{{Infobox person | name = Juanillo | death_date = May 1598 | death_place = Guale, Georgia, United States | occupation = Tribal chief of the Native American Tolomato people in the chiefdom of Guale }}
''' Juanillo ''' ({{fl.|1597}} - died May 1598) was a chief of the Native American Tolomato people in the Guale chiefdom, in what is now the US state of Georgia. In September 1597, Juanillo led the so-called Gualean Revolt, or Juanillo's Revolt,<ref name="TuckerArnold2011">{{cite book|author1=Spencer C. Tucker|author2=James R. Arnold|author3=Roberta Wiener|title=The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsM4A0GSO34C|accessdate=13 April 2013|date=30 September 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-697-8|page=954}}</ref> against the cultural oppression of the indigenous population in Florida by the Spanish authorities and the Franciscan missionaries. This was the first and longest-lasting Guale rebellion in ''La Florida'', and ended with the execution of Juanillo by a group of Native American allies of the Spanish, led by Chief Asao.
==Biography== Juanillo was ''mico'', or chieftain, of the Tolomato, and heir to the chiefdom of Guale (clan organization was matrilineal).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eIMcv-E7C0C&pg=PA65|year=1987|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=978-0-8203-1712-0|page=65}}</ref><ref name="Jacobs)2010">{{cite book|author=Four Arrows (Don Trent Jacobs)|title=Unlearning the Language of Conquest: Scholars Expose Anti-Indianism in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRbUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT125|date=1 January 2010|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-77967-9|page=125}}</ref><ref name="Thomas2011">{{cite book|author=David Hurst Thomas|title=St. Catherines: An Island in Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q49RiAwBr2gC&pg=PA13|date=1 April 2011|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=978-0-8203-3967-2|page=13}}</ref> After the arrival of the Spanish colonizers in Florida, some chiefs of the Guale tribe, whose vast territory stretched from the Altamaha River to what is now Port Royal, were concerned about the spread of Christianity. Their grievances under the administration of the Spanish governor, Gonzalo Méndez de Canço, included the Franciscan missionaries forbidding the Indian practices of polygamy, divorce, dancing, games, and tribal wars. These proscriptions weakened his people, according to Juanillo, making them lose their courage and skill.
Juanillo's hatred of the Spanish missionaries was so intense that on the morning of September 13, 1597, his warriors killed the Franciscan Friar Corpa at the Tolomato mission.<ref name="Johansen1999">{{cite book|author=Bruce Elliott Johansen|title=The Encyclopedia of Native American Economic History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIQLMYyfHncC&pg=PA270|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30623-5|page=270}}</ref> Juanillo's men beheaded Corpa and placed his head on a spike. The next day Juanillo called on the chiefs of the other Native American groups who were being expelled from their lands by the Spanish, and incited them to kill missionaries living in the region. The rebellion spread throughout the province of Guale, with most of the missions there attacked by the Indians and five Franciscans killed.<ref name="Francis2011">{{cite journal|author1-link=J. Michael Francis|author1=J. Michael Francis|author2=Kathleen M. Kole|author3=David Hurst Thomas|title=Murder and Martyrdom in Spanish Florida: Don Juan and the Guale uprising of 1597|journal=Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History|date=3 August 2011|volume=95|page=124|doi=10.5531/sp.anth.0095|publisher=American Museum of Natural History|hdl=2246/6123 |doi-access=free|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
News of the rebellion reached St. Augustine in early October. De Canço, who was sick in bed, got up and organized a relief expedition that he led himself.<ref name="Escobedo1963">{{cite book|author=Alonso Gregorio de Escobedo|title=Pirates, Indians and Spaniards: Father Escobedo's La Florida|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4dKAAAAMAAJ&q=%22San%20Pedro%22%20%22Canzo%22|year=1963|publisher=Great Outdoors Publishing Company|page=41}}</ref> The Indians in Guale were burning churches and maiming and killing missionaries. Unable to catch the Indian rebels, de Canço had to content himself with burning their villages and destroying their crops.<ref name="Bushnell 1987">{{cite book|author=Amy Turner Bushnell|editor=David Hurst Thomas|title=Situado and Sabana: Spain's Support System for the Presidio and Mission Provinces of Florida|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eIMcv-E7C0C&pg=PA65|series=Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History: The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, No. 74|volume=68|year=1987|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=978-0-8203-1712-0|pages=65–66}}</ref> He took one prisoner who told him about the death of the friar.
In May 1598, de Canço rescued the only missionary survivor of the Juanillo massacre, Friar Francisco Dávila, who had been enslaved by the Indians in the town of Tulufina,<ref name="Thomas2011"/> not far from Tolomato.<ref name="GYL">Martínez Rivas, José Ramón, García Carbajos, Rogelio; and Estrada Luis, Secundino (1992). ''Historia de una emigración: asturianos a América, 1492-1599'' (in Spanish: History of an emigration: Asturians in Americas). Oviedo.</ref> De Canço's troops suppressed the rebellion, which ended decisively when an expedition of Indian allies of the Spanish, led by the ''mico'' (chief) of Asao, attacked Juanillo's stronghold in the stockaded town of Yfusinique, killing him with 24 of his main supporters.<ref name="Swanton1922">{{cite book|author=John Reed Swanton|author-link=John Reed Swanton|title=Early history of the Creek Indians and their neighbors|url=https://archive.org/details/earlyhistorycre00swangoog|year=1922|publisher=Govt. Print. Off.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/earlyhistorycre00swangoog/page/n112 88]–89}}</ref><ref name="Gallegos1998">{{cite book|author=Eloy J. Gallegos|title=Santa Elena: Spanish Settlements on the Atlantic Seaboard from Florida to Virginia, 1513 to 1607|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YXwjAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Yfusinique%22|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Villagra Press|isbn=978-1-882194-34-6|pages=374–375}}</ref> Their deaths brought a temporary peace to Florida.
==After the revolt== In May 1600, a delegation of Guale chiefs went to St. Augustine to swear obedience to King Philip III in the presence of Governor de Canço.<ref name="Worth1998">{{cite book|author=John E. Worth|title=The Timucuan Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida: Assimilation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kpJXNqqceacC&pg=PA128|year=1998|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=978-0-8130-1574-3|page=128}}</ref> He accepted their submission on certain conditions, above all that they must suppress any uprisings against the Spanish (others sources, however, indicate that the rebellion was actually suppressed by his successor, Pedro de Ibarra, who treated the indigenous peoples with kindness; his approach was successful in brokering the peace essential to the colony's development).<ref>[http://www.euskonews.com/0256zbk/kosmo25602.html Vascos en el descubrimiento, exploración y conquista de La Florida] (Basques in the discovery, exploration and conquest of Florida), by Gorka Rosain Unda.</ref> In 1603, de Canço visited the Guale territory in order to assess the loyalty of the Indians and in order to receive new oaths of allegiance from them.
==References== {{Reflist}}
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Category:1598 deaths Category:16th-century rebels Category:16th-century Native American people Category:People from Spanish Florida Category:People from pre-statehood Georgia (U.S. state) Category:Native American leaders Category:American critics of Christianity