Prime Minister of Armenia 1990–1991 *Levon Ishtoyan (b. 1947), football player *Harutyun Khachatryan (b. 1955), film director *Yurik Vardanyan (b. 1956), weightlifter, Olympic, World and European champion *Levon Julfalakyan (b 1964), wrestler, Olympic, World and European champion *Israel Militosyan (b. 1968), weightlifter, Olympic, World and European champion *Mko (b. 1976), comedian *Gevorg Davtyan (b. 1983), weightlifter, European champion *Nazik Avdalyan (b. 1986), weightlifter, World and European champion *Arsen Julfalakyan (b. 1987), wrestler, European champion *Tigran Gevorg Martirosyan (b. 1988), weightlifter, World and European champion {{div col end}}
==References== ;Notes {{Reflist}}
;Bibliography *{{cite book|last=Adjarian|first=Hrachia|author-link=Hrachia Adjarian|title=Classification des dialectes arméniens|year=1909|publisher=Librairie Honore Champion|location=Paris|language=French}} *{{cite book|last=Mkrtchyan|first=H.|title=Կարնո բարբառը|trans-title=Karin dialect|year=1952|location=Yerevan}}
{{Armenian language|state=expanded}}
Category:Armenian language Category:Armenian-language dialects