Kalinjar Fort

{{Short description|Historical fort and temple complex in Uttar Pradesh, India}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}} {{Multiple issues| {{more citations needed|date=October 2014}} {{Expand Hindi|date=March 2021}} }} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}} {{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}} {{Infobox military installation | name = Kalinjar Fort | location = Banda district, Uttar Pradesh, India | image = E. view of the Fort at Kalinjar. May 1814.jpg | image_size = 300px | caption = A view of Kalinjar Fort | pushpin_mapsize = 300 | coordinates = {{coord|24.9997|80.4852|type:landmark|display=inline}} | type = Fort, caves and temples | code = | height = {{convert|1200|ft|m}} | controlled by = Archaeological Survey of India | open_to_public = Yes | condition = Ruined | built = 5th century | used = | materials = Granite stones | demolished = 1858 | battles = Mahmud of Ghazni – 1023, Sher Shah Suri – 1545, Maratha Peshwa – 1732, East India Company – 1812 and Indian Rebellion of 1857 | events = | current_commander = | past_commanders = Gupta Empire, Chandela dynasty, Baghel Rajputs of Rewa, Maratha Peshwas | garrison = Maratha Cavalry 1731 – 1858 British garrison – 1947 |nearest_town= Karwi }} {{Infobox | name = Kalinjar Fort Precincts | image = 100x100px100x100px100x100px | caption = {{hlist|Hanuman Gate|Kalinjar Fort|Laldarwaza||Maratha Garrison}}}}

'''Kalinjar''' is a fortress-city in Banda district<ref>{{cite web | url=https://banda.nic.in/tourist-place/kalinjar-fort/ | title=Kalinjar Fort | District Banda, Government of Uttar Pradesh | India | access-date=15 September 2021 | archive-date=15 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915075220/https://banda.nic.in/tourist-place/kalinjar-fort/ | url-status=live }}</ref> of Uttar Pradesh, India. It was ruled by several dynasties, including the Guptas, the Vardhana dynasty, the Chandelas, Solankis of Rewa, Mughals and the Marathas.

The fortress has several temples dating back to the Gupta dynasty of the 3rd–5th centuries. It is strategically located on an isolated rocky hill at the end of the Vindhya Range, overlooking the plains of Bundelkhand.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911 |wstitle=Kalinjar |volume=15 |page=642 |inline=1}}</ref>

Kalinjar Fort<ref name="KAL">{{cite web |last1=Rezavi |first1=Syed Ali Nadeem |title=Kalinjar |url=https://archive.org/details/Kalinjar/page/n25/mode/2up |website=Internet Archive |publisher=Proceeding of Indian History Congress |access-date=23 March 2026}}</ref> is located on the Vindhya mountain range in Banda district. The fort is famous for its strong walls and massive gates. It houses several ancient temples, among which a Shiva temple holds special significance. The [https://www.bundelkhand24x7.com/2025/04/neelkanth-mahadev-mandir.html Neelkanth Mahadev] Temple of Kalinjar is considered very ancient and sacred. According to legend, it is believed that Lord Shiva consumed the poison that emerged during the churning of the ocean (Samudra Manthan) at this very place. Every year, a fair is held here on the occasion of Kartik Purnima.

== Name == Kalinjar was historically known as ''Kālañjara'', from Sanskrit ''kāla'', meaning "time". The 17th-century ''Mahābhārata'' commentator Nīlakaṇṭha Caturdhara interpreted the name as "one who destroys or subdues [the effects of] time". At least later on, this was connected to Shiva's role as the lord of time; for example, Kalinjar is mentioned in the opening lines of the ''Rauravasūtrasaṃgraha'' as the abode of Sadāśiva, "the lord of time... the creator of time, the knower of time".<ref name="Bisschop 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Bisschop |first1=Peter C. |title=Two Pre-Chandella Inscriptions from Kālañjara |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |date=2013 |volume=56 |issue=3/4 |pages=279-94 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24665985 |access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref>{{rp|280, 282}}

The name is also attested in the Prakrit forms ''Kālaṃjara'' and ''Kāliṃjara'' in Jain texts.<ref name="Mehta and Chandra 1970">{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Mohanlal |last2=Chandra |first2=K. Rishabh |editor1-last=Malvania |editor1-first=Dalsukh |editor1-link=Dalsukh Dahyabhai Malvania |title=Āgamic Index, Vol. I: Prakrit Proper Names, Part I |date=1970 |publisher=Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Institute of Indology |location=Ahmedabad |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.65387/page/n185 |access-date=23 April 2026}}</ref>{{rp|170, 173}}

== History == === Early history === Kalinjar was already an important pilgrimage centre in early times. It is mentioned three times in the ''Mahābhārata'': twice in the ''Tīrthayātrāparva'' in Book 3 and once in the list of ''tīrthas'' in Book 13. The first reference in Book 3 describes Kālañjara as "a famous place where one should bathe at the Devahrada" and says that if one dies by performing prāyopaveśa (self-starvation at the end of life when old and ailing) at Kālañjara, one's ''ātman'' rises straight up to heaven. The second mention identifies Kālañjara as the site of Hiraṇyabindu, the ashram (spiritual retreat) of the revered sage Agastya. The reference in Book 13 mentions another place called Ṣaṣṭihrada at Kālañjara. These verses indicate the presence of one or more sacred pools at Kalinjar, which could refer to any of the many natural pools on the mountain. However, there is no indication in the ''Mahābhārata'' of any sort of connection with Shiva.<ref name="Bisschop 2013"/>{{rp|280}}

Another early mention is in the ''Harivaṃśa'', which is considered an appendix to the ''Mahābhārata''. The ''Harivaṃśa'' contains a story of seven brahmins who are reborn at Kālañjara as seven deer who, after living lives devoted to dharma, remember their past lives at Kālañjara and die by performing prāyopaveśa. They are then reborn as cakravākas in a place called Sariddvīpa. This episode may be depicted at Kalinjar at a site called Mṛgadhārā, on the south side of the fort, where there are images of seven deer along with some Gupta-period inscriptions in the rock. These seven deer are also referred to in the local ''Kālañjaramahātmyā''.<ref name="Bisschop 2013"/>{{rp|280-1}}

By the Gupta period, Kalinjar had definitely become a site of Shiva worship: two terracotta seals from this period, found at Bhita near Allahabad, mention the name ''Kālañjara'' along with depictions of lingas, indicating the presence of a Shiva temple here. One of these seals mentions the name ''Bhadreśvara'', which may be a reference to the Bhadreśvara temple at Kalinjar known from a later inscription. By the time of the ''Skanda Purāṇa''{{'s}} composition, Kalinjar had become a major centre of Shaivism: Kālañjara is included in the ''Skanda Purāṇa''{{'s}} list of Shiva's abodes, which says, "One who has seen the ''liṅga'' at Mount Kālañjara, the dwelling of Umāpati, obtains the result of an ''aśvamedha'' and reaches Rudraloka." The ''Skanda Purāṇa'' also includes the story of the seven brahmins reincarnated as deer, albeit with some minor changes. The ''Skanda Purāṇa'' also contains the story of Shiva saving his devotee Śveta from death and making him one of his gaṇas (divine attendants); although this story is usually set at Kalinjar, most recensions of the ''Skanda Purāṇa'' do not mention Kalinjar explicitly, instead referring to it as "Krodheśvara", a name not used elsewhere. Two recensions of the ''Skanda Purāṇa'', though, do explicitly describe this episode as taking place at Kālañjara. Several other Purāṇas also contain this story, such as the ''Kūrma Purāṇa'', ''Liṅga Purāṇa'', and the ''Viṣṇudharmottara Purāṇa''.<ref name="Bisschop 2013"/>{{rp|280-3, 289-90}}

Kalinjar is also included in the ''pañcāṣṭaka'' lists of Shaiva pilgrimage sites, which appear in many tantric sources (mostly from the Śaiva Siddhānta tradition), as well as the pre-tantric ''Śivadharmaśāstra''. A pre-Angkorian inscription from Prasat Preah Theat in Cambodia also refers to a linga called "Kālañjaleśvara", which is probably a reference to Kalinjar.<ref name="Bisschop 2013"/>{{rp|282}}

Kalinjar is also mentioned in the Jain texts ''Uttaradhyayana'' and ''Āvaśyaka Sūtra'' as a mountain where the ascetic brothers Citta and Saṃbhūya were born as deer in their previous lives.<ref name="Mehta and Chandra 1970"/>{{rp|173}}

A fragmentary inscription from the Chandi Darwaza at Kalinjar, possibly from the 8th or 9th century, refers to a temple called Bhadreśvara at Kalinjar, which it states was built sometime in the distant past by a king named Udayana. This king Udayana has been commonly assumed to be the ancestor of the Pāṇḍuvaṁśī dynasty of Dakshina Kosala, but according to Peter Bishop it is probably instead a reference to the legendary king Udayana who is mentioned in the ''Bṛhatkathā'' as jumping to his death at Kālañjara "after realizing the transitory nature of life". If this is the Udayana referred to in the inscription, then it would indicate that, by this period, there was a local tradition connecting Kalinjar and Udayana. It also indicates that the Bhadreśvara temple had a long history by this time.<ref name="Bisschop 2013"/>{{rp|284, 288-9}} A couple of 9th-century inscriptions refer to the construction of a temple of Shiva and its subsequent visiting by pilgrims, which according to Syed Ali Nadeem Rezavi probably refers to the Nilakantha temple.<ref name="Rezavi 2002"/>{{rp|1239-40}} Another undated inscription that appears to be from the pre-Chandela period mentions a family merchants, indicating "the presence of a wealthy trading community" at Kalinjar during this period.<ref name="Bisschop 2013"/>{{rp|290-2}}

=== Medieval period === By the year 836, Kalinjar appears to have been under Gurjara-Pratihara control, but it changed several times in the mid-900s: first it was captured by the Rashtrakuta king Krishna III, and then it came under the Kalachuris of Tripuri. Sometime before 954, the Chandela dynasty under Yashovarman had captured Kalinjar from the Kalachuris. Later dynastic traditions claimed that Kalinjar was the Chandelas' place of origin, but contemporary inscriptions indicate that it was not their capital during this period. In inscription dated to 998, though, Yashovarman's son and successor Dhanga used the title ''Kālañjarādhipati'', indicating that it had become his capital by then.<ref name="Rezavi 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Rezavi |first1=Syed Ali Nadeem |title=The Medieval Fort of Kalinjar and Its History |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2002 |volume=63 |pages=1233-59 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158195 |access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref>{{rp|1240}} From then on, Kalinjar is mentioned in almost every Chandela text or inscription.<ref name="शोधगंगा">[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/13854/11/11_chapter%206.pdf पौराणिक एवं ऐतिहासिक ग्रन्थों में वर्णित कालिंजर] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301180215/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/13854/11/11_chapter%206.pdf|date=1 मार्च 2017}}। ''कालिंजर-'''षष्टम अध्याय'''''।(पीडीएफ) कु.रमिता- शोध कार्य।शोध पर्यवेक्षक:प्रो.बी.एन.राय।ज.लाल नेहरु महाविद्यालय, बांदा।२१ अगस्त, २००१।</ref>

In 1023, Mahmud of Ghazni attacked and received a tribute from Kalinjar.<ref>Iqtidar Alam Khan, ''Ganda Chandella'', '''Historical Dictionary of Medieval India''', (Scarecrow Press, 2007), 66.</ref><ref>Raj Kumar, ''History Of The Chamar Dynasty : (From 6th Century A.D. To 12th Century A.D.)'', (Kalpaz Publications, 2008), 127.</ref> Around this time, al-Biruni mentioned Kalinjar, along with Gwalior, as "two of the most famous fortresses in India". In the late 11th century, an inscription from the reign of Kirttivarman records that the king's guru, Śrīmūrti, was responsible for the construction of the maṇḍapa of the Nilakantha temple at Kalinjar.<ref name="Rezavi 2002"/>{{rp|1241}}

The 1100s seem to have been relatively peaceful for Kalinjar, and a lot of construction took place. Various inscriptions also attest to Chandela feudatories making pilgrimages to the Nilakantha temple during this century. The final additions to the Nilakantha temple were probably made around the turn of the 13th century, during the reign of Paramardi, who left an inscription here dated to 28 October 1201.<ref name="Rezavi 2002"/>{{rp|1241-2}}

This period of prosperity was interrupted in 1202 or 1203 (599 AH) when the Ghurid general Qutb ud-Din Aibak led an army to besiege Kalinjar. Paramardi apparently surrendered and offered tribute to the Ghurids, but he died (or, in one version, was assassinated by his own prime minister) and the siege continuted. Finally, on 27 April 1203, the fort's garrison surrendered.<ref name="Rezavi 2002"/>{{rp|1242}} However, although Kalinjar was put under a Muslim governor, some of its temples supposedly destroyed, and the whole place probably looted, Paramardi's successor Trailokyavarman was able to quickly reconquer it within a couple of years.<ref name="Mitra 1977">{{cite book |last1=Mitra |first1=Sisirkumar |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |date=1977 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |isbn=9788120819979 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA134 |access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref> A 1205 inscription refers to Trailokyavarman with the title ''Kālañjarādhipati'' once again, indicating that it was under Chandela control by this point.<ref name="Rezavi 2002"/>{{rp|1242}}

In 1233/34, the Ghurid commander Malik Nusratuddin Taisi was tasked with leading an expedition against Kalinjar.<ref name="Rezavi 2002"/>{{rp|1242-3}} Although Taisi does not appear to have actually captured the fortress, his army plundered the town below and carried off a vast amount of wealth. Trailokyavarman appears to have maintained control of Kalinjar, and his successor Viravarman certainly did as well. The final Chandela ruler, Hammiravarman, is also mentioned as ''Kālañjarādhipati'' in an inscription dated to 1289 (VS 1346).<ref name="Mitra 1977"/>{{rp|130, 133-5, 139}} After the Chandelas, Kalinjar came under the Bundela dynasty for an unknown length of time.<ref name="Rezavi 2002"/>{{rp|1243}}

=== Early modern period === In 1530, the future Mughal emperor Humayun led a campaign against Kalinjar and besieged it. This campaign is recorded in Gulbadan Begum's account, the ''Humayun-Nama'', as well as an inscription on a rock below the Patalganga tank that consists only of Humayun's name and titles along with the date, corresponding to 30 March 1530. By 1545, however, Kalinjar had come under the control of the Baghela raja Ram Chand. That year, Sher Shah Suri led an army to take Kalinjar from the Baghelas, resulting in a pitched battle between the Suri army on one side and the Baghelas, assisted by their Bundela allies, on the other. <ref name="Rezavi 2002"/>{{rp|1243-4}} During the battle, Sher Shah was mortally wounded by a gunpowder explosion from one of his own cannons, but he survived long enough for his soldiers to capture the fort.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mikaberidze |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&q=sher+shah+suri+bengal+campaign+1537 |title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia |date=2011-07-22 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-337-8 |language=en |page=830 |access-date=30 October 2023 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116065147/https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&q=sher+shah+suri+bengal+campaign+1537 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ali Khan |first=Zulfiqar |title=Sher Shah Suri, Emperor of India |publisher=Civil and Military Gazette Press |year=1925 |pages=100}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ |title=History of Medieval India: 800–1700 |date=2007 |publisher=Orient BlackSwan |isbn=978-81-250-3226-7 |language=en |page=220 |access-date=30 October 2023 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310204403/https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was temporarily buried at Kalinjar, on a small hillock called Kalinjari to the east of the main fort, before being moved to his permanent tomb at Sasaram.<ref name="Rezavi 2002"/>{{rp|1244}}

Sometime after Sher Shah's successor Islam Shah died in 1554, Kalinjar was reoccupied by Ram Chand Baghela, with Bundela assistance. In 1569, though, the Mughal emperor Akbar tasked Majnun Khan Qashqal, the governor of Manikpur, with recapturing Kalinjar, and after a siege, Ram Chand had to surrender due to lack of water.<ref name="Rezavi 2002"/>{{rp|1244}} Kalinjar was then under Mughal rule until its capture by the Marathas. It played a prominent part in history down to the time of the Revolt of 1857, when it was held by a small British garrison. Both the fort and the town, which stands at the foot of the hill, are of interest to the antiquary on account of the remains of temples, sculptures, inscriptions, and caves.<ref name="EB1911"/>

{{wide image|Panoramic view of Rani Mahal Kalinjar fort.jpg|700px|Panoramic view of Inside Rani Mahal, Kalinjar fort}}In the early 18th century, the fort was captured by the Peshwa Bajirao after defeating the Mughal general Bangash Khan of Allahabad. In order to stop the Mughals from entering Bundelkhand again, he established a Maratha light infantry huzurat of 5000 under the command of Sardar Ram Singh Bhatt, Yashwantrao Bhatt, Parshuram Bhau Bundela, Bhaskar Pandit, and Sheshrao Pant Bundela, all veterans of war and Maratha class one generals. In due course of time, the Marathas conquered the nearby territories and expanded to the Bengal frontiers. They inflicted a crushing defeat on Awadh ally Nawab of Rampur and Ala Vardi Khan.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} The fort was used to levy chauth to nearby territories like Benares, Mirzapur, Pratapgarh, Kunda, and Bundela.

=== Colonial period === {{Unreferenced section|date=September 2021}} In 1803, the Peshwa was involved in direct skirmishes with the East India Company in which he was defeated. In the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon, Peshwa Bajirao II ceded Bundelkhand to the East India Company after his defeat in the Second Anglo-Maratha war. The fort came under the management of the East India Company in 1805–06. The Old Bhatt royalty was expatriated and was granted separate sanads of Kirwi, Attra, Chitrakut Mathond, and Khurand.

The fort was placed under the pre-Maratha constitution of Bundela - Jhijhotiya Chubes. However, during the first War of Independence in 1857, The Old Bhatta Aristocracy recaptured the fort driving Bundela back to Ajaygarh. In 1858, the British attacked the fort but the people at large resisted and fought a tough battle with Major Hugh Rose. A long drawn siege ensued in which almost 800 British and 3000 Indians were killed. This proved to be the toughest battlefield in Bundelkhand where English suffered maximum casualties. The English with the help of the states of Panna and Rewa captured this fort on 4 May 1858. The Last Bhatta Peshwas surrendered and were sent to Rewa as prisoners. Kalinjar subah was distributed in between Bundela, Rewa Solanki and Chaubes of Rajaula. The fort was decommissioned and its buildings were demolished, to prevent any further maratha garrisoning at Kalinjar, thus ending the legacy of this fort. The total chauth collection was estimated at 40 lakh shahi mohars. The Naukahai campaign of Rewa and [https://chunar.in/ Chunar Fort], was launched directly from Kalinjar in which the Sohagpur Amarkantak and Shahdol paragana were attached to Peshwa territories. Almost all the occupants of the fort were moon worshipers and are called Chandravanshi clans of Kshatriya, Brahmanas, Kalchuries and Yadavas.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

In 1812, the British troops marched into Bundelkhand, and after a long battle, they were able to annex the fort. The British seizure of Kalinjar proved to be a great watershed, transferring the legacy of the old aristocracy into the hands of the new bureaucracy of officials, who showed their loyalty to British imperialism by damaging the captured fort. The damages caused to the fort can still be seen on its walls and open spaces.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

=== Structures in the Fort === Following structures have been identified in the fort.<ref name="KAL"/> thumb|right|Map of Kalinjar Fort by Syed Ali Nadeem Rezavi * 1. Alam /Alamgiri Darwaz * 2. Ganesh Darwaza * 3. Chandi/Chauburji Darwaza * 4. Budhabhadra Darwaza * 5. Gate leading to Balkhandi Mahadeo * 6. Hanuman Darwaza * 7. Hanuman Kund * 8. Lal Darwaza * 9. Bada Darwaza *10. Bhairon Kund *11. Sita Sej *12. Sita Kund *13. Patal Ganga *14. Pandu Kund *15. Budhbhadra talao (“Budhi Budha/Burhiya) *16. Pani ki Aman_ kund *17. Bhagwan Sej *18. Sidh ki Gupha *19. Koth Tirth *20. Raja Aman Singh Palace *21. Islam Shah mosque *22. Sanichar Talao *23. Qanati mosque I *24. Graveyard *25. Tomb *26. Tomb *27. ‘Rani Mahal’ & ‘Venkat Biihari Mandir’ *28. Rang Mahal *29. Bijli Talao *30. Ram Katora talao (“Ramna”) *31. Dak Bungalow I *32.Taliyya Talao *33. Parmardi Deva Gate of Nilkantha Temple *34. Nilkantha Temple *35. Mrigdhara *36. Bhairon ka Jhirka *37. Panna Gate

== Geography == [[File:Kalinjar fort hill.jpg|thumb|The hills at Kalinjar, which form an outlying part of the Vindhya Range]] The fort of Kalinjar is located on the hill of Kalinjar, which is an isolated, flat-topped outcrop of the Vindhya Range on the border between Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. The hill is 244 m higher than the surrounding plain, at a total of 408 m above sea level. The village of Tarahati, which is also called Kalinjar, is located at the northern foot of the hill. The fort's main entrance is on the north, accessed through the town, although there is a second entrance on the fort's southeastern side.<ref name="Rezavi 2002"/>{{rp|1233}}

== Structures == === Northern approach gateways === There are seven gates on the main approach to the fort, from the north. There would have once been several flights of stone steps leading up this approach, but most of these are no longer extant. The first flight, though, has mostly survived. It leads uphill to the first gate, the Alam Darwaza. An inscription at the top dates it to 1084 AH (1673 CE), during the reign of Aurangzeb. There is then a steep ascent, again with most of the stairs intact, to the second gate, the Ganesh Darwaza. This gate is named after a "coarse" image of the god Ganesha carved on its right side. Not far from the Ganesh Darwaza is the third gate, the Chandi Darwaza, which is a double gatehouse with four towers, hence the alternate name Chauburji Darwaza ("gate of the four towers"). There is also a structure here that was probably originally a guardhouse.<ref name="Rezavi 2002"/>{{rp|1234}}

Some ways after the Chandi Darwaza, the uphill path bends sharply at almost a right angle. A path branches off here and goes downhill to the Balkhandi Mahadeo shrine; a "small, dilapidated gateway" called the Balkhandi Mahadeo Darwaza is on the way.<ref name="Rezavi 2002"/>{{rp|1234}}

thumb|The Bara Darwaza, viewed from inside the fort. This is the seventh and innermost gate controlling access to the hilltop complex. Back on the main path, there is the fourth gate, called the Budhabhadra Darwaza, and then the fifth gate, called the Hanuman Darwaza after a nearby carving of Hanuman. There is also a reservoir called the Hanuman Kund in this area, along with rock carvings of various deities. Continuing uphill, near the top of the ascent, is the sixth gate, called the Lal Darwaza because it is made of red sandstone. To the west of the Lal Darwaza is another reservoir called the Bhairava Kund, featuring a "colossal figure of Bhairava cut in the rock". Finally, not far from the Lal Darwaza is the Bara Darwaza, the final gate and the entrance to the fort proper.<ref name="Rezavi 2002"/>{{rp|1234}}

=== Nilakantha Temple === thumb|Mandapa of the Nilakantha temple, three-quarters view The "most prominent structure in the fort" is the Nilakantha Temple, which is located in cave beneath an overhanging ledge below the ramparts, near the northwestern corner of the hill. The temple is approached through a post-and-lintel gateway known as the Paramardideva Darwaza, followed by a flight of steps leading down to the temple. At the front of the temple itself is an ornately carved but now dilapidated mandapa (pavilion) with eight pillars that would have once supported an octagonal roof. The cave's façade was also originally elaborately carved — for example, the sculptures of the river goddesses Ganga and Yamuna on either side of the cave entrance, which are still in good condition — but much of this is now heavily damaged and effaced. Inside the cave shrine is a 1.15 m-tall linga, dark blue and depicted with three eyes.<ref name="Rezavi 2002"/>{{rp|1237-8}}

To the right (south) of the temple is a "deep rock-cut reservoir" called the Svargarohana. To the right of this, in a niche in the cliff, in a pool of water, is a colossal statue of Kala-Bhairava, a wrathful form of Shiva, that stands about 7 m tall and 5 m wide. Bhairava is depicted here with 18 arms, holding a sword, an axe, a club, a shield, a bowl of blood, and some laddu, although the trishula (trident) that is common in depictions of Shiva is absent here. Next to the statue of Bhairava is a smaller one (about 1 m tall) of Kali.<ref name="Rezavi 2002"/>{{rp|1238}}

=== Bundela palaces === thumb|In the foreground is the Koti Tirtha tank. Behind it is the Aman Singh Palace, which now serves as a site museum. At least three palaces dating from the Bundela period are still extant at Kalinjar: the Raja Aman Singh Palace, the Rani Mahal, and the Rang Mahal. These structures follow the same general plan: a multi-storey building surrounding a square courtyard, with each storey having a wide eave (chhajja) and overhanging balcony, and each of the buildings' four corners is crowned with a chhatri (cupola). The Aman Singh Palace, at the southern part of the fort, currently serves as a site museum housing various sculptural and other remains that have been found at Kalinjar. Adjacent to the Aman Singh Palace is a tank called the Koth Tirth, the largest body of water in the fort, formed by cutting the underlying rock to make a depression to hold water. The Koth Tirth is surrounded by steps on all sides, and numerous pilgrims' inscriptions are carved into these steps, indicating that it was historically one of the most important for religious visits.<ref name="Rezavi 2002"/>{{rp|1235-6}}

The Rani Mahal, located a bit to the north of the Aman Singh Palace in the central part of the fort, is currently in a dilapidated state. The Rang Mahal is located to the northwest.<ref name="Rezavi 2002"/>{{rp|1235}}

Any secular structures from periods other than the Bundela period do not appear to have survived.<ref name="Rezavi 2002"/>{{rp|1235-6}}

=== Mosques, tombs, and Muslim cemetery === Two mosques exist in the middle of the fort. One, the Islam Shah mosque, is just to the north of the Koth Tirth and is surrounded by a walled courtyard. There do not appear to have ever been any ''riwaq'' (arcades) around the mosque itself. The mosque is accessed through a gate on its east side, with a three-bay-deep liwan to the west. It has a flat roof, supported by square pillars, and at its rear (western) wall is decorated with five blind arches. The mihrab is undecorated and is located in the middle arch at the rear wall. The second mosque is a ''qanati'' (screen) mosque located at the southwestern corner of the Sanichar Talao tank.<ref name="Rezavi 2002"/>{{rp|1237}}

A Muslim cemetery is also located in the fort's central area, with numerous undated graves. Two tombs are located at the northwestern corner of the cemetery, which are both square and topped with "Lodi-style" domes. The larger tomb has a mihrab on its west with an inscription in Persian.<ref name="Rezavi 2002"/>{{rp|1237}}

== Mythology == thumb|View from the ramparts Kalinjar finds its mention in ancient Hindu mythological texts. According to Hindu legends, it is said that after the Samudra Manthan, when Shiva consumed poison that turned his throat blue, he came to Kalinjar and defeated ''kaal''; i.e. achieved victory over death. This is why the Shiva temple at Kalinjar is called ''Neelkanth'' (blue-throated). Since then, the hill has been considered a holy site.<ref name="Govt of Uttar Pradesh"/><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|last=Safvi|first=Rana|date=19 March 2017|title=Peace and belonging in an ancient land|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/finding-treasure-in-the-neelkanth-temple-in-bundelkhand/article17530108.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=15 September 2021|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915080803/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/finding-treasure-in-the-neelkanth-temple-in-bundelkhand/article17530108.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Transport links == ===Air=== The nearest airport is at Khajuraho, {{convert|100|km|abbr=on}} away but has limited connectivity. Kanpur Airport which is well connected with metropolitan cities of India is {{convert|175|km|abbr=on}} and 4 hours drive from Kalinjar.<ref name="Govt of Uttar Pradesh"/>

===Rail=== The nearest railway station is at Atarra {{convert|36|km|abbr=on}} away, on the Banda-Satna route, {{convert|65|km|abbr=on}} from Banda Railway Station.<ref name="Govt of Uttar Pradesh"/>

===Road=== The Kalinjar fort is linked by road to all the important centres in the region with regular bus services. Some of the major road distances are: Chitrakoot, {{convert|78|km|abbr=on}}; Banda, {{convert|65|km|abbr=on}}; Khajuraho, {{convert|130|km|abbr=on}}; and Prayagraj, {{convert|205|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Govt of Uttar Pradesh">{{Cite web|url=https://banda.nic.in/tourist-place/kalinjar-fort/|title=Kalinjar Fort|publisher=Govt of Uttar Pradesh}}</ref>

== Tourism == According to the national Ministry of Tourism statistics based on ticket returns, Kalinjar Fort received some 128,834 visitors in 2024-25, of whom 128,447 came from India and 387 from other countries.<ref name="Tourism data 2025">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kumar |editor1-first=Sanjay |editor2-last=Hegde |editor2-first=Venkatramana R. |editor3-last=Agrawal |editor3-first=Harshit |editor4-last=Kumar |editor4-first=Dilip |editor5-last=Kumar |editor5-first=Amit |editor6-last=Deve P |editor6-first=Sunil |editor7-last=Arora |editor7-first=Charu |title=India Tourism Data Compendium 2025 |date=2025 |publisher=Ministry of Tourism |isbn=978-81-987397-6-6 |url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2025-09/India%20Tourism%20Data%20Compendium%202025.pdf |access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref>{{rp|203}}

==Gallery== <gallery> File:Pillared building at one corner of Kalinjar Fort.jpg|Pillared building at one corner of Kalinjar Fort File:Broken sculpture of Kuvera riding on his vehicle, near temple of Nilkanth.jpg|Kuvera riding on his vehicle, near temple of Nilkanth File:Architectural details from temple of Nilkanth.jpg|Architectural details from temple of Nilkanth File:Kurma avatar.jpg|Kurma avatar File:Sculpture of Varaha avatar.jpg|Varaha avatar File:Sculpture of Ganesh from temple of Nilkanth.jpg|Sculpture of Ganesh from temple of Nilkanth File:Neelkanth Mandir 2.jpg|Neelkanth Mandir view from top File:Kalinjar fort11.jpg|Temple in the Fort File:Kalinjar fort.jpg|Fort (inside view) File:Pillar inside Rani Palace, Kalinjar Fort.jpg|Pillar inside Rani Palace, Kalinjar Fort File:Gateway of Nilakanth temple in Kalinjar fort.jpg|Gateway of Nilakanth temple in Kalinjar fort File:6th century Gajasursamharamurti and Parvati bas-relief, Kalinjar Fort 027.jpg|Gajasursamharamurti and Parvati bas-relief, Kalinjar Fort File:0121921 Neelkanth temple, Kalinjar Fort, Uttar Pradesh 025.jpg|Approach to the Nilakantha temple File:Panoramic view of Kalinjar Neelkanth Temple.jpg|Frontal view of the Nilakantha temple File:011721 Venkat Bihari temple, Kalinjar Fort, Uttar Pradesh 008.jpg|The Venkat Bihari temple, a Vishnu temple from {{circa}} the 18th century File:0121921 Ram Janaki temple, Kalinjar Fort, Uttar Pradesh 006.jpg|The Ram Janaki temple at Kalinjar </gallery>

==See also== * List of forts in Uttar Pradesh

==References== {{Reflist}}

Category:Forts in Uttar Pradesh Category:Bundelkhand Category:Rajput architecture Category:Banda district, India Category:Hindu holy cities Category:Places in the Mahabharata