{{Short description|American socialist (1872–1956)}} {{Use American English|date=April 2026}} {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2026}} thumb|right|Gerber {{circa}} 1931 '''Julius Gerber''' (born '''Israel Getzel Gerber'''; December 24, 1872 – July 16, 1956) was a leading functionary and politician in the Socialist Party of America during the first two decades of the 20th century. Gerber headed the party's important New York City branch and its environs from 1911 through 1922. He played a key role in the party split of 1919, out of which the Communist Party emerged.
==Biography==
===Early years=== Gerber was born on December 24, 1872, in Riga, Governorate of Livonia, Russian Empire. His father was a tradesman. The Gerbers were Jewish, and as members of a persecuted minority, the family fled Tsarist Russia in 1886, landing in New York. Young Julius took a job as a sheet metal worker at the age of 14, a task at which he remained until 1911.<ref>Solon DeLeon (ed.), ''The American Labor Who's Who.'' New York: Hanford Press, 1925. Page 84.</ref> He was a member of the Amalgamated Metal Workers Union. There is no record substantiating Julius Gerber arrived in the United States with any family member. According to his United States passport applications of 1928 and 1931, he arrived in the country in either September 1887 or August 1888 at the age of 16 or 17. He applied for and was granted American citizenship on October 27, 1893, in Kings County, New York.
Gerber was a committed socialist from an early age, joining the Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP) in 1890.<ref>State of New York, ''Proceedings of the Judiciary Committee of the Assembly in the Matter of the Investigation by the Assembly of the State of New York as to the Qualifications of Louis Waldman, August Claessens, Samuel A. DeWitt, Samuel Orr and Charles Solomon, to Retain Their Seats in Said Body,'' In 3 Volumes. Albany, NY: J.B. Lyon Co., 1920. Vol. 1, pg. 164. Hereafter ''NY Judiciary Proceedings.''</ref>
In the bitter 1899 split of the SLP, Gerber allied himself with the pro-American Federation of Labor insurgents headed by Henry Slobodin and Morris Hillquit against the regular faction of Daniel DeLeon and Henry Kuhn. Julius was made the organizer of Local New York of the new organization, a group calling themselves the Social Democratic Party after the DeLeon-Kuhn faction won control of the party name and logo as the result of a lawsuit. In August 1901 this Eastern SDP group united with a Midwestern group of the same name to establish the Socialist Party of America. Gerber was elected as the first Secretary of Local New York SPA following formation of the new organization.<ref>"A Remarkable Growth," ''Appeal to Reason'' [Girard, KS], whole no. 311 (Nov. 16, 1901), pg. 3.</ref>
Gerber remained on as organizer of Local Greater New York for this enlarged organization through 1902.
Gerber was active in the publishing group which issued the socialist ''New Yorker Volkszeitung'' and served as Financial Secretary of that organization. He was also Secretary of the Press Committee which established the English-language ''New York Daily Call'' a few years later.
Gerber was a frequent participant at the national conventions of the Socialist Party which determined party policy, attending the 1900, 1904, 1908, and 1912 gatherings.<ref>''NY Judiciary Proceedings,'' v. 1, pg. 165.</ref>
===Party functionary=== [[File:Gerber-julius-2001.jpg|thumb|right|Julius Gerber, as drawn by Robert Minor in ''The Liberator,'' January 1920.]] Gerber worked as the organizer of Local Kings County from 1908 to 1909, before being elected Executive Secretary of Local Greater New York in February 1911.<ref>''NY Judiciary Proceedings,'' v. 1, pg. 164.</ref> Gerber remained in this full-time, paid position for over a decade, standing down only in 1922, probably due to the Socialist Party's declining financial fortunes. Thereafter, Gerber paid the rent through his work as a printing salesman.<ref>DeLeon (ed.), ''The American Labor Who's Who,'' pg. 84.</ref>
Julius was a delegate to the 1917 Socialist Party Convention, a gathering which passed the aggressively anti-militarist St. Louis Manifesto.<ref>''NY Judiciary Proceedings,'' v. 1, pg. 165.</ref>
In addition to his regular party tasks, Gerber was the Secretary of the Workingmen's Cooperative Publishing Association, the group responsible for publication of the ''New York Call,'' one of just two Socialist Party English language daily newspapers during the decade of the 1910s.<ref>The other Socialist daily was the ''Milwaukee Leader,'' published by Victor L. Berger.</ref>
Gerber sat on the State Executive Committee of the Socialist Party of New York in 1919, a group which conducted a factional war on behalf of the party regulars against the Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party. He was a delegate to the seminal 1919 Socialist Party Convention, which led to the split of the party's Left Wing to form the Communist Labor Party of America.<ref>''NY Judiciary Proceedings,'' v. 1, pg. 165.</ref>
Gerber was elected to the governing National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party in 1921, serving a one-year term. He ran for New York State Assembly in that same year, standing in the 18th Assembly District.
Following the demise of the ''New York Call'' in 1923, Gerber became actively involved with its successor publication, ''The New Leader.'' He was the Secretary of the New Leader Publishing Association, the group which published the paper, from its establishment in 1924.<ref>DeLeon (ed.), ''The American Labor Who's Who,'' pg. 84.</ref>
Gerber split along with other "Old Guard" members to form the Social Democratic Federation beginning in 1936–1937. He was an active participant in one of the SDF's early planning conferences.<ref name="Oneal">{{cite web|url=http://www.marxisthistory.org/history/usa/parties/sdf/1937/0207-oneal-easternstatesconf.pdf|title=SDF Calls Convention at Pittsburgh, May 29: Delegates of Six Eastern States and Two Language Federations Plan the Launching of a Nationwide Organization [events of Feb. 7, 1937]|last=Oneal|first=James|date=February 13, 1937|publisher=The New Leader|accessdate=4 June 2017}}</ref>
Gerber was strictly a party functionary rather than an agitator or a theoretician and did not publish any books or pamphlets in his lifetime.
===Personal life and death=== [[File:Ludwig Hillquit Gerber 1939.jpg|thumb|right|Gerber's youngest son Ludwig as an American Labor Party candidate for judge of the New York City Municipal Court, 1939]] Gerber married Lena Sacht in New York on February 13, 1892, according to their marriage license. They had five sons and three daughters,<ref>{{cite news |title=Julius Gerber, Party Official |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/455906787/?article=1042b330-796f-4f3b-afb1-e91b4e8546bf |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=Daily News |date=19 July 1956 |location=New York}}</ref> the youngest of whom was Ludwig Hillquit Gerber.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rites Conducted For Julius Gerber |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/683808585/?match=1&terms=%22julius%20gerber%22 |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=Los Angeles Evening Citizen News |date=19 July 1956 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref> Named for Gerber's colleague Morris Hillquit,<ref>{{cite news |title=Middle Name, Hillquit |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/543812592/?terms=%22ludwig%20h%20gerber%22&match=1 |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=Brooklyn Citizen |date=7 May 1938 |location=Brooklyn}}</ref> Ludwig was an attorney and film production executive who served as secretary to the borough of Brooklyn under borough president Raymond V. Ingersoll and as western regional administrator of the Veterans' Administration after World War II.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ludwig Gerber, 91; Attorney, Western Regional Head of VA |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/190322859/?article=59858157-ecaf-4c5c-9c26-c265857ea07e |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=27 April 2002 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref>
Gerber died in his Brooklyn home on July 16, 1956.<ref>{{cite news |title=JULIUS GERBER, 85 SOCIALIST LEADER; Former Executive Secretary of Party Dies--Retired After Split in 1936 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1956/07/18/archives/julius-gerber-85-socialist-leader-former-executive-secretary-of.html |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=The New York Times |date=18 July 1956 |location=New York}}</ref>
==Legacy== Gerber was portrayed by William Daniels in Warren Beatty's 1981 historical drama ''Reds''.
==References== {{reflist|2}}
==External links== * {{cite journal |last1=Bohn |first1=William E. |title=The Passing of A Fighting Idealist |journal=The New Leader |date=20 August 1956 |volume=39 |issue=34 |page=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-leader_1956-08-20_39_34_0/page/n5/mode/1up |access-date=24 June 2025}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gerber, Julius}} Category:1872 births Category:1956 deaths Category:Latvian Jews Category:American Marxists Category:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States Category:Jewish socialists Category:Members of the Socialist Labor Party of America Category:Sheet metal workers Category:Socialist Party of America politicians from New York (state) Category:Members of the Social Democratic Federation (United States)