{{short description|Sindhi clan}} {{About|the ethnic Sindhi tribe in Pakistan|the Kurdish tribe|Kalhor (tribe)}} {{see also|Kalhora dynasty}} {{Pp|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}} {{Infobox ethnic group| | group = Kalhora | native_name = ڪلھوڙا | native_name_lang = | image = | caption = Kalhora temple (masjid), Pacco Qillo, Hyderabad, Sindh. | poptime = | popplace = Pakistan | langs = Sindhi | rels = Islam (Sunni)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boivin |first1=Michel |title=The Polyvalent Qadamgāh Imām ʿAlī In Hyderabad, Sindh: A Preliminary Study in Relics, Political Power, and Community Setup |journal=Journal of Material Cultures in the Muslim World |date=9 February 2021 |volume=1 |issue=1–2 |pages=248–267 |doi=10.1163/26666286-12340011 |issn=2666-6278 |quote=Contrary to the Kalhoṛās who were Sunnis, the Tālpūrs were Twelver Shiʿites.|doi-access=free }}</ref> | related = Sindhi people }}
The '''Kalhora''' or '''Kalhora Abbasi''' ({{Langx|sd|ڪلهوڙو}}) is a Sindhi Sammat clan in Sindh, Pakistan.{{sfn|Hussain|2020|page=8}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Pakistan's Sindh Province |publisher=Congressional Research Service |page=3 |url=https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/sindh.pdf}}</ref><ref name="PK">{{cite journal |last1=Ali Shah |first1=Syed Shakir |last2=Mallah |first2=Prof Dr Qasid Hussain |title=Kalhora Period Architecture in Sindh |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society |volume=LXVII |issue=3 |page=26 |url=https://phs.com.pk/index.php/phs/article/download/37/17 |quote=..But the author of Kalhora Dour-e-Hakoomat refutes it and argues that Kalhoras originally belong to Sindh and their centre was at Bakhar..}}</ref>
==Etymology== According to the natives of Sindh, the word ''Kalhoro'' originates from the {{langx|sd|ڪَلھو}} (Kalho), meaning ''Alone''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buriro Sewhani |first1=Khair Muhammad |title=Encyclopaedia of Tribes |date=2005 |page=600 |url=https://archive.org/details/san_0600/page/600/mode/2up |language=sd}}</ref>
==Origin== The Kalhora belong to the Indigenous Sindhi Sammat group.{{sfn|Hussain|2020|page=8}} They were ashrafized over time and started to claim Arab Abbasi origin after asserting they had received spiritual inheritance from the Sayed Pirs.{{sfn|Hussain|2020|page=10}} However, their claims to Arab descent have been refuted and the author of ''Kalhora Dour-e-Hukoomat'' suggests their center was originally at Bakhar, Sindh.<ref name="PK" /> According to Sarah Ansari, they were likely Jamot who had lived for many years in what are now the districts of Shikarpur and Larkana in Sindh. She traces their origin to a religious mendicant of the 16th century, called Adam Shah Kalhoro, and says that the legitimacy which his religious role gave to them was significant in their subsequent veneration by many Sindhi inhabitants.<ref name="ansari32">{{cite book |last1=Ansari |first1=Sarah F. D. |title=Sufi saints and state power: the pirs of Sind, 1843-1947 |year=1992 |authorlink=Sarah Ansari|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-40530-0 |pages=32–33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kC421xzMKsC&q=jamotmot}}</ref> The colonial British Raj officer Burton believed that Kalhora were Channa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boivin |first1=Michel |date=14 March 2024 |title=Devotion and Competion [sic]: The Sehwan System |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004695290_007 |journal=Devotion, Religious Authority, and Social Structures in Sindh |publisher=Brill |pages=194–239 |doi=10.1163/9789004695290_007 |isbn=978-90-04-69529-0 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
==History== With Kalhora success in taking control of lands from local zamindars, the Delhi Sultanate eventually considered it necessary to put a stop to the growing power. After defeating them, the Sultanate brought them inside the fold by offering an amnesty, recognising that the Kalhoras were widely respected in the province. This process resulted in the Kalhora leader around the start of the 18th century, Yar Muhammad Kalhora, being appointed subedar of the Upper Sindh area and holding the title of Khuda Yar Khan. His son, who succeeded to the position in 1719, was granted further areas of control such that virtually all of Sindh came under the control of what was now the Kalhora dynasty. The dynasty retained its role, in large part by balancing the interests of influential Sindhi groups such as sufis and Balochs, when the Sultanate lost control to the Persian Afsharid dynasty, and again when the Persians were supplanted by the Afghan Durranis. The amount that was paid as tribute to their overlords gradually reduced. Kalhora control of the area eventually came to an end when they were challenged by what became the Balochi Talpur dynasty.<ref name="ansari32"/>
== See also == * Battle at Khore * Battle of Kachhi * Kalhora dynasty * Tomb paintings of Sindh
== References == {{Reflist}}
== Bibliography == * {{cite journal |last1=Hussain |first1=Ghulam |title='Dalits are in India, not in Pakistan': Exploring the Discursive Bases of the Denial of Dalitness under the Ashrafia Hegemony |journal=Journal of Asian and African Studies |date=February 2020 |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=17–43 |doi=10.1177/0021909619863455 |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909619863455 |language=en |issn=0021-9096|url-access=subscription }}
{{Sindhi tribes}}
Category:Kalhora dynasty Category:Sindhi tribes Category:Surnames
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