Kalinga (province)

{{Short description|Province in Cordillera, Philippines}} {{About|the province|other uses|Kalinga (disambiguation)}} {{Use Philippine English|date=February 2023}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Kalinga | native_name = | other_name = | settlement_type = {{PH wikidata|settlement_type}} | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Bum-bagRiceTerraces80420acg.jpg | photo2a = PasilRiverValley81023acg.jpg | photo2b = Lubuagan0552.jpg | photo3a = Tinglayan80427cg.jpg | photo3b = Binubulauan02.jpg | photo4a = Tabuk-Enrile Road, Bulanao (Tabuk, Kalinga; 04-27-2024).jpg | size = 250 | spacing = 2 | color = transparent | border = 0 }} | image_caption = (from top: left to right) Bum-bag Rice Terraces, Pasil Valley, Lubuagan Mountains, Mount Manting-oy, Mount Binuluan and Bulanao in Tabuk City | image_flag = PH-KAL Flag.png | flag_size = 100x80px | image_seal = {{PH wikidata|image_seal}} | seal_size = 100x80px | image_map = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | map_caption = Location in the Philippines | coordinates = {{coord|region:PH_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{PH wikidata|country}} | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = {{PH wikidata|region}} | established_title = Founded | established_date = May 8, 1995 | seat_type = Capital {{nobold|and largest city}} | seat = Tabuk | leader_party = | leader_title = Governor | leader_name = James S. Edduba (Lakas) | leader_title1 = Vice Governor | leader_name1 = Jocel C. Baac (Aksyon) | leader_title2 = Legislature | leader_name2 = Kalinga Provincial Board | area_footnotes = <ref name=nscblist>{{cite web|title=List of Provinces |url=http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asp |work=PSGC Interactive |publisher=National Statistical Coordination Board |access-date=January 2, 2014 |location=Makati, Philippines |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117174921/http://nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asp |archive-date=January 17, 2013 }}</ref> | area_total_km2 = {{PH wikidata|area}} | area_rank = 41st out of 82 | elevation_max_m = 2,617 | elevation_max_point = Mount Alchan | population_footnotes = {{PH census|current|CAR}} | population_total = {{PH wikidata|population_total}} | population_as_of = {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}} | population_est = 220,329<ref>{{cite web|date=August 27, 2020|title=POPULATION PROJECTIONS BY REGION, PROVINCE, CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES, 2020-2025|url=https://www.doh.gov.ph/node/15619|access-date=October 16, 2020|work=www.doh.gov.ph|publisher=Department of Health|archive-date=May 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514203439/https://doh.gov.ph/node/15619|url-status=live}}</ref> | pop_est_as_of = 2020 | population_rank = 71st out of 82 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_rank = 78th out of 82 | population_demonym = {{hlist|Kalinga|Kalingan}} | demographics_type1 = Divisions | demographics1_title1 = Independent cities | demographics1_info1 = 0 | demographics1_title2 = Component cities | demographics1_info2 = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;background-color:WhiteSmoke; | title = 1 | Tabuk }} | demographics1_title3 = Municipalities | demographics1_info3 = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;background-color:WhiteSmoke; | title = 7 | Balbalan | Lubuagan | Pasil | Pinukpuk | Rizal | Tanudan | Tinglayan }} | demographics1_title4 = Barangays | demographics1_info4 = 153 | demographics1_title5 = Districts | demographics1_info5 = Legislative district of Kalinga | timezone = PHT | utc_offset = +8 | postal_code_type = ZIP code | postal_code = {{PH wikidata|postal_code}} | area_code_type = {{areacodestyle}} | area_code = {{PH wikidata|area_code}} | iso_code = {{PH wikidata|iso_code}} | blank_name_sec1 = Spoken languages | blank_info_sec1 = {{hlist | Kalinga | Ilocano | Gaddang | Tagalog | English }} | website = {{PH wikidata|website}} | short_description = Province of the Philippines | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 8 }}

'''Kalinga''' ({{IPA|tl|ka'liŋɡa|IPA}}), officially the '''Province of Kalinga''' ({{Langx|ilo|Probinsia ti Kalinga}}; {{Langx|tl|Lalawigan ng Kalinga}}), is a landlocked province in the Philippines situated within the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital (and largest city) is Tabuk and borders Mountain Province to the south, Abra to the west, Isabela to the east, Cagayan to the northeast, and Apayao to the north. Kalinga and Apayao are the result of the 1995 partitioning of the former province of Kalinga-Apayao which was seen to better service the respective needs of the various indigenous peoples in the area.

President Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed Lubuagan town the seat of government for 73 days from March 6, 1900, to May 18, 1900, before finally fleeing to his last hideout in Palanan.<ref name="LubuaganGovPH-History">{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.lubuagan.gov.ph/index.php/about-us/history |website=Municipality of Lubuagan |access-date=March 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831115057/http://lubuagan.gov.ph/index.php/about-us/history |archive-date=August 31, 2018}}</ref><ref name="DILGCAR-Lubuagan">{{cite web |title=Municipality of Lubuagan |url=https://www.dilgcar.com/index.php/2015-07-10-09-29-38/municipality-of-lubuagan |website=Department of Interior and Local Government-Cordillera Administrative Region |access-date=March 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322164018/https://www.dilgcar.com/index.php/2015-07-10-09-29-38/municipality-of-lubuagan |archive-date=March 22, 2016}}</ref>

==Etymology== The province's name is derived from the Ibanag and Gaddang noun "kalinga", which means "enemy", "fighter", or "headtaker".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nlpdl.nlp.gov.ph:81/CC01/NLP00VM052mcd/v1/v27.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=nlpdl.nlp.gov.ph:81 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516195042/http://nlpdl.nlp.gov.ph:81/CC01/NLP00VM052mcd/v1/v27.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History== left|thumb|210x210px|A map of the Kalinga sub-tribes within Kalinga Province.

===American occupation=== Kalinga was taken from Cagayan and Isabela provinces and established by the US Government through ''Philippine Commission Act No. 1642'' on May 9, 1907, as a sub-province of Lepanto-Bontoc.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/28/19423 |title=Act No. 1642 |date=May 9, 1907 |website=Supreme Court E-Library |publisher=Government of the Philippines |access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref>

Kalinga was later organized as one of the sub-provinces of Mountain Province, created by ''Act No. 1876''.<ref name="ncca" />

In the early years, the subprovince underwent series of territorial changes. Part of Kalinga was transferred to another sub-province Bontoc through ''Executive Order No. 53'' in 1914. In the municipal district of Pinukpuk, barrios were moved to Balbalan in 1926; as well as parts of it to Conner in Apayao in 1927.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://youseemore.com/san_carlos/uploads/Official%20Gazette%201913-1928.pdf |title=Index to Official Gazette (1913–1928) |date=2011–2012 |website=University of San Carlos |publisher=The Library Corporation |access-date=July 31, 2022}}</ref>

===Postwar era=== Kalinga became part of a province along with Apayao when the old Mountain Province was divided into four separate provinces through ''Republic Act No. 4695'' in 1966.<ref name="ncca" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1966/ra_4695_1966.html |title=Republic Act No. 4695 |date=June 18, 1966 |website=The LawPhil Project |publisher=Arellano Law Foundation |access-date=July 24, 2022 |archive-date=March 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308183739/https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1966/ra_4695_1966.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tabuk was designated as the provincial capital.<ref name="Aup">{{cite web |url=https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-08-01-1970/smart-manolay%20cult%20genesis%20dissolution%20mellenarian%20sentiments%20among%20itneg%20northern%20luzon.pdf |title=The Manolay cult: The genesis and dissolution of millenarian sentiments among the Isneg of Northern Luzon |date= |website=Asian Studies |publisher=University of the Philippines Diliman |access-date=2022-07-31}}</ref>

=== During the Marcos Regime === The beginning months of the 1970s marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines, as well as in Kalinga-Apayao.<ref name="Robles2016">{{Cite book |last=Robles |first=Raissa |title=Marcos Martial Law: Never Again |publisher=Filipinos for a Better Philippines, Inc. |year=2016 }}</ref> During his bid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected for a second term, Ferdinand Marcos launched an unprecedented number of public works projects. This caused<ref name=Balbosas1992>{{Cite journal |last=Balbosa |first=Joven Zamoras |date=1992 |title=IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines |journal=Journal of Philippine Development |volume=XIX |issue=35 |url=https://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/pjd/pidsjpd92-2imf.pdf |access-date=November 6, 2022 |archive-date=September 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921141056/https://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/pjd/pidsjpd92-2imf.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Balisacan&Hill2003">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_L9k58WM9UC&q=The+Philippine+economy+under+Marcos:+A+balance+sheet |title=The Philippine Economy: Development, Policies, and Challenges |last1=Balisacan |first1=A. M. |last2=Hill |first2=Hal |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195158984 |language=en}}</ref> the Philippine economy took a sudden downwards turn known as the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis, which in turn led to a period of economic difficulty and social unrest.<ref name="Cororaton1997">{{Cite journal |last=Cororaton |first=Cesar B. |title=Exchange Rate Movements in the Philippines |journal=DPIDS Discussion Paper Series 97-05 |pages=3, 19}}</ref><ref name="Kessler1989">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/rebellionrepress0000kess |title=Rebellion and repression in the Philippines |last=Kessler |first=Richard J. |date=1989 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0300044062 |location=New Haven |oclc=19266663 |url-access=registration }}</ref>{{rp|page="43"}}<ref name="Celoza1997">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sp3U1oCNKlgC|title=Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism|last=Celoza|first=Albert F.|date=1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275941376|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/philippinesreade00schi |title=The Philippines reader : a history of colonialism, neocolonialism, dictatorship, and resistance |last=Schirmer |first=Daniel B. |date=1987 |publisher=South End Press |isbn=0896082768 |edition=1st |location=Boston |oclc=14214735 }}</ref>

With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years.<ref name ="Kasaysayan9ch10">{{Cite book |title=Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. |publisher=Asia Publishing Company Limited |year=1998 |editor-last=Magno |editor-first=Alexander R. |location=Hong Kong |chapter=Democracy at the Crossroads}}</ref> This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses,<ref name="McCoy199909202">{{cite web|url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54a/062.html|title=Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime|date=September 20, 1999|publisher=Ateneo de Manila University}}</ref><ref name="Abinales&Amoroso20052">{{Cite book|title=State and society in the Philippines|last1=Abinales|first1=P.N.|last2=Amoroso|first2=Donna J.|date=2005|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0742510234|location=Lanham, MD|oclc=57452454}}</ref> particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship.<ref name="Rappler">{{Cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/182828-marcos-dictatorship-martial-law-youth-leaders-killed/|title=Gone too soon: 7 youth leaders killed under Martial Law|work=Rappler|access-date=June 15, 2018}}</ref> The Kalinga-Apayao became known as a flashpoint of conflict between the Marcos dictatorship and the various indigenous peoples who lived in the area, because of the Chico River Dam Project,<ref name="Doyo2015">{{Cite book |title=Macli-ing Dulag: Kalinga Chief, Defender of the Cordillera |last=Doyo |first=Ma. Ceres P. |author-link=Maria Ceres Doyo |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |year=2015 |isbn=978971542772-2 |location=Diliman, Quezon City}}</ref><ref name="Cariño1980">Joanna K. Cariño, "The Chico River Basin Development Project: A Case Study in National Development Policy," ''Aghamtao'' Vol. III (December 1980): 2, https://pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-archives/Aghamtao/1980/05_The%20Chico%20River%20Basin%20Development%20Project_%20A%20Case%20Study%20in%20National%20Development%20Policy.pdf.</ref> which, even if only the most essential part of it were built, would have encompassed the municipalities of Tinglayan, Lubuagan, Pasil, and parts of Tabuk in Kalinga, as well as numerous municipalities in Mountain Province; and would have displaced about 100,000 indigenous people.<ref name="Asiaweek1980">{{Cite magazine |date=1980-09-05 |title=Valley of Sorrow |magazine=Asiaweek}}</ref> Because the great value placed on deceased ancestors who were buried within these communities, the issue was not just one of livelihood, but also one of sacred grounds.<ref name="Cariño1980"/> Marcos sent three armed brigades<ref name="Cariño1980"/> to quell down the protests, resulting in heightened tensions in the area. In 1977 alone, numerous Kalinga dam protesters — including tribal leaders Lumbaya Aliga Gayudan and Macli-ing Dulag,<ref name="Doyo2015"/> and even a 12-year-old child<ref name="Cariño1980"/> — were rounded up by these forces and incarcerated for up to two months.<ref name="Doyo2015"/><ref name="Cariño1980"/>

The 24 April 1980 murder of Macli-ing Dulag became a turning point when coverage of the murder led to public outrage. It was the first time since the 1972 declaration of Martial Law where the mainstream Philippine press managed to report on the arrests of civilians under Martial Law,<ref name="Pressfreedom">{{Cite book |title=The Philippine Press Under Siege II |year=1985 |editor-last=Aureus |editor-first=Leonor J.}}</ref> and the turn of public opinion against both the Chico River Dam and Martial law, coupled with the united anger of the various peoples of the Cordillera Mountains led the Ferdinand Marcos administration to give up on the dam project.<ref name="TauliCorpuz2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/4561c904-2dfb-11e8-97ec-4bd3494d5f14|title=A silent war is being waged on Philippine indigenous communities|last=Tauli-Corpuz|first=Victoria|date=March 29, 2018|website=Financial Times|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-04-02}}</ref> As a result, the Chico River Dam Project is now considered a landmark case study concerning ancestral domain issues in the Philippines.<ref name="sgtravelyahoo">{{cite web|url=http://sg.travel.yahoo.com/inspirations/89-where-the-chico-river-rumbles?cid%3Dpls |title=Where the Chico River Rumbles | Travel Inspirations | Yahoo! Singapore Travel |access-date=2012-05-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306040100/http://sg.travel.yahoo.com/inspirations/89-where-the-chico-river-rumbles?cid=pls |archive-date=2012-03-06 }}</ref><ref>Jamias, Juan F (1975) Readings in Development Communication. College, Philippines : College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños.</ref>

=== After the People Power Revolution === After Marcos' 21 years in power were finally ended by the civilian-led People Power Revolution in 1986, many of the activists who had joined the underground movement decided to "surface," as the new administration of Corazon Aquino released political prisoners and initiated peace talks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |date=1987-02-01 |title=The Philippines in 1986: Democratic Reconstruction in the Post-Marcos Era |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article/27/2/194/22346/The-Philippines-in-1986-Democratic-Reconstruction |journal=Asian Survey |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=194–205 |doi=10.2307/2644614 |jstor=2644614 |issn=0004-4687|url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, anti-left sentiment in Aquino's new cabinet, which included figures who were aligned with the Reform the Armed Forces Movement, made the peace process difficult, and negotiations eventually collapsed, and the insurgency in Kalinga-Apayao persisted.<ref>Curaming, Rommel and Claudio, Lisandro, A Historicised (Re)Assessment of EDSA 'People Power' (1986) (February 1, 2010). Asia Research Institute Working Paper No. 134. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1716572 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1716572</ref><ref name="Marchadesch20171124">{{Cite news |last=Marchadesch |first=Barbara |date=November 24, 2017 |title=TIMELINE: The peace talks between the government and the CPP-NPA-NDF, 1986 – present |language=en-US |work=GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/specialreports/634324/timeline-the-peace-talks-between-the-government-and-the-cpp-npa-ndf-1986-present/story/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124103321/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/specialreports/634324/timeline-the-peace-talks-between-the-government-and-the-cpp-npa-ndf-1986-present/story/ |archive-date=November 24, 2017}}</ref>

Another event in 1986 marked the beginning of political change in the region, however - the splitting of the Cordillera People's Liberation Army from the New People's Army. Former Catholic priest Conrado Balweg, who had left his calling and joined the NPA in 1979, had been having disagreements with the NPA leadership over tactics and objectives in the Cordillera for four years when he finally decided to split from the NPA in early April 1986,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peace Process with the Cordillera Bodong Administration – Cordillera People's Liberation Army (CBA-CPLA) |url=https://peace.gov.ph/timeline/peace-process-cba-cpla/ |access-date=August 26, 2024 |publisher=Office of the Presidential Adviser on Peace, Reconciliation and Unity}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} believing that Igorot interests were better served through regional struggles for liberation, rather than the national-scale conflict pursued by the NPA.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.insights-philippines.de/balwegengl.htm | title=Conrado Balweg - Priest, Guerrilla Leader and Politician }}</ref>

=== Peace accord and creation of the Cordillera Autonomous Region === In September 1986, the CPLA signed the Mount Data Peace Accord with the government, which led to the creation of what became called the Cordillera Autonomous Region, although attempts to ratify actual autonomy in the region have failed due to non-ratification during plebiscites.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Amor|first=Patria|title=What now for Cordillera?|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nPoZAAAAIBAJ&sjid=egsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3778,453462|access-date=June 11, 2020|date=February 4, 1990|publisher=The Manila Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Maragay|first=Fel V.|date=1990-02-01|title=Cordillerans reject autonomy proposal|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nPoZAAAAIBAJ&sjid=egsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6311,10179|access-date=2020-06-22|website=news.google.com|publisher=Manila Standard}}</ref>

Along with Abra, Kalinga-Apayao became part of the territories in the Cordillera Administrative Region which was created through ''Executive Order No. 220'' in 1987.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/07/15/executive-order-no-220-s-1987/ |title=Executive Order No. 220, s. 1987 |date=July 15, 1987 |website=Official Gazette (Philippines) |publisher=Government of the Philippines |access-date=August 7, 2022}}</ref>

===Creation as a province=== Kalinga was converted into a province on May 8, 1995 by virtue of RA No. 7878 when a majority of the voters in Kalinga-Apayao approved in a plebiscite the division of the province into two.<ref name="ncca">{{cite web |url=https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-communities-and-traditional-arts-sccta/northern-cultural-communities/the-kalinga/ |title=The Kalinga |date= |website=National Commission for Culture and the Arts |publisher=Government of the Philippines |access-date=August 7, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1995/07/05/memorandum-order-no-290-s-1995/ |title=Memorandum Order No. 290, s. 1995 |date=July 5, 1995 |website=Official Gazette (Philippines) |publisher=Government of the Philippines |access-date=July 22, 2022}}</ref>

===Contemporary=== The capital town Tabuk became a component city by virtue of ''Republic Act No. 9404'' which sought to convert the town into a city. The law was ratified on June 23, 2007. However, the cityhood status was lost twice in the years 2008 and 2010 after the League of Cities of the Philippines questioned the validity of the cityhood law. The cityhood status was reaffirmed after the Supreme Court of the Philippines finalized its ruling on February 15, 2011 which declared the cityhood law constitutional.

==Geography== [[File:Lubuagan0552.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|left|The mountains of Kalinga in Lubuagan]]

Kalinga covers a total area of {{convert|3,231.25|km2}}{{PSGC detail|nscb}} occupying the central section of the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. The province is bordered by Mountain Province to the south, Abra to the west, Isabela to the east, Cagayan to the northeast, and Apayao to the north.

Large swaths of the province's lowlands are open grassland suitable for pasture, while the highlands have extensive areas of tropical rainforest. In higher elevations to the west, particularly in the mountains of Balbalan, lie some of the most intact pine forests of Luzon island. Rizal and Tabuk with their flatlands are the biggest rice producers. Next in rice production are the mountainous area, and of note are the rice terraces of Balbalan, Lubuagan, Pasil, Pinukpuk, Tinglayan, and Tanudan.

===Climate=== Kalinga features a Type III climate, characterized by a short, dry season from November to April and a relatively long wet season from May to October. Situated within the mountainous Cordillera Administrative Region, the province experiences average temperatures ranging from 17 to 22 degrees Celsius, though some areas can be warmer or cooler depending on altitude. It is prone to significant rainfall, particularly from July to October, with an average annual precipitation in some areas reaching around 1,755 mm.

===Hydrology=== [[File:Tinglayan80427cg.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.05|The Chico River passing through Tinglayan]]

The province is drained mainly by the Chico River, with its headwaters in the Mountain Province and emptying into the Cagayan River. The Chico River has several tributaries: Bunog River in Tinglayan in the south; the Tanudan and Biga Rivers in the east; Pasil River in the central area; and Poswoy, Dao-angan, Mabaca and Saltan Rivers in the west.

Several small lakes can also be found in Kalinga.

===Administrative divisions=== [[File:Remains of a Rhinoceros philippinensis found in Rizal, Kalinga dated c. 709,000 years ago.jpg|thumb|Butchered remains of a ''Rhinoceros philippinensis'' found in Rizal, Kalinga. An evidence of early hominins in the Philippines about 709,000 years ago.]] Kalinga comprises one component city and seven municipalities, all encompassed by a single legislative district.

Tabuk was proclaimed a component city in 2007, but in November 2008 the Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled that its cityhood was unconstitutional. However, Tabuk had its city status reinstated by the Supreme Court on December 22, 2009.<ref name="TheDailyTribune-16Cities">{{cite news|last1=Pulta|first1=Benjamin B.|title=SC reverses self, upholds creation of 16 cities|url=http://www.tribuneonline.org/nation/20091223nat1.html|access-date=July 26, 2016|publisher=The Daily Tribune|date=December 23, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807133221/http://www.tribuneonline.org/nation/20091223nat1.html|archive-date=August 7, 2011}}</ref> thumb|upright=0.9|{{center|Political divisions}}

{{col-begin|width=auto}} {{col-break}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="table-layout:fixed;text-align:right;background-color:white;font-size:95%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! scope="col" style="border-width:thin 0 0 thin;" class="unsortable" rowspan="2" | ! scope="col" style="border-width:thin 0 0 0;text-align:left;padding-right:1.5em;" class="unsortable" colspan="2" | City {{small|or}} municipality{{thinsp}}{{efn-lr|name=Coord}} ! scope="col" style="border-bottom:0;text-align:center;" class="unsortable" colspan="3" | Population ! scope="col" style="border-bottom:0;text-align:center;" class="unsortable" | {{PSGC rubric}} ! scope="col" style="border-bottom:0;text-align:center;" class="unsortable" colspan="2" | Area{{PSGC detail|nscb}} ! scope="col" style="border-bottom:0;text-align:center;" class="unsortable" colspan="2" | Density ! scope="col" style="border-bottom:0;text-align:center;" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Barangay|Total number of barangays}} |- ! style="border-width:0 thin thin 0;" colspan="2" | ! style="border-width:0 0 thin thin;text-align:center;" colspan="2" | {{small|(2020)}}{{PH census|2020|CAR}} ! style="border-width:0 thin thin 0;text-align:center;" | {{small|(2015)}}{{PH census|2015|CAR}} ! style="border-top:0;" | ! style="border-width:0 0 thin thin;text-align:center;" | km2 ! style="border-width:0 thin thin 0;text-align:center;" class="unsortable" | {{nowrap|sq{{thinsp}}mi}} ! style="border-width:0 0 thin thin;text-align:center;" | /km2 ! style="border-width:0 thin thin 0;text-align:center;" class="unsortable" | {{nowrap|/sq{{thinsp}}mi}} ! style="border-top:0;" | |- ! scope="row" style="border-right:0;background-color:initial;" | {{coord|17.4400|N|121.2006|E|name=Balbalan|region:PH-KAL_type:city|format=hidden}} | style="text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border-left:0;" colspan="2" | Balbalan | {{percent and number|12,914|229,570|disp=table|1|pad=yes}} | 12,195 | {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|12,914|2015.3315|12,195}} | {{convert|542.69|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}} | {{convert|{{sigfig|12,914/542.69|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}} | style="text-align:center;" | 14 |- ! scope="row" style="border-right:0;background-color:initial;" | {{coord|17.3510|N|121.1751|E|name=Lubuagan|region:PH-KAL_type:city|format=hidden}} | style="text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border-left:0;" colspan="2" | Lubuagan | {{percent and number|9,323|229,570|disp=table|1|pad=yes}} | 8,733 | {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|9,323|2015.3315|8,733}} | {{convert|234.20|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}} | {{convert|{{sigfig|9,323/234.20|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}} | style="text-align:center;" | 9 |- ! scope="row" style="border-right:0;background-color:initial;" | {{coord|17.3838|N|121.1572|E|name=Pasil|region:PH-KAL_type:city|format=hidden}} | style="text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border-left:0;" colspan="2" | Pasil | {{percent and number|10,577|229,570|disp=table|1|pad=yes}} | 9,644 | {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|10,577|2015.3315|9,644}} | {{convert|189.00|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}} | {{convert|{{sigfig|10,577/189.00|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}} | style="text-align:center;" | 14 |- ! scope="row" style="border-right:0;background-color:initial;" | {{coord|17.5736|N|121.3651|E|name=Pinukpuk|region:PH-KAL_type:city|format=hidden}} | style="text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border-left:0;" colspan="2" | Pinukpuk | {{percent and number|34,275|229,570|disp=table|1|pad=yes}} | 32,026 | {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|34,275|2015.3315|32,026}} | {{convert|743.56|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}} | {{convert|{{sigfig|34,275/743.56|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}} | style="text-align:center;" | 23 |- ! scope="row" style="border-right:0;background-color:initial;" | {{coord|17.4994|N|121.5956|E|name=Rizal|region:PH-KAL_type:city|format=hidden}} | style="text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border-left:0;" colspan="2" | Rizal | {{percent and number|19,554|229,570|disp=table|1|pad=yes}} | 17,038 | {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|19,554|2015.3315|17,038}} | {{convert|281.79|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}} | {{convert|{{sigfig|19,554/281.79|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}} | style="text-align:center;" | 14 |- ! scope="row" style="border-width:medium 0 medium medium;background-color:initial;" | {{coord|17.4136|N|121.4440|E|name=Tabuk|region:PH-KAL_type:city|format=hidden}} | style="text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border-width:medium 0 medium;" | Tabuk | style="border-width:medium medium medium 0;padding-right:0.7em;" | † | {{percent and number|121,033|229,570|disp=table|1|pad=yes}} | 110,642 | {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|121,033|2015.3315|110,642}} | {{convert|700.25|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}} | {{convert|{{sigfig|121,033/700.25|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}} | style="text-align:center;" | 43 |- ! scope="row" style="border-right:0;background-color:initial;" | {{coord|17.2930|N|121.2389|E|name=Tanudan|region:PH-KAL_type:city|format=hidden}} | style="text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border-left:0;" colspan="2" | Tanudan | {{percent and number|8,746|229,570|disp=table|1|pad=yes}} | 9,534 | {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|8,746|2015.3315|9,534}} | {{convert|307.55|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}} | {{convert|{{sigfig|8,746/307.55|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}} | style="text-align:center;" | 16 |- ! scope="row" style="border-right:0;background-color:initial;" | {{coord|17.2640|N|121.1489|E|name=Tinglayan|region:PH-KAL_type:city|format=hidden}} | style="text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border-left:0;" colspan="2" | Tinglayan | {{percent and number|13,148|229,570|disp=table|1|pad=yes}} | 12,868 | {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|13,148|2015.3315|12,868}} | {{convert|283.00|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}} | {{convert|{{sigfig|13,148/283.00|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}} | style="text-align:center;" | 20 |- class="sortbottom" ! scope="row" style="border-right:0;" | ! colspan="3" style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:medium;font-variant:small-caps;letter-spacing:0.05em;" | Total ! style="text-align:right;" | 229,570 ! style="text-align:right;" | 212,680 ! style="text-align:right;" | {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|229,570|2015.3315|212,680}} ! style="text-align:right;" | 3,282.04 ! style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|3,231.25|km2|disp=number|2}} ! style="text-align:right;" | {{sigfig|229,570/3,282.04|2}} ! style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|{{sigfig|229,570/3,231.25|2}}|PD/km2|disp=number}} ! style="text-align:center;" | 153 |- class="sortbottom" style="background-color:#F2F2F2;line-height:1.3em;border-top:double grey;" | colspan="2" style="border-width:thin 0 0 thin;" | | colspan="5" style="border-width:thin 0 0 0;text-align:center;padding:0.7em 0;" | {{Color box|white|†|border=darkgray}}{{thinsp}}Provincial capital and component city | colspan="6" style="border-width:thin 0 0 0;text-align:left;padding:0.7em 0;" | {{Color box|white|border=darkgray}}{{thinsp}}Municipality |- class="sortbottom" style="background-color:#F2F2F2;line-height:1.3em;font-size:110%;" | colspan="13" style="border-top:0;text-align:left;padding:0 12em;" | {{notelist-lr|refs= {{efn-lr|name=Coord|The ''globe'' frameless|upright=0.1 icon marks the city/town center.}} }} |} {{col-break}} {{col-end}}

===Barangays=== The seven municipalities and one component city of the province comprise 153 barangays, with ''Bulanao'' in Tabuk as the most populous in 2010, and ''Anggacan Sur'' in Tanudan as the least. If the City of Tabuk is excluded, ''Pinukpuk Junction'' in Pinukpuk municipality has the highest population.{{PSGC detail|nscb}}

==Demographics== {{Philippine Census | align= left | title= Population census of {{PH wikidata|name}} | 1903 = {{PH census population|1903}} | 1918 = {{PH census population|1918}} | 1939 = {{PH census population|1939}} | 1948 = {{PH census population|1948}} | 1960 = {{PH census population|1960}} | 1970 = {{PH census population|1970}} | 1975 = {{PH census population|1975}} | 1980 = {{PH census population|1980}} | 1990 = {{PH census population|1990}} | 1995 = {{PH census population|1995}} | 2000 = {{PH census population|2000}} | 2007 = {{PH census population|2007}} | 2010 = {{PH census population|2010}} | 2015 = {{PH census population|2015}} | 2020 = {{PH census population|2020}} | 2024 = {{PH census population|2024}} | 2030 = | footnote = Source: Philippine Statistics Authority{{PH census|2015|CAR}}{{PH census|2010|CAR}}{{PH census|2010}} }}

{{bar box | title = Population by ethnicity (2000)<ref name="CensusGovPH-2000">{{cite web|title=Females Better Educated in Kalinga; Table 5. Household Population by Ethnicity and Sex: Kalinga, 2000|url=https://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2002/pr0259tx.html|website=Philippine Statistics Authority|access-date=July 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319153557/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2002/pr0259tx.html|archive-date=March 19, 2012|date=May 29, 2002}}</ref> | titlebar = #CCCCFF | left1 = Ethnicity | right2 = Number | float = right | barwidth = 6.5em | bars = {{bar pixel | Kalinga | #000040| 64.37| | {{number and percent | 111,774 | 173,638 | 2}} }} {{bar pixel | Ilocano | #404070| 23.98| | {{number and percent | 41,633 | 173,638 | 2}} }} {{bar pixel | Kankanaey | #9494AF| 2.55| | {{number and percent | 4,421 | 173,638 | 2}} }} {{bar pixel | Ibontoc | #AFAFC3| 1.61| | {{number and percent | 2,804 | 173,638 | 2}} }} {{bar pixel | Tagalog | #C3C3D2| 1.28| | {{number and percent | 2,227 | 173,638 | 2}} }} {{bar pixel | Applai | #D2D2DE| 1.00| | {{number and percent | 1,730 | 173,638 | 2 | pad=yes}} }} {{bar gap|<hr>}} {{bar pixel | ''Others'' | #707094| 4.67| | {{number and percent | 8,115 | 173,638 | 2}} }} {{bar pixel | ''Not Reported'' | #DEDEE6| 0.54| | {{number and percent | 930 | 173,638 | 2}} }} {{bar pixel | ''Other foreign ethnicity'' | #E6E6EC| 0| | {{number and percent | 4 | 173,638 | 3}} }} }}

The population of Kalinga in the 2024 census was 235,391 people,{{PH census|current|CAR}} with a density of {{convert|{{sigfig|235,391/3,231.25|2}}|PD/km2|disp=or}}.

On the 2000 census survey, Kalinga people comprised {{percent and number|111,774|173,638|2}} of the total provincial population of 173,638. Ilocanos came in second at {{percent and number|41,633|173,638|2}}, while other ethnic groups in the province were the Kankanaey at {{percent and number|4,421|173,638|2}}, Bontoc at {{percent and number|2,804|173,638|2}}, Tagalog at {{percent and number|2,227|173,638|2}} and Applai at {{percent and number|1,730|173,638|2}}.<ref name="CensusGovPH-2000" />

===Languages=== The primary language spoken in Kalinga is Kalinga, including its dialects of Butbut, Limos, Lower Tanudan, Lubuagan, Mabaka, Madukayang, Southern Kalingan, and Upper Tanudan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Himes |first=Ronald S. |date=1997 |title=Reconstructions in Kalinga-Itneg |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=102–134 |doi=10.2307/3623072 |jstor=3623072}}</ref> Ilocano, Tagalog, and English are also spoken in as ''lingua francas'' with varying degrees of proficiency.

==Economy== {{PH poverty incidence}}

The economy of Kalinga is a rapidly growing, mixed economy anchored in agriculture, particularly as the "rice granary of the Cordillera" with significant contributions to regional palay and corn production. While traditionally driven by agriculture, forestry, and fishing, the province has shifted toward a service-oriented economy. In recent years, Kalinga has seen robust economic performance, with a 6 percent GDP growth in 2023 and a 4 percent growth in 2024, driven by booming transportation, storage, and accommodation services, including significant tourism-related income from traditional tattoo artistry in areas like Buscalan. It is the third fastest-growing economy in the Cordillera Administrative Region, reflecting increased economic activity and infrastructure development.<ref> Baguio Herald Express Online. https://baguioheraldexpressonline.com/kalinga-economy-grows-4-in-2024/#:~:text=Kalinga%20economy%20grows%204%25%20in,the%202024%20Census%20of%20Population. Retrieved October 21, 2025. </ref>

There are many sub-tribes in the province. The strong sense of tribal membership and filial loyalty results in frequent tribal unrest and occasional outright war. Due to the mountainous terrain and warrior-culture of the people, the Kalinga were able to preserve their culture despite centuries of occupation in the lowlands by the Spaniards, Americans, and the Japanese.

On February 22, 2019, the Department of Tourism announced the bid of ''Digdiga Ni Tupayya'', a Kalinga courtship dance, to be included in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.<ref name="PNAGovPH-Courtship">{{cite news |last1=Geminiano |first1=Pamela Mariz |title=DOT eyes Kalinga courtship dance in UNESCO heritage list |url=http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1062739 |access-date=March 14, 2019 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=February 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314080044/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1062739 |archive-date=March 14, 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1062739|title=DOT eyes Kalinga courtship dance in UNESCO heritage list|website=www.pna.gov.ph|access-date=April 3, 2021|archive-date=February 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203150956/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1062739|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notable people== *Macli-ing Dulag - a Kalinga warrior and leader (''pangat'') who opposed the Chico River Dam Project and was killed by military personnel during martial law. *Conrado Balweg - a former Catholic priest and founder of the Cordillera People's Liberation Army *Whang-od - a Kalinga master tattooist (''mambabatok'') and recipient of the prestigious ''Dangal ng Haraya'' Award. *Alonzo Saclag - Awarded as a National Living Treasure for his efforts to preserve the culture of Kalinga through performing arts. * Jean Claude Saclag - martial artist * Raffy Tima - newscaster, journalist

==References== {{Reflist|30em}}

==External links== {{GeoGroup}} * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{OSM relation|52300}}

{{Geographic location | Centre = Kalinga | North = Apayao | Northeast = Cagayan | Southeast = Isabela | South = Mountain Province | West = Abra }}

{{Kalinga|state=expanded}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles related to Kalinga |list1 = {{Cordillera Administrative Region}} {{Provinces of the Philippines}} {{Philippines topics}} }}

Category:Kalinga (province) Category:Provinces of the Philippines Category:Provinces of the Cordillera Administrative Region Category:States and territories established in 1995 Category:1995 establishments in the Philippines Category:Former sub-provinces of the Philippines