Kabyle diaspora

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Kabyle diaspora|timestamp=20260517171548|year=2026|month=May|day=17|substed=yes|help=off|outcome=merging|target=Kabyle people}}   {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Kabyle diaspora | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = Map of the Kabyle Diaspora in the World.svg | image_caption = | image_alt = | image_upright = | total =  | total_year =  | total_source =  | total_ref =  | genealogy = | regions = | region1 = {{flag|Algeria}} | pop1 = 2–2,5 million<ref name="C">{{Cite journal |last=Montenay |first=Yves |date=2020-08-20 |title=L'Algérie a mal à la Kabylie |url=https://www.contrepoints.org/2020/08/24/378707-lalgerie-a-mal-a-la-kabylie |journal=Contrepoints |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="KABYLES : Le peuple kabyle">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-29 |title=KABYLES: Le peuple kabyle |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/kabyles/2-le-peuple-kabyle/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=Encyclopædia Universalis |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa: Aftermath of the Arab Spring">{{Cite book |last=Ennaji |first=Moha |url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=OhVgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1927&dq=diasporas+kabyles+oran+constantine&hl=fr&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjV1Zj51beMAxU1LPsDHSBNOxgQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=diasporas%20kabyles%20oran%20constantine&f=false |title=Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa: Aftermath of the Arab Spring |date=2014-04-16 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-81361-3 |language=en |access-date=2025-04-04}}</ref> | region2 = {{Flag|France}} | pop2 = {{circa}} 1 million<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2013 |title=Rapport du Comité consultatif pour la promotion des langues régionales et de la pluralité linguistique interne (2013) |url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/Thematiques/Langue-francaise-et-langues-de-France/Agir-pour-les-langues/Promouvoir-les-langues-de-France/Nos-publications/Rapport-du-Comite-consultatif-pour-la-promotion-des-langues-regionales-et-de-la-pluralite-linguistique-interne-2013 |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=www.culture.gouv.fr |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chaker |first=S. |date=2004-05-01 |title=Kabylie: La langue |journal=Encyclopédie berbère |language=fr |volume=26 |issue=26 |pages=4055–4066 |doi=10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1431 |issn=1015-7344 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | region3 = {{Flag|Canada}} | pop3 = 37,415<ref>{{cite web |date=7 May 2021 |title=Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810021601 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=Census Profile, 2021 Census |publisher=Statistics Canada Statistique Canada}}</ref> | languages = [[Kabyle language|Kabyle]]<br />[[Algerian Arabic]], [[French language|French]] | religions = Predominantly [[Muslim]]<br />[[Christian]] and [[Irreligious]] minorities | related_groups = [[Kabyles]] | footnotes = }}

The '''Kabyle diaspora''' consists of [[Kabyle people]] and their descendants living outside of [[Kabylia]]. It includes regions of [[Algeria]] such as [[Algiers]], countries of [[Europe]] ([[France]], [[Belgium]] and the [[United-Kingdom]]) and countries of [[North America]] (the [[United States]] and [[Canada]]).

== Distribution == Today, the largest population of Kabyle people is in Algeria, mainly in Algiers, but also in [[Sétif]], [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]] and [[Oran]].<ref name="C"/><ref name="Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa: Aftermath of the Arab Spring"/>

Outside of Algeria, the largest Kabyle population is in France. It is estimated that around a million of Kabyles live in France.

== History == During the [[Ottoman era]], many Kabyles temporarily emigrated from the Kabyle kingdoms to enroll in the armies of the deys of [[Regency of Algiers|Algiers]] and [[Regency of Tunis|Tunis]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahé |first=Alain |url=http://www.ayamun.com/Histoire_de_la_Grande_Kabylie_XIXe-XXe_siecles__Alain%20MAHE.pdf |title=Histoire de la grande Kabylie XIX-XXème siècles: Anthropologie historique du lien social dans les communautés villageoises |date=2001 |publisher=Éditions Bouchène |page=30 |language=fr}}</ref>

Two years after the defeat of [[Emir Abdelkader]] in 1847, many Kabyle religious families emigrated to [[Syria]] but their number remained small.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahé |first=Alain |url=http://www.ayamun.com/Histoire_de_la_Grande_Kabylie_XIXe-XXe_siecles__Alain%20MAHE.pdf |title=Histoire de la grande Kabylie XIX-XXème siècles: Anthropologie historique du lien social dans les communautés villageoises |date=2001 |publisher=Éditions Bouchène |page=170 |language=fr}}</ref>

In 1871, following the [[Mokrani Revolt]], many Kabyles emigrated to [[Metropolitan France]]. Other ones, who escaped summary executions, were deported to [[Algerians of the Pacific|New Caledonia]], where many of their descendants still live.<ref name="JSimon">{{cite book |last=Simon |first=Jacques |title=Algérie: le passé, L'Algérie française, La révolution (1954-1958) |publisher=[[L'Harmattan]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-2-296-16844-2 |page=49-51}}</ref>

In 1905, France's economic expansion attracted a large population of Kabyles from [[Great Kabylia]]. After the First World War, many demobilized soldiers also remained in metropolitan France.<ref name="LMD">{{Cite journal |last=Metref |first=Arezki |date=2021 |title=Avec les Kabyles de Ménilmontant |url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2021/03/METREF/62852 |journal=Le Monde diplomatique}}</ref> In 1902, according to an investigative commission, it is estimated that nearly {{formatnum:10000}} Kabyles were working in France, particularly in the [[Nord-Pas-de-Calais]]. By 1934, Kabyles accounted for three quarters of the Algerian immigrants and by 1950, 50 to 60% of the Algerians working in France were of Kabyle origin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Direche-Slimani |first=Karima |title=Kabylie : L'émigration kabyle: Entre tradition économique et histoire politique |url=https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/1428?lang=en |website=OpenEdition Journals - Encyclopédie Berbère}}</ref>

== Culture == Many Kabyle cultural and social associations exist within the members of the diaspora to promote and preserve the Kabyle culture. These include Amitié France Kabylie, the French-Kabyle association Tilelli, Les Amis de la Kabylie, the Breizh-Kabyle association, Radio Tiziri, as well as many village-based associations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Associations kabyles en France et dans la diaspora |url=https://kabylieguide.com/associations-kabyles.html |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=Kabylie Guide}}</ref>

=== Religion === While most Kabyles are muslims, [[Christian]] Kabyle community also exists, mainly composed of [[Catholics]] and [[Evangelicals]]. In the Paris region, a non-[[National Council of Evangelicals in France|CNEF]]-affiliated "Evangelical Kabyle Church of Paris" is located on Rue Jules-Auffret in [[Pantin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Église Évangélique Kabyle de Paris |url=https://www.eglises.org/eglise/eglise-evangelique-kabyle-de-paris/ |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=eglises.org}}</ref>

== Political positions == [[Image:Nuit_Debout_-_Paris_-_Kabyles_-_48_mars_02.jpg|Protest for the independence of Kabylia in Pariss, 2016.|thumb|right|250px]]

In France, many Kabyle movements and associations such as the [[Movement for the Self-Determination of Kabylia]] and the CFK (Coordination des Kabyles de France) exist.

In 2021, members of the Kabyle diaspora in Canada protested in [[Montreal]] against the Algerian government's handling of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the alleged manipulation sorrounding those responsible for the wildfires in Kabylia, the arrests of activists and the growing phenomenon of harragas by the Algerian government. In 2024, [[CBC/Radio-Canada|Radio-Canada]] reported on pressure by the Algerian government on Canadian citizens of Kabyle origin who were close to the MAK movement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-17 |title=Des Canadiens accusent l'Algérie d'espionnage |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/info/long-format/2080196/canadiens-algerie-kabyles-espionnage-intimidation |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=[[CBC/Radio-Canada|Radio-Canada]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2021-10-11 |title=Les Kabyles du Canada sont très inquiets |url=https://lematindalgerie.com/les-kabyles-du-canada-sont-tres-inquiets/ |journal=[[Le Matin d'Algérie]]}}</ref>

== Notable people == === Cinema === * [[Isabelle Adjani]] (half)<ref>[[Isabelle Adjani]] : "Mon père, [[kabyle people|kabyle]], s'était engagé dans l'armée française à 16 ans, et c'est en remontant d'Italie jusqu'en Bavière à la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale qu'il rencontre et séduit ma mère" [http://www.telerama.fr/cinema/isabelle-adjani-j-aime-passionnement-ce-metier-mais-je-passe-mon-temps-a-y-echapper,40850.php Interview with Isabelle Adjani], ''[[Télérama]]'', 31 March 2009</ref> * [[Dany Boon]] (half)<ref>{{cite web |date=3 December 2018 |title="היום אני יהודי גאה" |url=https://www.yediot.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-5419391,00.html}}</ref> * [[Fellag]] * [[Jalil Lespert]] (half)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jalil Lespert – "Le réalisateur doit s'effacer derrière l'histoire !" |url=https://lepetitjournal.com/sao-paulo/actualites/jalil-lespert-le-realisateur-doit-seffacer-derriere-lhistoire-41225 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=[[Le Petit Journal (website)|Le Petit Journal]]}}</ref> * [[Samy Naceri]] (half)<ref>{{cite web |last=Carrière |first=Christophe |last2=Ceaux |first2=Pascal |date=10 January 2007 |title=Samy Naceri: le bon et la bête |url=http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/samy-naceri-le-bon-et-la-bete_462210.html |work=[[L'Express]] |language=fr}}</ref> * [[Marie-José Nat]] (half)<ref name="eve"> {{Cite web |last=Nat |first=Marie-José |date=4 May 2006 |title=''Je n'ai pas oublié'' de |url=http://www.evene.fr/livres/livre/marie-josee-nat-je-n-ai-pas-oublie-21629.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415191239/http://www.evene.fr/livres/livre/marie-josee-nat-je-n-ai-pas-oublie-21629.php |archive-date=2007-04-15 |access-date=17 May 2026 |website=evene.fr}}</ref> * [[Daniel Prévost]] (half)<ref>[http://www.liberation.fr/portrait/0101140774-daniel-prevost-dernieres-nouvelles-du-pere-inconnu Daniel Prevost. Dernières nouvelles du père inconnu]</ref> * [[Jacques Villeret]] (half)<ref name="durieux2">{{cite book |last=Sartirano |first=Claude |title=Villeret: du rire aux larmes |last2=Durieux |first2=Gilles |year=2008 |location=Paris |publisher=L'Archipel|chapter=Du salon de coiffure aux J3 |quote=Algérien de Kabylie, c'est un Berbère, issu d'une longue lignée dont les racines sont à Melbou, une ville située dans la wilaya de Béjaïa. Son patronyme est Boufroura. |language=fr}}</ref>

=== Literature === * [[Salem Chaker]] * [[Aziz Chouaki]] * [[Salem Zenia]] * [[Alice Zeniter]] (half)<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2019-01-28 |language=fr |title=Alice Zeniter brise le silence de la honte |url=https://www.ledevoir.com/lire/508077/alice-zeniter-brise-le-silence-de-la-honte |website=Le Devoir}}.</ref>

=== Music === * [[Slimane Azem]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Slimane Azem Le poète|last=Nacib |first=Youssef|year=2002|publisher=PUBLISUD|location=Paris |language=fr}}</ref> * [[Cheikh El Hasnaoui]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Saliha Ibri |title=Le chanteur kabyle El Hasnaoui exil et immigration |journal=Études et Documents Berbères |volume=2015/1 |issue=34 |pages=199–210 |url=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-etudes-et-documents-berberes-2015-1-page-199?lang=fr}}</ref> * [[DJ Snake]] (half)<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-05-30 |title=Les 10 Essentiels de DJ Snake (lunettes de soleil, baskets blanches et Kinder Bueno) |url=https://www.gqmagazine.fr/video/watch/10-essentiels-gq-france-les-10-essentiels-de-dj-snake-lunettes-de-soleil-baskets-blanches-et-kinder-bueno |website=GQ France}}</ref> * [[Idir (singer)|Idir]] * [[Rachid Taha]] (half)<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005y2pv</ref>

=== Politics === * [[Hocine Aït Ahmed]] * [[Fadela Amara]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Christine Bard et Sylvie Chaperon (Notice rédigée par Yannick Ripa) |date=2017 |id={{BnF|45220443}} |isbn=978-2-13-078720-4 |location=Paris |oclc=972902161 |page=31 à 33 |publisher=[[Presses universitaires de France]] |title=Dictionnaire des féministes |url=https://www.google.fr/books/edition/Dictionnaire_des_f%C3%A9ministes_France_XVII/zFMrDgAAQBAJ?hl=fr&gbpv=1&dq=%22Fadela+Amara%22+dictionnaire+des+f%C3%A9ministes&pg=PT43&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> * [[Mohand Arav Bessaoud]] * [[Tarik Brahmi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/ParlInfo/files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=ed49dd5f-e734-4267-a451-422ef9f0e95b&Language=E&Section=ALL|title=Tarik Brahmi|publisher=[[Parliament of Canada]]|work=Biographical Directory of the Parliament of Canada}}</ref> * [[Lydia Guirous]]<ref>https://www.rfi.fr/en/20181028-algerian-born-french-right-winger-denounces-hate-campaign</ref> * [[Belkacem Krim]] * [[Hadja Lahbib]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qui est Hadja Lahbib, nouvelle ministre des Affaires étrangères ? |url=https://www.moustique.be/actu/belgique/2022/07/15/qui-est-hadja-lahbib-nouvelle-ministre-des-affaires-etrangeres-243257 |access-date=26 June 2024 |website=[[Moustique]]|date=15 July 2022 |language=fr}}</ref> * [[Ali André Mécili]]<ref>https://www.abebooks.com/9781159870492/Personnalit%C3%A9-Kabyle-Zinedine-Zidane-Loun%C3%A8s-1159870497/plp</ref> * [[Ferhat Mehenni]], founder of the [[Movement for the Self-Determination of Kabylia]] * [[Laurette Onkelinx]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Edito : un éclair de lucidité tardif, sincère pour Laurette Onkelinx|date=2017-09-14|website=LaLibre|url=https://www.lalibre.be/debats/edito/2017/09/14/edito-un-eclair-de-lucidite-tardif-sincere-pour-laurette-onkelinx-XRHJOA3D5NAGPMFLSJABECQOZQ/|access-date=2026-05-22|language=fr}}</ref> * [[Karim Ouchikh]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Gonesse, laboratoire du Rassemblement bleu marine|website=20 Minutes|date=2013-07-01|url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/1182755-20130701-20130701-gonesse-laboratoire-rassemblement-bleu-marine|language=fr|access-date=2026-05-22}}</ref>

=== Science === * [[Noureddine Melikechi]] * [[Yousef Saad]]

=== Sport === * [[Robert Abdesselam]] (half) * [[Hakim Arezki]] * [[Karim Benzema]] (half) * [[Kylian Mbappé]] (half) * [[Zinedine Zidane]]

== Notes and references == {{reflist}}

=== Bibliography === * {{cite book |last1=Mailhe |first1=Germaine |title=Déportation en Nouvelle-Calédonie des communards et des révoltés de la Grande Kabylie (1872-1876) |publisher=Éditions L'Harmattan |year=1995 |isbn=978-2-296-29442-4 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Lalloui |first1=Mehdi |title=Kabyles du Pacifique |publisher=Au nom de la Mémoire |year=1994 |isbn=978-2-910780-00-5 |ref=none}}

[[Category:Kabyle diaspora]]