{{short description|Derogatory, antisemitic term used throughout the Nazi era in Germany and Austria}} '''''Judenklub''''' ({{langx|en|Jew club}}) is a derogatory, antisemitic term used throughout the Nazi era in Germany and Austria, applied to association football clubs with strong Jewish heritage and connections.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} Some of the most prominent clubs referred to in such a way by the Nazis were FC Bayern München (Munich), FK Austria Wien, Eintracht Frankfurt<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.werkstatt-verlag.de/?q=9783895335600|title="Wir waren die Juddebube" Eintracht Frankfurt in der NS-Zeit|website=werkstatt-verlag.de|access-date= 10 June 2016|language=de|trans-title=»We were the Jewish boys« Eintracht Frankfurt during the Nazi era}}</ref> and FSV Frankfurt.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.bisp-surf.de/discovery/Record/PU200306001409|title=Frankfurter Eintracht und FSV: 1933 endet eine "gute Ära" |website= bisp-surf.de|publisher=Bundesinstitut für Sportwissenschaft |access-date= 12 June 2016|language=de|trans-title= Frankfurter Eintracht and FSV: 1933 ended a "good era"|isbn=9783895334078 |year=2003 }}</ref>
In more recent times the term has occasionally also been used in academic literature<ref>{{cite book |last=Oswald |first=Rudolf |date=2021 |editor1-last=Brunssen |editor1-first=Pavel |editor2-last=Schüler-Springorum |editor2-first=Stefanie |title=Football and Discrimination |publisher=Routledge |pages=37–46 |chapter=The image of the “Judenklub” in interwar European soccer |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429341014-5/image-judenklub-interwar-european-soccer-rudolf-oswald |doi=10.4324/9780429341014 |isbn=9780429341014}}</ref> as well as in the German-language press when reporting on antisemitic chants and attacks by rival fan groups on non-German clubs like Tottenham Hotspur, AFC Ajax, RSC Anderlecht, SK Slavia Prague, MTK Budapest FC and KS Cracovia who have a Jewish heritage or connection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://publikative.org/2013/03/06/angegriffene-identitat-der-judenklub-tottenham-hotspur/|title=Angegriffene Identität: der "Judenklub" Tottenham Hotspur|date=6 March 2013|website=publikative.org|publisher=Der Spiegel|access-date=10 June 2016|language=de|trans-title=Attack on identity: the „Judenklub“ Tottenham Hotspur|archive-date=8 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408054537/http://publikative.org/2013/03/06/angegriffene-identitat-der-judenklub-tottenham-hotspur/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fussball-gegen-nazis.de/artikel/antisemitismus-im-fussball|title=Antisemitismus im Fußball|date=28 March 2008|website=fussball-gegen-nazis.de|access-date= 10 June 2016|language=de|trans-title=Antisemitism in football}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.jpr.org.uk/download?id=8592|title=Antisemitisme in België|date=3 March 2018|website=antisemitisme.be|access-date= 5 January 2018|language=nl|trans-title=Antisemitism in Belgium}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/04/sparta-prague-football-derby-slavia-czech-republic-nazi-antisemitism-chants-pavel-stingl-exhibition |title=Racist fans get Jewish history lesson as rival Prague teams clash |date=4 November 2018|newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=9 May 2023|last1= Tait|first1= Robert}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Oswald |first=Rudolf |date=2021 |editor1-last=Brunssen |editor1-first=Pavel |editor2-last=Schüler-Springorum |editor2-first=Stefanie |title=Football and Discrimination |publisher=Routledge |pages=37–46 |chapter=The image of the “Judenklub” in interwar European soccer |doi=10.4324/9780429341014 |isbn=9780429341014}}</ref>
==FC Bayern München (Munich)== FC Bayern München (Munich), founded in the bohemian Munich suburb of Schwabing, had a Jewish leadership before the Nazis rise to power and won their first German championship in 1932 under the direction of a Jewish president and coach. In 1933 president Kurt Landauer, director of the youth department Otto Beer and coach Richard Dombi had to leave the club because of their Jewish background and the club consequently declined, losing a large number of its members. Bayern, far less popular with the Nazis than local rival TSV 1860 München (Munich), had very limited success in the Gauliga Bayern during this era but continued small acts of defiance like the team acknowledging former president Landauer while on a friendly in Switzerland in 1943, where the latter had emigrated to.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.br.de/themen/sport/inhalt/fussball/bundesliga/fc-bayern-muenchen/fc-bayern-muenchen136.html |title= Schwere Zeiten für den "Judenklub"|date=12 August 2015 |website= bpb.de |publisher=Bayerischer Rundfunk |access-date= 10 June 2016|language=de|trans-title=Difficult times for the Jewish club|last1= Rundfunk|first1= Bayerischer}}</ref><ref name="Guardian" >{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/may/12/bayern-munich-anti-nazi-history |title= Bayern Munich embrace anti-Nazi history after 80 years of silence|date=13 May 2012 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date= 10 June 2016|last1= Honigstein|first1= Raphael}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/ausstellung-des-fc-bayern-zwischen-saudi-arabien-und-judenklub-1.2321867 |title= Zwischen Saudi-Arabien und "Judenklub"|date=27 January 2015 |newspaper= Sueddeutsche.de |publisher=Sueddeutsche Zeitung |access-date= 10 June 2016|language=de|trans-title=Between Saudi-Arabia and "Judenklub"|last1= Warmbrunn|first1= Benedikt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/einestages/ungeliebte-vereinsgeschichte-a-948426.html |title= Bayern Münchens jüdischer Meistermacher|date=29 July 2009 |newspaper= Spiegel Online|publisher=Der Spiegel |access-date= 10 June 2016|language=de|trans-title=Bayern Munichs Jewish championship winner|last1= Fischer|first1= Sebastian}}</ref>
For many decades after the end of the Second World War the Jewish past and the events of the Nazi era received little attention from the side of the club until 2011 when the book ''Der FC Bayern und seine Juden'' (FC Bayern and their Jews) was published and renewed interest. Until then the club, for various reasons, had been reluctant to address its own history during the Nazi era.<ref name="Guardian" />
==FK Austria Wien== FK Austria Wien, based in Vienna, had, from its formation, been led and influenced by Jewish citizens. The club experienced little antisemitic behaviour until the ''Anschluss'' of Austria into Nazi Germany in March 1938 but this radically changed from then on. After the ''Anschluss'' Austria was forced to change its name for a time to ''SC Ostmark'', having to evict all its Jewish members and experiencing only limited amount of success in the Gauliga Ostmark during the time. Austria Wien's Jewish president, {{ill|Michl Schwarz|de}}, escaped Nazi Germany like Bayern Munich's Kurt Landauer but had a much more difficult time evading arrest and, like Landauer, led his club once more after the Second World War.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ballesterer.at/heft/weitere-artikel/fussball-unterm-hakenkreuz-1.html|title=Fußball unterm Hakenkreuz|date=10 March 2008|website=ballesterer.at|access-date=10 June 2016|language=de|trans-title=Football under the Swastika|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130220913/http://www.ballesterer.at/heft/weitere-artikel/fussball-unterm-hakenkreuz-1.html|archive-date=30 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==See also== *Antisemitism in the Olympic Games *Jewish Olympics *Muscular Judaism *Superjews, a nickname of the Dutch soccer club AFC Ajax *Yids, a nickname for the English soccer club Tottenham Hotspur F.C. *Club Atlético Atlanta, historic club from Buenos Aires associated with the local Jewish community *List of ethnic sports team and mascot names
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Further reading== * {{Cite book |last1=Schulze-Marmeling |first1=Dietrich |year=2003 |title=Davidstern und Lederball. Die Geschichte der Juden im deutschen und internationalen Fußball |trans-title=Star of David and leather ball: The history of the Jews in German and international football |language=de |location=Hildesheim |publisher=Verlag Die Werkstatt |isbn=978-3895334078 }}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Judenklub}} Category:Antisemitism in Austria Category:Antisemitism in Germany Category:Football in Austria Category:History of football in Germany Category:Pejorative terms Category:Jewish Nazi German history Category:Jewish football clubs Category:Hakoah sport clubs Category:Sports controversies Category:Racism in association football