Arutani–Sape languages

{{Short description|Proposed language family}} {{Expand language|topic=|langcode=pt|otherarticle=Línguas arutani-sapé|date=April 2025}} {{Infobox language family | name = Arutane–Sape | altname = Kalianan | acceptance = defunct? | region = Brazil–Venezuela border | familycolor = American | family = Proposed language family | child1 = ''Arutani'' | child2 = ''Sape'' {{extinct}} | child3 = ? ''Máku'' {{extinct}} | glotto = none | map = Arutani-Sape.png | mapcaption = Documented location of Arutani–Sapé languages. The two most southern spots are Arutani villages; the northern one is Sapé location. }}

'''Arutani–Sape''', also known as '''Awake–Kaliana''' or '''Kalianan''', is a proposed language family<ref name="Weinstein">{{cite book|last=Weinstein|first=Jay A. |title=Social and Cultural Change: Social Science for a Dynamic World|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|date=2005-02-28|isbn=0-7425-2573-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wwDfXLLM-fsC&q=Arutani&pg=PA94|page=94}}</ref> that includes two of the most poorly documented languages in South America, both of which are now moribund or extinct. They are at best only distantly related. Kaufman (1990) found a connection convincing, but Migliazza & Campbell (1988) maintained that there is no evidence for linking them.<ref>Ernest Migliazza & Lyle Campbell, 1988. ''Panorama general de las lenguas indígenas en América''</ref> The two languages are,

*Arutani<ref name="Moseley-p177">{{cite book|last=Moseley|first=Christopher|title=Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages|publisher=Routledge|date=2007-04-23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQt6XWloU10C&q=Arutani&pg=PA177|page=177 | isbn=978-0-7007-1197-0}}</ref> (also known as Aoaqui, Auake, Auaque, Awake, Oewaku, Orotani, Uruak, Urutani) *Sape<ref name="Moseley-p164">{{cite book|last=Moseley|first=Christopher|title=Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages|publisher=Routledge|date=2007-04-23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQt6XWloU10C&q=Arutani&pg=PA177|page=164 | isbn=978-0-7007-1197-0}}</ref> (also known as Caliana, Chirichano, Kaliana, Kariana)

Kaufman (1990) states that a further connection with Máku (Maku of Roraima/Auari) is "promising". (See Macro-Puinavean languages.)

==Vocabulary== ===Migliazza (1978)=== Migliazza (1978) gives the following Swadesh list table for Uruak, Sape, and Máku ("Maku"):<ref>Migliazza, Ernesto C. 1978. Maku, Sape and Uruak Languages: Current Status and Basic Lexicon. ''Anthropological Linguistics'' 20: 133-140.</ref>

:{| class="wikitable sortable" ! no. !! gloss !! Uruak !! Sape !! Máku |- | 1 || I || maykate/ma-/tsa- || mɨ || teːne |- | 2 || thou || kaykate/ka- || kapɨ || eːne |- | 3 || we || materya || mɨyono || teːkene |- | 4 || this || kiʔa || tɨsa || ki |- | 5 || that || ayta || tɨsami || kwa |- | 6 || who || maʔayokə || pante || toči |- | 7 || what || maya || pemente || čini |- | 8 || not || ãʔãy || atsam/ɨka || laʔa |- | 9 || all || kitate || kawen || peʔtaka |- | 10 || many || kaʔtyaw || kawen || eːsuʔu |- | 11 || one || kyoana/kyano || koka || nokuðamu |- | 12 || two || komana || kɨrya || baʔta |- | 13 || big || kwaya || konən || bote |- | 14 || long || šawi || karya || kaxi |- | 15 || small || sikipi || to || kudi |- | 16 || woman || kari || kapay || neːlabə |- | 17 || man || maʔkya || kwa || laːsəba |- | 18 || person || kina || kamon || dzoʔkude |- | 19 || fish || kotom || pə || meʔkəsa |- | 20 || bird || yopsa || čam || iːduba |- | 21 || dog || toari || to || dzoʔwi |- | 22 || louse || koʔka || čo || iːne |- | 23 || tree || šapi || tapa || oːba |- | 24 || seed || kuka || ku || küːte |- | 25 || leaf || aña || muyra || deːmu |- | 26 || root || aša || tu || leːmekeči |- | 27 || bark || kõhã || kui/kuy || čiːmu |- | 28 || skin || kõhã || kuy || čːmu |- | 29 || flesh || mitsa || mɨan || muči |- | 30 || blood || kaña || tsom || leːme |- | 31 || bone || mo || wina || aːmu |- | 32 || grease || wiñaya || kun || eːkünü |- | 33 || egg || kokama || kupi || küʔte |- | 34 || horn || širipya || wina || eːkatso |- | 35 || tail || mašya || upi || neːto |- | 36 || feather || oša || ičam upa || kuːte |- | 37 || hair || oša || pa || kuːte |- | 38 || head || kwate || moynaku || keːte |- | 39 || ear || watika || awi || čikaʔte |- | 40 || eye || kohap || amku || sukute |- | 41 || nose || wa/kwa || ayku || pi |- | 42 || mouth || maʔa || itu || wɨːči |- | 43 || tooth || ka || pɨka || wuːmu |- | 44 || tongue || takõhã || matu || duːte |- | 45 || claw || šopti || ičam aypa || sukuči |- | 46 || foot || šate || ikora || basuku |- | 47 || knee || korokopsa || mɨney || basəkate |- | 48 || hand || maša/mama || piča apa || suku |- | 49 || belly || tsya || tukuy || sɨkɨči |- | 50 || neck || šoropaña || pokoy || lipite |- | 51 || breasts || kotsa || wi || čüčü |- | 52 || heart || kirakote || pokowi || səbuku |- | 53 || liver || ika || mapi || iːsa |- | 54 || drink || oyta/ayta || pe || mi |- | 55 || eat || pa/kapa || ko/ku || ki |- | 56 || bite || psa/pasa || pu || bü |- | 57 || see || kina || mow || ku |- | 58 || hear || ko || man || ne |- | 59 || know || kina || mow || nimi |- | 60 || sleep || anə || paku/ku || we |- | 61 || die || atay || siya || kinə |- | 62 || kill || rio (beat) || kaya || šipinu |- | 63 || swim || ša || pə || lawa |- | 64 || fly || šan || karu || nü |- | 65 || walk || ma || paru || te |- | 66 || come || mana || ma || na |- | 67 || lie down || kio/taa || pɨre || ða |- | 68 || sit || naka || maye || sɨkɨ |- | 69 || stand || kara || pa || kəy |- | 70 || give || matso || emeyma || se |- | 71 || say || mataka/tsama || mo || šini/šibu |- | 72 || sun || uši || ñam || keʔle |- | 73 || moon || aʔtap || tapo || ya |- | 74 || star || okihat || ñayino || ðaoku |- | 75 || water || akohã || nam || naʔme |- | 76 || rain || akohã || nam posoe || naʔme |- | 77 || stone || muka || takuypa || liːne |- | 78 || sand || iñãkosa || inoku || lunükü |- | 79 || earth || iñã || inokučin || boʔte |- | 80 || cloud || karapaso || usəyna || sapənawi |- | 81 || smoke || šana || yui || čipe |- | 82 || fire || ani || šoko || nühẽ |- | 83 || ash || šoni || tukutu || meːte |- | 84 || burn || asipa || šoko || we/niʔ |- | 85 || path || aʔma || mu || iːkilu |- | 86 || mountain || piʔa || takwa || wiːke |- | 87 || red || araʔwi || ayña || leme |- | 88 || green || atehe || šanurua || nüčü |- | 89 || yellow || pišio || pusia || kaləmadə |- | 90 || white || araway || sae || kaləmate |- | 91 || black || sipan/soson || tsaiña || kabi/weʔči |- | 92 || night || tose || useyna || iːkisu |- | 93 || hot || kuri || ɨrɨa || we |- | 94 || cold || roma/kima || unkoya || antsu/mihu |- | 95 || full || topi || ukwa || suku |- | 96 || new || koma || yenkoña || asi |- | 97 || good || taseri || amayñakoa || kuduma/eːdi |- | 98 || round || siari || način || kuməsa |- | 99 || dry || šona || patokwa || kaːte |- | 100 || name || rawi || marua || entse |}

==See also== {{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=Wiktionary has Swadesh lists at '''''Appendix:Arutani–Sape Swadesh lists'''''}} *Macro-Puinavean languages

==Notes== {{reflist}}

==References== *Hammarström, Harald. 2010. 'The status of the least documented language families in the world'. In ''Language Documentation & Conservation'', v 4, p 183 [http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/4478/hammarstrom.pdf]

==Further reading== *Armellada, Cesareo de & Baltasar de Matallana. 1942. Exploración del Paragua. ''Boletín de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales'' 8, 61-110. *Coppens, Walter. 2008 [1983]. Los Uruak (Arutani). In Miguel Ángel Perera (ed.) ''Los aborígenes de Venezuela'', 2nd edition, Volume 2, 705-737. Caracas: Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales/Instituto Caribe de Antropología y Sociología. *Rosés Labrada, Jorge Emilio, Thiago Chacon & Francia Medina. 2020. [http://www.elpublishing.org/PID/193 Arutani (Venezuela and Brazil) – Language Snapshot]. In Peter K. Austin (ed.) ''Language Documentation and Description'' 17, 170-177. London: EL Publishing. *Jorge Emilio Rosés Labrada & Francia Medina (2019). [http://www.elpublishing.org/PID/172 Sapé (Venezuela) — Language Snapshot]. In Peter K. Austin (ed.) ''Language Documentation and Description'', vol 16. London: EL Publishing. pp. 169-175.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arutani-Sape languages}} Category:Arutani–Sape languages Category:Proposed language families Category:Macro-Puinavean languages