{{Short description|American politician (1862–1929)}} {{for|his son|Joseph Weldon Bailey Jr.}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Joseph W. Bailey | image = Joseph Weldon Bailey.jpg | caption = Joseph Bailey c. 1910 to 1915 | birth_date = {{birth date|1862|10|6}} |jr/sr = United States Senator |state = Texas |term_start = March 4, 1901 |term_end = January 3, 1913 |preceded = Horace Chilton |succeeded = Rienzi M. Johnston |order1 = House Minority Leader |deputy1 = |term_start1 = March 4, 1897 |term_end1 = March 3, 1899 |predecessor1 = ''Office Established'' |successor1 = James D. Richardson |state2 = Texas |district2 = 5th |term_start2= March 4, 1891 |term_end2 = March 3, 1901 |predecessor2= Silas Hare |successor2= Choice B. Randell | birth_name = Joseph Weldon Bailey | birth_place = Crystal Springs, Mississippi, C.S.A. | death_date = {{death date and age|1929|4|13|1862|10|6}} | death_place = Sherman, Texas, U.S. | resting_place=Fairview Cemetery in Gainesville, Texas, U.S. | other_names = | known_for = | occupation = Lawyer and politician | alma_mater=University of Mississippi | party =Democrat }}
'''Joseph Weldon Bailey Sr.''' (October 6, 1862 – April 13, 1929), was a United States senator, member of the U.S. House of Representatives, lawyer, and Bourbon Democrat who was famous for his speeches extolling conservative causes of his time, such as opposition to woman suffrage or restrictions on child labor. He served as a Congressional Representative between 1891 and 1901, and as the House Minority leader from 1897 until 1899. In 1901, he was elected to the Senate, serving until 1913. Historian Elna C. Green says that Bailey "was known in Texas as a rigorous defender of states' rights, constitutional conservatism, and governmental economy. His opponents considered him the symbol of privilege and corruption in government."<ref name=Green>{{cite journal|last1=Green|first1=Elna M.|title=From Antisuffragism to Anti-Communism: The Conservative Career of Ida M. Darden|journal=Journal of Southern History|volume=65|issue=2|date=1999|page=291|doi=10.2307/2587365 |jstor=2587365}}</ref>
== Biography == Born in Crystal Springs in Copiah County outside Jackson, Mississippi, Bailey attended the University of Mississippi at Oxford, where in 1879 he joined the prestigious Delta Psi fraternity (AKA St. Anthony Hall). He graduated with a law degree from Cumberland University in 1883 and was admitted to the bar in Mississippi that same year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TSHA {{!}} Bailey, Joseph Weldon|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/bailey-joseph-weldon|access-date=2022-01-31|website=www.tshaonline.org}}</ref> He moved to Gainesville, Texas, in 1885, where he continued to practice law.
He had been politically active as a Democrat in both Mississippi and his new home and had a reputation as an excellent public speaker who promoted Jeffersonian democracy. He was elected to the House in 1891 and quickly distinguished himself as leading advocate for free silver, which contributed to his election as Minority Leader of the United States House of Representatives in 1897.<ref name="Holcomb1968">{{cite thesis |last=Holcomb |first=Bob Charles |date=June 1968 |title=Senator Joe Bailey, Two Decades of Controversy |publisher=Texas Technical College |page=86}}</ref> He exerted considerable influence on his colleagues, but also struggled to unify his divided caucus.<ref name="Caro1990">{{cite book|last=Caro|first=Robert A.|author-link=Robert Caro|title=The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power|year=1990|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=978-0-679-72945-7|page=47}}</ref> On April 14, 1897, some House Democrats, led by David A. De Armond sought to block a three day adjournment, a maneuver understood as a repudiation of Bailey's cooperative relationship with Republican Speaker Thomas Brackett Reed.{{sfn|Holcomb|1968|p=118}}
Bailey's most severe disappointment as minority leader came in 1898, when he argued that congressmen who had accepted commissions to serve in the army without resigning from Congress had violated the Ineligibility Clause of the Constitution.{{sfn|Holcomb|1968|p=166}} Despite Bailey's advocacy, a majority of Democrats opposed a motion to consider a resolution which would have removed several members from Congress who had simultaneously held commissions during the Spanish–American War.{{sfn|Holcomb|1968|p=166}} The next day, Bailey declared that he would not be a candidate for minority leader in the next Congress.{{sfn|Holcomb|1968|p=166}}
He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1901. His political career was tarnished by an assault against Senator Albert J. Beveridge, an Indiana Republican. Subsequent investigations brought to light suspicious income and financial ties that Bailey had to the burgeoning oil industry. Nevertheless, financial allegations against Bailey in 1906 threatened his reelection to the Senate, a task then the prerogative of the Texas legislature, rather than party voters.<ref name="Caro1990"/> His tenure ended on January 3, 1913 when he resigned his Senate seat.<ref>{{cite web|title=BAILEY, Joseph Weldon, (1862 - 1929)|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000044|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref>
After his defeat by Pat M. Neff in the Democratic gubernatorial primary in 1920, Bailey moved to Dallas to practice law. On April 13, 1929, he died in a courtroom in Sherman, Texas, having just sat down after completing an argument.<ref>{{cite news |title=J. W. Bailey dies trying a lawsuit |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/04/14/95923219.html?pageNumber=29 |access-date=5 January 2023 |work=The New York Times |agency=Associated Press |date=14 April 1929 |pages=29}}</ref>
== References == {{Reflist}}
==Further reading== * Acheson, Sam Hanna. ''Joe Bailey, The Last Democrat'' (New York, 1932) * Gould, Lewis. ''Progressives and Prohibitionists: Texas Democrats in the Wilson Era'' (U of Texas Press, 1973),
== External links == {{Commons category}} * {{CongBio|B000044|name=BAILEY, Joseph Weldon|inline=1}} * {{Handbook of Texas|id=fba10|name=Joseph Weldon Bailey}} * {{cite BDA1906 |wstitle= Bailey, Joseph W. |volume= 1 |page= 184 |short=1}} * {{Find a Grave|7785562}}
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{{s-start}} {{s-par|us-hs}} {{succession box | title=House Minority Leader | before=New Title | after=James D. Richardson<br />Tennessee | years=1897–1899 }} {{US House succession box | state = Texas | district =5 | before = Silas Hare | after = Choice B. Randell | years = 1891–1901 }} {{s-par|us-sen}} {{succession box | title=U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Texas | before=Horace Chilton | after=Rienzi M. Johnston | years=1901–1913 }} {{s-end}}
{{USSenTX}} {{USHouseMinLead}} {{USHouseDemLead}} {{Portalbar|Biography|Mississippi|Texas|Law|Politics}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bailey, Joseph W.}} Category:1862 births Category:1929 deaths Category:Minority leaders of the United States House of Representatives Category:People from Crystal Springs, Mississippi Category:Democratic Party United States senators from Texas Category:People from Gainesville, Texas Category:Politicians from Dallas Category:University of Mississippi alumni Category:Texas lawyers Category:Democratic Party United States representatives from Texas Category:19th-century American lawyers Category:Bourbon Democrats Category:20th-century United States senators Category:19th-century United States representatives