Kaladan River

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}} {{Infobox river | name = Kaladan | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Chhimtuipui, Kissapanadi, Beino, Bawinu, Bawinung (Boinung) | name_etymology =  | image = Kit SaPa Nadi River.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = View of the river at Kyauktaw in Myanmar. | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption =  | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = Myanmar, India | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = Chin State, Rakhine State, Mizoram | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 =  | length = {{cvt|700|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Kaladan Delta, Bay of Bengal | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|3,476|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World's Large River System">{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7904921|title=Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World's Large River System|last1=Christer|first1=Nilsson|last2=Catherine|first2=Reidy, Liermann|last3=Mats|first3=Dynesius|last4=Carmen|first4=Revenga|journal=Science |doi=10.1126/science.1107887|year=2005|volume=308 |issue=5720 |pages=405–408 }}</ref> | discharge1_max =  | source1 = west flank of Mount Zinghmuh | source1_location = Chin Hills, Chin State, Myanmar | source1_coordinates = {{coord|22|49|28|N|93|31|57|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2,564|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = Sittwe | mouth_location = Bay of Bengal, Myanmar | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|20|06|00|N|92|54|09|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = Bay of Bengal | river_system = Kaladan River | basin_size = {{cvt|40,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JSfIAgAAQBAJ|title = Register of International Rivers: Prepared by the Centre for Natural Resources, Energy and Transport of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations|isbn = 9781483188294|last1 = Stuart|first1 = Sam|date = 3 September 2013| publisher=Elsevier }}</ref> | tributaries_left = Twe, Mi, Kalabon, Kyegu | tributaries_right = Chal, Tio, Tuichang, Mat, Kawrthingdeng | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} The '''Kaladan''' ({{langx|my|ကုလားတန်မြစ်}}, {{IPA|my|kəládàɰ̃ mjɪʔ|pron}}) or '''Kissapanadi River''' ({{langx|my|ကစ္ဆပနဒီ}}, {{IAST|Kacchapanadī}}), also known as the '''Beino''', '''Bawinu''' and '''Kolodyne''', is a river in the eastern Mizoram State of India, and in Chin State and Rakhine State of western Myanmar.<ref name=chit1/> The Kaladan River is called the Chhimtuipui River in India.<ref name=chit4>[https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/north/still-under-construction-1502635461.html Still under construction[, The Statesman.</ref> It forms the international border between India and Myanmar between 22° 47′ 10" N (where its tributary, the Tiau River, joins it) and 22° 11′ 06" N.<ref name=chit1>[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/burma/txu-oclc-6924198-nf46-7.jpg NF 46-7 "Gangaw, Burma"] U.S. Army Map Service topographic map 1:250,000, 1954, first printing April 1958</ref>

==History== Ancient Arakanese cities such as Dhanyawadi and Waithali were situated on the eastern bank of Kaladan River.

The Kaladan was an entry point to Mizoram from the seaport of Sittwe in 1904. The Kaladan is Mizoram's largest river, flowing through that state's southeastern region.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pachuau |first1=Joy |title=The Camera as a Witness |date=13 April 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107073395 |pages=153}}</ref>

==Geography== The river arises in central Chin State as the Timit, {{coord|22|49|28|N|93|31|57|E|display=inline}}, and flows south and is soon joined by the Chal, after which it is known as the Boinu River. It continues south until just before it is joined by the Twe River at {{Coord|22|08|40|N|93|34|30|E}}, when it swings west. It continues west until {{Coord|22|05|20|N|93|14|12|E}}, when it heads northwest. At {{Coord|22|11|06|N|93|09|29|E}}, below Mount Phabipa, it turns north and becomes the international border between India and Myanmar. It flows north to {{Coord|22|47|09|N|93|05|47|E}}, where the international border continues north along the Tyao River, and the Boinu heads northwest into Mizoram State, at which point it is known as the Kaladan.

At {{Coord|22|56|21|N|92|58|55|E}} it reaches its northernmost point, and turns south west, is joined by the Tuichong River from the right and then heads south.<ref name="Chittagong">[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/nf-46-06a.jpg NF 46-6 "Chittagong, Pakistan"] U.S. Army Map Service topographic map 1:250,000, 1955, first printing March 1960</ref> The Kaladan is joined from the right by the Mat River at {{Coord|22|43|39|N|92|54|46|E}}. It continues south and is joined by the Kawrthingdeng River from the right. It again enters Chin State, at Raithaw Ferry, {{Coord|22|03|40|N|92|51|05|E}},<ref name="Chittagong"/> just northwest of Khenkhar. The Mi River joins from the left at {{Coord|21|06|56|N|92|57|42|E}}.<ref>[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/burma/txu-oclc-6924198-nf46-10.jpg "Cox's Bazar, Pakistan"] U.S. Army Map Service topographic map 1:250,000, 1954, first printing March 1960</ref> At Ngame the river enters the Rakhine State of Myanmar and continues south to Sittwe where it enters the Bay of Bengal.

==Development== At present, the Kaladan is the fifth largest river in the world that is completely unfragmented by dams anywhere in its catchment, behind only the Fly, Mamberamo and Sepik in New Guinea and the Pechora in Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gwsp.org/fileadmin/downloads/Nilsson_Science2005.pdf |title=Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World's Large River Systems |access-date=12 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330202803/http://www.gwsp.org/fileadmin/downloads/Nilsson_Science2005.pdf |archive-date=30 March 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Nonetheless, the governments of India and Myanmar are working on a US$500 million, ''Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project'' that will facilitate trade between the two nations.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/03/20/stories/2004032000840400.htm The Hindu Business Line : `Work on Kaladan river project in Mizo to start soon']</ref> The project includes the construction of the US$120 million deepwater Sittwe Port at the mouth of the river, dredging of the Kaladan River to enable cargo vessels to navigate the river from Sittwe to Mizoram, the construction of a river port at Paletwa, as well as the widening and upgrade of highways between Paletwa and Myeikwa on the Indo-Myanmar border.<ref name=ibn-portstarts>{{cite news|url=http://www.indoburmanews.net/archives-1/2010/december_2010/construction-of-sittwe-port-for-kaladan-multiple-river-project-starts/|title=Construction of Sittwe Port for Kaladan Multiple River Project Starts|publisher=Indo-Burma News|date=2010-12-01|access-date=2011-10-14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401020702/http://www.indoburmanews.net/archives-1/2010/december_2010/construction-of-sittwe-port-for-kaladan-multiple-river-project-starts/|archive-date=2012-04-01}}</ref> India undertook the development of the 158 km river boat route from Sittwe seaport to the Inland Water Terminal (IWT) and hydropower project at Paletwa jetty via the Kaladan River in Myanmar.<ref name=biz1>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/india-awards-road-contract-to-complete-kaladan-project-in-myanmar/article9723297.ece India awards road contract to complete Kaladan project in Myanmar], Business Line, 9 June 2017.</ref><ref name=mand3/> River dredging and a jetty upgrade were completed in June 2017.<ref name=biz1/><ref name=mand3>[https://www.mmtimes.com/news/india-ramps-myanmar-ties-gain-foothold-asean.html India ramps up Myanmar ties]</ref> There is at least one river lock for navigation.<ref name=lock1>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20181127193824/http://stsfor.org/content/indias-infrastructure-development-projects-myanmar-game-changer-region-part-2-3 India's connectivity to Myanmar]}}.</ref> The project will open up not only Mizoram but all of India's northeastern states as hinterland for the Sittwe Port. Construction for the port started in 2010 and is expected to be completed by mid-2020.{{update inline|date=January 2021}}

Development of the river is also being negotiated with the Shwe Gas Project for economic enhancement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shwe.org/photos/about-shwe |title=The Shwe Project — Shwe Gas Movement [For a Sustainable Future in a Free and Democratic Burma]}}{{dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2022}}

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== {{commons category}} * [http://www.powermin.nic.in/whats_new/PFR/Mizoram/Boinu.pdf "Boinu Hydroelectric Project (640 MW)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410070358/http://www.powermin.nic.in/whats_new/PFR/Mizoram/Boinu.pdf |date=10 April 2009 }}, Ministry of Power, Government of India * [http://www.kaladan.com Kaladan.com - news covering Indo-Myanmar Kaladan project]

Category:Kaladan River Category:Rivers of Myanmar Category:Rivers of Mizoram Category:International rivers of Asia Category:India–Myanmar border Category:Bay of Bengal Category:Rakhine State Category:Sittwe