Southeastern Katë dialect

{{more footnotes|date=October 2024}} {{Short description|Kamkata-vari dialect of Afghanistan and Pakistan}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}} {{Infobox language |name= Southeastern Katë |image= |states=Afghanistan |region=Nuristan, Kunar |speakers=20,000 |date=2011 |ref=e18 |familycolor= Indo-European |fam2=Indo-Iranian |fam3=Nuristani |fam4=Katë |script= Arabic script |iso3=bsh |lc1=xvi |ld1=Kamviri |glotto=kati1270 |glottorefname= Kati }}

'''Southeastern Katë''' is a dialect of the Katë language spoken by the Kom and Kata in parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan. It includes the so-called ''Kamviri'' and ''Mumviri'' dialects, spoken in Mangul, Sasku and Gabalgrom in the Bashgal Valley.

== Innovations == According to Halfmann (2024), the primary innovations of the Southeastern dialect include secondary vowel length from monophthongization of vowel + ''v'', a progressive suffix ''-n-'', intervocalic consonant lenition (usually sibilants and velars), post-nasal voicing, and merger of Proto-Nuristani pre-tonic ''*a'' and ''*ā'' as ''a''.

== Phonology == The inventory as described by Richard Strand.<ref>[https://nuristan.info/Nuristani/Kamkata/Kom/KomLanguage/Lexicon/phon.html#%C3%A5 The Sound System of ''kâmvʹiri'']</ref> In addition, there is stress.

The neutral articulatory posture, as in the reduced vowel {{IPA|/a/}}, consists of the tip of the tongue behind the lower teeth and a raised tongue root is linked with a raised larynx, producing a characteristic pitch for unstressed vowels of about an octave above the pitch of a relaxed larynx.

=== Consonants === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" | !Labial !Dental/ Alveolar !Retroflex !Post- Alveolar !Velar |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !voiceless |{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|t}} |{{IPA link|ʈ}} | |{{IPA link|k}} |- !voiced |{{IPA link|b}} |{{IPA link|d}} |{{IPA link|ɖ}} | |{{IPA link|ɡ}} |- ! rowspan="2" |Affricate !voiceless | |{{IPA link|t͡s}} |{{IPA link|t͡ʂ}} |{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} | |- !voiced | |{{IPA link|d͡z}} |{{IPA link|d͡ʐ}} |{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} | |- ! rowspan="2" |Fricative !voiceless |({{IPA link|f}}) |{{IPA link|s}} |{{IPA link|ʂ}} |{{IPA link|ʃ}} |({{IPA link|x}}) |- !voiced |{{IPA link|v}} |{{IPA link|z}} |{{IPA link|ʐ}} |{{IPA link|ʒ}} |{{IPA link|ɣ}} |- ! colspan="2" |Nasal |{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|n}} |{{IPA link|ɳ}} | |{{IPA link|ŋ}} |- ! colspan="2" |Tap | |{{IPA link|ɾ}} |({{IPA link|ɽ}}) | | |- ! rowspan="2" |Approximant !lateral | |{{IPA link|l}} | | | |- !central | | |{{IPA link|ɻ}} |{{IPA link|j}} | |}

* Sounds {{IPA|[f, x, q, ɢ, ħ, ʕ, h, ʔ]}} are found in loanwords. * Between vowels, {{IPA|/s, ʂ, ʃ/}} voice to {{IPA|[z, ʐ, ʒ]}}. * {{IPA|/v/}} can also be heard as bilabial {{IPA|[β]}} or a labial approximant {{IPA|[w]}}. * For most speakers, and especially in Kombřom, {{IPA|/ʈ/}} becomes a retroflex flap {{IPA|[ɽ]}}. * {{IPA|/k/}} becomes a velar tap {{IPA|[ɡ̆]}}. One suffix {{IPA|/ti/}} voices to {{IPA|[di]}} for most speakers.

The sequences {{IPA|/ʈɭ/, /ɖɭ/}} are phonetically affricates.

Nasals voice a following obstruent.

Laminal consonants change a following {{IPA|/a/}} from {{IPA|[ɨ]}} to {{IPA|[i]}}.

=== Vowels === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !Front !Central !Back |- !High |{{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|y}} |({{IPA link|ɨ}} {{angbr|a}}) |{{IPA link|u}} |- !Mid |{{IPA link|e}} |{{IPA link|ə}} {{angbr|a}} |{{IPA link|o}} |- !Low | |{{IPA link|a}} {{angbr|â}} |({{IPA link|ɔ}}) |}

{{angbr|a}} is {{IPA|[ː]}} after another vowel, {{IPA|[i]}} after a laminal consonant and after {{IPA|/ik, ek, iɡ, eɡ/}}. For some speakers, it is {{IPA|[u]}} after {{IPA|/uk, yk, uɡ, yɡ/}}. Otherwise it is {{IPA|[ə]}} or {{IPA|[ɨ]}}.

== Vocabulary == ===Pronouns=== {|class=wikitable !colspan=2|Person !Direct !Genitive !Oblique |- !rowspan=2|1st !sg. |''õ'', ''õċ'' |''yĩ'' |''yī̃'' |- !pl. |colspan=2|''yimó'' |''yimṓ'' |- !rowspan=2|2nd !sg. |''tü'' |''tu'' |''tū'' |- !pl. |colspan=2|''šo'' |''šō'' |}

===Numbers=== # ''e'', ''ev'', ''ē'' # ''dü'' # ''tre'' # ''što'' # ''puč'' # ''ṣu'' # ''sut'' # ''vuṣṭ'' # ''nu'' # ''duċ'' # ''yaníċ'' # ''diċ'' # ''triċ'' # ''štreċ'' # ''pačíċ'' # ''ṣeċ'' # ''satíċ'' # ''aṣṭíċ'' # ''neċ'' # ''viċí''

== Further reading == * {{cite thesis |last=Halfmann |first=Jakob |date=2024 |title=A Grammatical Description of the Katë Language (Nuristani) |type=PhD thesis |publisher=Universität zu Köln |url=https://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/73732/}}

==References==

==Bibliography==

* {{cite web |title=The Kom |author-last=Strand |author-first=Richard F. |date=2019-04-20 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Richard Strand's Nuristan Site |url=http://nuristan.info/Nuristani/Kamkata/Kom/kom.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926231824/http://nuristan.info/Nuristani/Kamkata/Kom/kom.html |archive-date=2023-09-26}} * The Mumo. Retrieved July 10, 2006, from ''Richard F. Strand: Nuristan, Hidden Land of the Hindu-Kush'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20060811064501/http://users.sedona.net/~strand/Nuristani/Kamkata/Mumo/mumo.html]. * {{cite journal |last=Strand |first=Richard F. |year=1973 |title=Notes on the Nūristāni and Dardic Languages |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=93 |number=3 |pages=297–305 |doi=10.2307/599462 |jstor=599462}} * {{cite journal |last=Strand |first=Richard F. |title=Ethnolinguistic and Genetic Clues to Nûristânî Origins |journal=International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction |volume=19 |issue= |date=2023 |pages=267–353 |doi=10.29091/9783752002348|isbn=978-3-7520-0234-8 |url=https://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1741655/FULLTEXT01 }}

==External links== {{Incubator|code=xvi}} * {{cite web| url=http://nuristan.info/| title=Nuristan: Hidden Land of the Hindu Kush| author=Strand, Richard F.| year=1997| access-date=2012-01-16}} * {{cite web| url=https://nuristan.info/lngFrameL.html| title=Kâmv'iri Lexicon| author=Strand, Richard F.| year=1999| access-date=2012-01-16}} * {{cite web| url=http://nuristan.info/Nuristani/Kamkata/Kom/KomLanguage/Lexicon/phon.html| title=The Sound System of Kâmv'iri| author=Strand, Richard F.| year=1997| access-date=2012-01-16}}

Category:Nuristani languages of Afghanistan Category:Languages of Afghanistan Category:Nuristani languages