{{Short description|American biochemist}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Judith Pollock Klinman | image = Judith-klinman.png | image_size = 200px | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1941|4|17}} | birth_place = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | death_date = | death_place = | field = Biochemistry<br /> Chemistry | work_institution = University of California at Berkeley | alma_mater = University of Pennsylvania {{small | A.B. (1962), Ph.D. (1966) }} | thesis_year = 1966 | doctoral_advisor = Edward R. Thornton | doctoral_students = Natalie Ahn | known_for = | prizes = National Medal of Science <small>(2012)</small> | religion = | footnotes = | home_town = | thesis_title = A Kinetic Study of the Hydrolysis and Imidazole-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Substituted Benzoyl Imidazole in Light and Heavy Water | thesis_url = https://www.proquest.com/pqdtglobal/docview/302217509/EA648779AF6B466CPQ | website = {{url|http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/jukgrp/klinman_group/Home.html}} }}
'''Judith P. Klinman''' (born April 17, 1941, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)<ref name=":3"> {{cite web|title=Judith P. Klinman CV|url=http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/jukgrp/klinman_group/CVs/Klinman_CV.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206190331/http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/jukgrp/klinman_group/CVs/Klinman_CV.pdf|archive-date=2018-02-06|access-date=2018-02-06}}</ref> is an American chemist, biochemist, and molecular biologist known for her work on enzyme catalysis. She became the first female professor in the physical sciences at the University of California, Berkeley in 1978,<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Zanish-Belcher|first=Tanya|date=June 13, 2002|title=Judith P. Klinman Oral History (Interview with Judith Klinman)|url=https://cdm16001.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16001coll4/id/10|access-date=2021-05-24|website=cdm16001.contentdm.oclc.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-01|title=Berkeley's First Women Chemists|url=https://catalyst.berkeley.edu/2018/05/01/berkeleys-first-women-chemists/|access-date=2021-05-24|website=Catalyst Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> where she is now Professor of the Graduate School and Chancellor's Professor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Judith P. Klinman {{!}} College of Chemistry|url=https://chemistry.berkeley.edu/faculty/chem/klinman|access-date=2021-05-24|website=chemistry.berkeley.edu}}</ref> In 2012, she was awarded the National Medal of Science by President Barack Obama.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details {{!}} NSF - National Science Foundation|url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.jsp?recip_id=5300000000497|access-date=2021-05-24|website=www.nsf.gov}}</ref> She is a member of the National Academy of Sciences,<ref name=":5" /> American Academy of Arts and Sciences,<ref name=":6" /> American Association for the Advancement of Science,<ref name=":7" /> and the American Philosophical Society.<ref name=":8" />
== Early life == Klinman was born April 17, 1941, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.<ref name=":3" /> When Klinman was two years old, her biological father left the family.<ref name=":4" /> Klinman's mother sold her house and possessions and moved with Klinman to Miami Beach, Florida, for a time, before returning to Philadelphia to find work.<ref name=":9" /> Klinman's mother then remarried, and so she was raised by her mother and stepfather.<ref name=":4" /> Neither her mother nor stepfather graduated from college, but her stepfather attended Drexel University for two years but dropped out due to the Great Depression, and later found work selling furniture.<ref name=":4" /> Klinman was initially interested in ballet, but her interest in chemistry was piqued by her high school chemistry teacher.<ref name=":4" /> She received a partial scholarship from her high school, Overbrook High School, to attend college, graduating second in her class.<ref name=":4" /> Klinman decided to enroll in the University of Pennsylvania's College for Women, despite pressure from her family to become a lab technician and get married.<ref name=":4" />
== Education and training == Beginning in 1958, Klinman studied chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn).<ref name=":9" /> While in college, Klinman was a laboratory technician at the Eldridge R. Johnson Foundation for Research in Medical Physics at UPenn. She graduated with her A.B. in Chemistry in 1962.<ref name=":3" /> Klinman applied to medical and graduate school, and received acceptances to both.<ref name=":4" /> In 1962, Klinman enrolled in the Chemistry graduate program at New York University (NYU).<ref name=":4" /> Klinman credits her time at NYU for "opening [her] eyes to the excitement and beauty of organic reaction mechanisms."<ref name=":9" /> After a year in New York City, she moved back to Philadelphia, and enrolled at UPenn for graduate studies.<ref name=":4" /> Working in the laboratory of physical organic chemist Prof. Edward R. Thornton, Klinman studied the hydrolysis kinetics of benzyl-substituted imidiazoles.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Klinman|first1=Judith Pollock|last2=Thornton|first2=Edward R.|date=1968-07-01|title=Solvolysis mechanisms. A kinetic study of the hydrolysis and imidazole-catalyzed hydrolysis of p-methyl-, p-chloro-, and p-nitrobenzoylimidazole in H2O and of p-nitrobenzoylimidazole in deuterium oxide|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01018a034|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=90|issue=16|pages=4390–4394|doi=10.1021/ja01018a034|bibcode=1968JAChS..90.4390K |issn=0002-7863|url-access=subscription}}</ref> She graduated with her Ph.D. in 1966.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Author profile: Judith P. Klinman|journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry|year=2017 |pmid=28830931 |language=en |last1=Latham |first1=J. A. |last2=Barr |first2=I. |last3=Klinman |first3=J. P. |volume=292 |issue=40 |pages=16397–16405 |doi=10.1074/jbc.R117.797399 |pmc=5633103 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
In 1966, Klinman travelled to the Weizmann Institute in Israel to conduct postdoctoral research with Prof. David Samuel.<ref name=":4" /> She worked in the Isotopes Department, which had a large supply of heavy water that could be used for kinetic studies. Klinman's work with Samuel involved understanding the role of divalent metal ions in the hydrolysis of high-energy acyl phosphates.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Klinman|first1=Judith P.|last2=Samuel|first2=David|date=1971-05-01|title=Oxygen-18 studies to determine the position of bond cleavage of acetyl phosphate in the presence of divalent metal ions|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/bi00787a026|journal=Biochemistry|volume=10|issue=11|pages=2126–2131|doi=10.1021/bi00787a026|pmid=4327401 |issn=0006-2960|url-access=subscription}}</ref> While in Israel, Klinman survived the Six-Day War of 1967.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":9" /> She and her then husband, Norman R. Klinman, left Israel in 1967, as her husband was conducting postdoctoral studies at the National Institute for Medical Research in Mill Hill, London.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=TSRI - News & Views, In Memoriam: Norman R. Klinman|url=https://www.scripps.edu/newsandviews/e_20100510/klinman.html|access-date=2021-05-24|website=www.scripps.edu}}</ref> Klinman arranged a nonpaying apprenticeship at University College London (UCL) in the laboratory of Charles A. Vernon, and also took courses in biochemistry at UCL.
Klinman and her husband returned to the United States in 1968, and Klinman took up a position as a postdoctoral associate at the Institute for Cancer Research (ICR), a part of the Fox Chase Cancer Research Institute.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=NSTMF|url=https://www.nationalmedals.org/laureates/judith-klinman|access-date=2020-01-30|website=NSTMF}}</ref> There, she joined the laboratory of Irwin Rose, where she investigated the mechanism of aconitate isomerase, an enzyme that catalyzes the ''cis-trans'' isomerism of aconitate.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Klinman|first1=Judith P.|last2=Rose|first2=Irwin A.|date=1971-06-08|title=Purification and kinetic properties of aconitate isomerase from Pseudomonas putida|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00788a011|journal=Biochemistry|volume=10|issue=12|pages=2253–2259|doi=10.1021/bi00788a011|pmid=5114987 |issn=0006-2960|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Klinman|first1=Judith P.|last2=Rose|first2=Irwin A.|date=1971-06-08|title=Mechanism of the aconitate isomerase reaction|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/bi00788a012|journal=Biochemistry|volume=10|issue=12|pages=2259–2266|doi=10.1021/bi00788a012|pmid=5114988 |issn=0006-2960|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Klinman also studied the stereochemical products of ATP citrate lyase and citrate synthase.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Klinman|first1=Judith P.|last2=Rose|first2=Irwin A.|date=1971-06-08|title=Stereochemistry of the interconversions of citrate and acetate catalyzed by citrate synthase, adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase, and citrate lyase|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00788a013|journal=Biochemistry|volume=10|issue=12|pages=2267–2272|doi=10.1021/bi00788a013|pmid=5165527 |issn=0006-2960|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
== Independent career == In 1972, Klinman was promoted to an independent staff scientist, equivalent to an Assistant Professorship, at the Institute for Cancer Research.<ref name=":9" /> In 1974, she joined the University of Pennsylvania as an Assistant Professor of Biophysics.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|date=2020-01-29|title=Judith P. Klinman Curriculum Vitae|url=http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/jukgrp/klinman_group/CVs/Klinman_CV.pdf|access-date=2020-01-29|website=Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley|archive-date=2018-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206190331/http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/jukgrp/klinman_group/CVs/Klinman_CV.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In 1978, she moved to University of California, Berkeley as an Associate Professor in Chemistry,<ref name=":2" /> the first female faculty member in the physical sciences at UC Berkeley.<ref name="asbmb">{{Cite web|url=http://www.asbmb.org/uploadedfiles/AboutUs/ASBMB_History/Past_Presidents/1990s/1998Klinman.html|title=ASBMB Past Presidents|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713114559/http://www.asbmb.org/uploadedfiles/AboutUs/ASBMB_History/Past_Presidents/1990s/1998Klinman.html|archive-date=2014-07-13|access-date=2017-09-26}}</ref> She is currently the Professor of the Graduate School at the Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology and the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences at the University of California, Berkeley.<ref name=":0" /> She also served the Chancellor's Professor for University of California Berkeley.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details {{!}} NSF - National Science Foundation|url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.jsp?recip_id=5300000000497|access-date=2020-01-30|website=www.nsf.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Judith Klinman {{!}} F1000 Faculty Member {{!}} F1000Prime|url=https://f1000.com/prime/thefaculty/member/7542874937096211|access-date=2020-01-30|website=f1000.com}}</ref> She currently serves as the Professor of the Graduate School.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Judith P. Klinman {{!}} College of Chemistry|url=https://chemistry.berkeley.edu/faculty/chem/klinman|access-date=2020-01-30|website=chemistry.berkeley.edu}}</ref>
Her group has discovered that room temperature hydrogen tunneling occurs among various enzymatic reactions, such as enzymatic C-H cleavage,<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Klinman|first=Judith P.|date=2019|title=Moving Through Barriers in Science and Life|journal=Annual Review of Biochemistry|volume=88|issue=1|pages=1–24|doi=10.1146/annurev-biochem-013118-111217|pmid=31220975|pmc=6956981|doi-access=free}}</ref> and clarified the dynamics of tunneling process through data analysis. They have also discovered the quino-enzymes, a new class of redox cofactors in eukaryotic enzymes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chemistry.berkeley.edu/news/first-women-chemistry-scientists-cal|title=The first women chemistry scientists at Cal - College of Chemistry|website=chemistry.berkeley.edu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208045213/https://chemistry.berkeley.edu/news/first-women-chemistry-scientists-cal|archive-date=2018-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/66187.html|title=Judith Klinman|website=www.nasonline.org|access-date=2020-01-30}}</ref>
==Honors and awards== *1988 Guggenheim Fellowship<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/judith-p-klinman/ |title=Judith P. Klinman |work=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation |access-date=2018-02-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005000/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/judith-p-klinman/ |archive-date=2018-02-07 }}</ref> *1992 and 2003-4 Miller Professorship, University of California, Berkeley.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://miller.berkeley.edu/professorship/members/all-by-name |title=All Miller Professors: By Name |access-date=2015-08-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822022800/http://miller.berkeley.edu/professorship/members/all-by-name |archive-date=2015-08-22 }} </ref>
*1993 Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences<ref name=":6">{{cite web |url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterK.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-07-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055454/http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterK.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 }} </ref>
*1994 Elected to the National Academy of Sciences<ref name=":5">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/66187.html |title=Judith P. Klinman |access-date=2018-02-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005115/http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/66187.html |archive-date=2018-02-07 }} </ref> *1994 Repligen Award for Chemistry of Biological Processes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.divbiolchem.org/content/repligenawardees1.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-07-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717045239/http://www.divbiolchem.org/content/repligenawardees1.pdf |archive-date=2014-07-17 }}</ref> *1995 Alexander M. Cruickshank Lecturer<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2026-02-21 |title=Gordon Research Conferences - Alexander M. Cruickshank Awards |url=http://www.grc.org/amc.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205222016/http://www.grc.org/amc.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-02-05 |website=Gordon Research Conferences}}</ref> *1996 Fellow of the Japanese Ministry of Science<ref name=":1" /> *2000 Honorary Doctorate (F.D.(h.c.)) from the University of Uppsala, Sweden.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uu.se/en/about-uu/traditions/prizes/honorary-doctorates/science-and-technology/|title=Honorary Doctors of the Faculty of Science and Technology - Uppsala University, Sweden|website=www.uu.se|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131646/https://www.uu.se/en/about-uu/traditions/prizes/honorary-doctorates/science-and-technology/|archive-date=2018-02-06}}</ref> *2001 Elected to the American Philosophical Society<ref name=":8">{{cite web|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Judith+Klinman&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|title=APS Member History|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> *2003 David S. Sigman Lectureship Award from UCLA.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mbi.ucla.edu/symposia/sigman-symposium/ |title=Sigman Symposium – Molecular Biology Institute |access-date=2018-02-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131836/http://www.mbi.ucla.edu/symposia/sigman-symposium/ |archive-date=2018-02-06 }} </ref>
*2005 Remsen Award, Maryland Section of the American Chemical Society<ref>{{cite web |url=http://maryland.sites.acs.org/remsenaward.htm |title=Remsen Award - Maryland Section |access-date=2016-09-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005081337/http://maryland.sites.acs.org/remsenaward.htm |archive-date=2016-10-05 }} </ref> *2006 Honorary Doctorate (Sc.D.(h.c.)) from the University of Pennsylvania<ref>{{cite web |url=https://secure.www.upenn.edu/secretary/hondegalph.html#K |title= Honorary Degree Recipients | Penn Secretary|website=secure.www.upenn.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005106/https://secure.www.upenn.edu/secretary/hondegalph.html |archive-date=2018-02-07}}</ref> *2007 Elected to the American Association for the Advancement of Science<ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=https://www.aaas.org/fellow/klinman-judith|title=Klinman, Judith|date=5 August 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206132047/https://www.aaas.org/fellow/klinman-judith|archive-date=6 February 2018|access-date=6 February 2018}}</ref> *2007 Merck Award from the American Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asbmb.org/awards/merck/ |title=ASBMB–Merck Award |access-date=2016-12-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171833/http://www.asbmb.org/awards/merck/ |archive-date=2016-12-29 }} </ref> *2009 Elected to the Royal Society of Chemistry<ref name=":1" /> *2011 Elected to the American Chemical Society<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/funding-and-awards/fellows/list-of-2011-acs-fellows.html|title=2011 ACS Fellows|website=American Chemical Society|language=en|access-date=2020-01-30}}</ref> *2012 A. I. Scott Medal for Excellence in Biological Chemistry Research, Texas A&M University.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chem.tamu.edu/medals+lectureships/scott-medal/A-I-Scott-Medal.php|title=A. I. Scott Medal - Department of Chemistry - Texas A&M University|website=www.chem.tamu.edu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206132030/http://www.chem.tamu.edu/medals+lectureships/scott-medal/A-I-Scott-Medal.php|archive-date=2018-02-06}}</ref> *2014 National Medal of Science.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=132934&org=NSF&from=news|website=nsf.gov|publisher=National Science Foundation (NSF) News|title=President Obama honors nation's top scientists and innovators|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006145824/http://nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=132934&org=NSF&from=news|archive-date=2014-10-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nationalmedals.org/laureates/judith-klinman |title=Judith Klinman |access-date=2016-06-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530164310/http://nationalmedals.org/laureates/judith-klinman |archive-date=2016-05-30 }}</ref> *2015 Mildred Cohn Award in Biological Chemistry from the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asbmb.org/Page.aspx?id=16225|title=Mildred Cohn Award in Biological Chemistry|publisher=American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology|access-date=1 May 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531143002/http://www.asbmb.org/Page.aspx?id=16225|archive-date=31 May 2016}}</ref> *2017 Willard Gibbs Award from the Chicago Section of the American Chemical Society<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chicagoacs.org/meetinginfo.php?id=119|title=2017 Gibbs Awardee, Judith Klinman 'C-H activation, quantum tunneling, and new ways of looking at enzyme catalysis'|website=Chicago Section American Chemical Society|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823162756/http://chicagoacs.org/meetinginfo.php?id=119|archive-date=2017-08-23}}</ref> *2018 Penn Chemistry Distinguished Alumni Award, University of Pennsylvania<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chem.upenn.edu/events/named-lecture-series/distinguished-alumni-award|title=Distinguished Alumni Award {{!}} Department of Chemistry|website=www.chem.upenn.edu|access-date=2020-01-30}}</ref>
== Personal life == Judith Klinman was married to Norman R. Klinman, who later became a Professor of Immunology and Microbial Science at The Scripps Research Institute.<ref name=":10" /> The two met at the University of Pennsylvania, and were married while Klinman was completing her Ph.D.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":9" /> They had two children together, Andrew and Douglas.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":9" /> Andrew was born while Klinman was in graduate school (born 1964–1966), and Douglas when she was a postdoctoral scholar at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel (born in 1967).<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":9" /> She and Norman divorced in 1978, at the time of her laboratory's move to UC Berkeley.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":9" />
Judith Klinman later married Mordechai Mitnick, a grassroots organizer who later established a psychotherapy practice in Oakland.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mannervik|first=Bengt|date=2012-02-24|title=Five Decades with Glutathione and the GSTome|journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry|language=English|volume=287|issue=9|pages=6072–6083|doi=10.1074/jbc.X112.342675|issn=0021-9258|pmid=22247548|pmc=3307307|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mordechai Mitnick|url=http://www.presencetherapy.com/mordechai-mitnick/|access-date=2021-05-24|website=Presence Therapy|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Today|first=Psychology|title=Mordechai Mitnick, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, Oakland, CA, 94618|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/profile/293886|access-date=2021-05-24|website=Psychology Today|language=en-US}}</ref> They raised four children together: Alexandra, Joshua, Andrew, and Douglas.<ref name=":9" />
Klinman has a stepsister, who as of 2002 worked for the Small Business Administration.<ref name=":4" />
== Videos ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_L-9SOEh7s 2012 - National Medals of Science (National Science & Technology Medals Foundation)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5Ua0mmKMPM 2014 - Thriving in Science Lecture: "Not Going It Alone"] * [https://vimeo.com/304615580 2018 - NSF/JHU Quantum Biology and Quantum Processes in Biology Workshop - "Tunneling in Biology"] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MoYkI0mMMog 2020 - Interviewing Eminent Scientists - Prof. Judith Klinman] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTA_R0vxGfM 2022 - G.N. Lewis Lecture - "At the Interface of Quantum and Classical Behavior in Enzyme Catalysis"]
==References== {{Reflist}}
{{Winners of the National Medal of Science|chemistry}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Klinman Judith P.}} Category:1941 births Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni Category:National Medal of Science laureates Category:University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Category:Living people Category:American women biologists Category:20th-century American women biochemists Category:20th-century American biochemists Category:UC Berkeley College of Chemistry faculty Category:Chemists from Pennsylvania Category:21st-century American women biochemists Category:21st-century American biochemists