{{Short description|Volcano in British Columbia, Canada}} {{Redirect-multi|2|Edziza|Tenh Dẕetle}} {{Featured article}} {{Use Canadian English|date=December 2024}} {{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}} {{Infobox mountain | name = Mount Edziza | etymology = [[Mount Edziza#Name and etymology|Unclear]] | native_name = {{native name|tht|Tenh Dẕetle}}{{sfn|Government of British Columbia: Conservancy Renamed Ice Mountain, Reflects Tahltan Heritage|2022}} | translation = {{gloss|Ice Mountain}}{{sfn|Government of British Columbia: Conservancy Renamed Ice Mountain, Reflects Tahltan Heritage|2022}} | other_name = Edziza Peak<br />Edziza Mountain | image = Edziza042909-- 113-16.jpg | image_alt = The flat-topped summit of a snow-covered mountain with a rocky and snow-covered cliff in the foreground | image_caption = The ice-filled summit crater of Mount Edziza | elevation_m = 2786 | elevation_ref = {{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=General Information}} | coordinates = {{coord|57|42|55|N|130|38|04|W|type:mountain_region:CA-BC|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref = {{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Mount Edziza}} | map = Canada British Columbia | map_alt = Relief map of British Columbia pinpointing the location of Mount Edziza | map_caption = Location in British Columbia | mapframe = yes | mapframe-caption = Location in [[Mount Edziza Provincial Park]] | mapframe-zoom = 7 | country = [[Canada]]{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=General Information}} | region_type = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]] | region = [[British Columbia]]{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=General Information}} | district = [[Cassiar Land District]]{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Mount Edziza}} | part_type = [[Protected area]] | part = [[Mount Edziza Provincial Park]]{{sfn|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park}} | range = [[Tahltan Highland]]{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}} | topo_maker = [[National Topographic System|NTS]] | topo_map = {{Canada NTS Map Sheet|104|G|10}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Mount Edziza}} | formed_by = [[Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex|Volcanism]]{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=20, 21}} | age = 1.1 [[Megaannum|Ma]] to less than 20 [[Kiloannum|ka]]{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=267}}{{sfn|Souther|1988}} | geology = [[Basalt]], [[trachybasalt]], [[tristanite]], [[mugearite]], [[benmoreite]], [[trachyte]], [[rhyolite]]{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=General Information}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=150}} | volcanic_zone = [[Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province|Northern Cordilleran Province]]{{sfn|Edwards|Russell|2000|p=1284}} | last_eruption = [[Holocene]] age{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=213, 226}} }}
'''Mount Edziza''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|d|ˈ|z|aɪ|z|ə}} {{respell|əd|ZY|zə}}; {{langx|tht|Tenh Dẕetle}} {{IPA|tht|tɛn̥ ˈt͡θɛt͡ɬʰə|}}<!--Source for Tahltan pronunciation: https://www.sfu.ca/~alderete/pubs/aldereteBlenkiron2014_tahltanGrammarSynopsis.pdf-->) is a [[volcano]] in [[Cassiar Land District]] of northwestern [[British Columbia]], Canada. It is about {{Convert|40|km|mi|abbr=off}} southeast of the community of [[Telegraph Creek]] in the middle of the [[Big Raven Plateau]], which is part of the [[Tahltan Highland]]. Mount Edziza has an [[elevation]] of {{Convert|2786|m|ft|abbr=off}}, making it the highest point of the [[Mount Edziza volcanic complex]] and one of the highest [[Volcanism of Canada|volcanoes in Canada]]. However, it had an elevation of at least {{convert|3396|m|ft|abbr=on}} before its formerly cone-shaped summit was likely destroyed by a violent eruption in the geologic past; its current flat summit contains an ice-filled, {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide [[volcanic crater|crater]]. The mountain contains several [[lava dome]]s, [[cinder cone]]s and [[lava field]]s on its flanks, as well as an [[ice cap]] containing several [[Glacier morphology#Outlet glaciers|outlet glaciers]] which extend to lower elevations. All sides of Mount Edziza are drained by [[tributaries]] of [[Mess Creek]] and [[Kakiddi Creek]], which are situated within the [[Stikine River watershed]].
Mount Edziza consists of several types of [[volcanic rock]]s and at least six [[geological formation]]s that formed during six distinct stages of [[volcanic activity]]. The first stage, 1.1 million years ago, produced [[basalt]] flows and a series of [[rhyolite]] and [[trachyte]] domes. Basalt flows and smaller amounts of trachyte, [[tristanite]], [[trachybasalt]], [[benmoreite]] and [[mugearite]] produced during the second stage, about 1 million years ago, comprise [[Ice Peak]], a glacially eroded [[stratovolcano]] forming the south peak of Mount Edziza. The third and fourth stages, 0.9 million years ago, created basalt [[ridge]]s and the central trachyte stratovolcano of Mount Edziza, respectively. Thick trachyte flows, most of which have since eroded away, were issued during the fifth stage 0.3 million years ago. The sixth stage began in the last 20,000 years with the eruption of cinder cones, basalt flows and minor trachyte [[ejecta]]. Renewed [[Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex|volcanism]] could block local streams with lava flows, disrupt air traffic with [[volcanic ash]] and produce floods or [[lahar]]s from melting glacial ice.
[[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous peoples]] have lived adjacent to Mount Edziza for thousands of years. It is a [[sacred mountain]] to the [[Tahltan]] people, who historically used [[volcanic glass]] from it to make tools and weaponry. [[Mineral exploration]] just southeast of Mount Edziza had commenced by the 1950s where [[Gold mining in Canada|gold]], [[Silver mining#Americas|silver]] and other metals were discovered. This mineral exploration was conducted by several [[Mining in Canada|mining companies]] into the early 1990s. Mount Edziza and the surrounding area were made into [[Mount Edziza Provincial Park|a large provincial park]] in the early 1970s to preserve the volcanic landscape. The mountain and provincial park can only be accessed by aircraft or by a network of [[horse trail]]s from surrounding roads.
==Name and etymology== The mountain was labelled ''Edziza Peak'' on [[Geological Survey of Canada]] maps as early as 1926. This name for the mountain was adopted by the [[Geographical Names Board of Canada]] on September 24, 1945, as identified on the 1926 Geological Survey of Canada map sheet 309A. ''Edziza Mountain'' appeared in the 1930 BC Gazetteer, in which the name was erroneously spelled ''Edzia''. On December 3, 1974, the form of name was changed from ''Edziza Peak'' to ''Mount Edziza'' in accordance with a 1927 [[British Columbia Land Surveyors]] report, two [[world aeronautical chart]]s published in 1950, and three British Columbia maps published in 1931, 1933 and 1943. The form of the name was also changed to reflect entrenched local usage and in conformation with [[Mount Edziza Provincial Park]], which was established in 1972.{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Mount Edziza}} To the local [[Tahltan]] people, Mount Edziza is called {{lang|tht|Tenh Dẕetle}}, which translates to {{gloss|Ice Mountain}}.{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Mount Edziza}}{{sfn|Government of British Columbia: Conservancy Renamed Ice Mountain, Reflects Tahltan Heritage|2022}}
A number of explanations have been made regarding the origin of the name ''Edziza''. A 1927 report by J. Davidson of the British Columbia Land Surveyors claims that ''Edziza'' means {{gloss|sand}} in the [[Tahltan language]], referring to the deep [[volcanic ash]] deposits or [[pumice]]-like sand covering large portions of the [[Big Raven Plateau]] around Mount Edziza. According to David Stevenson of [[University of Victoria]]'s Anthropology Department, {{gloss|sand}} or {{gloss|dust}} is instead translated as {{lang|tht|kutlves}} in Tahltan. An explanation listed in the [[BC Parks]] brochure is that ''Edziza'' means {{gloss|cinders}} in the Tahltan language. Another explanation proposed by Canadian [[volcanologist]] [[Jack Souther]] is that ''Edziza'' is a [[Corruption (linguistics)|corruption]] of ''Edzerza'', the name of a local Tahltan family. Obsolete spellings of ''Edziza'' include ''Eddziza'', ''Eddiza'', ''Edidza'', ''Edzia'' and ''Etseza''.{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Mount Edziza}}
==Geography and geomorphology== ===Location and climate=== [[File:Edziza042909-- 074-9.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A flat-topped, snow-covered mountain with snow-covered ridges in the foreground|Mount Edziza from the southeast]] Mount Edziza rises from within the middle of the Big Raven Plateau, a [[barren vegetation|barren]] plateau in [[Cassiar Land District]] bounded on the west by Mess Valley, on the north by [[Klastline River|Klastline Valley]], on the east by Kakiddi Valley and on the south by [[Chakima Creek|Chakima]] and [[Walkout Creek|Walkout]] valleys.{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Mount Edziza}}{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Big Raven Plateau}} It lies at the northern end of the [[Mount Edziza volcanic complex]] which also includes the smaller [[Arctic Lake Plateau|Arctic Lake]] and [[Kitsu Plateau|Kitsu]] plateaus to the south.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=32}} This complex of [[shield volcano]]es, [[stratovolcano]]es, [[lava dome]]s, [[caldera]]s and [[cinder cone]]s forms a broad, [[intermontane plateau]] at the eastern edge of the [[Tahltan Highland]], a southeast-trending [[Upland and lowland|upland]] area extending along the western side of the [[Stikine Plateau]].{{sfn|Souther|1990|p=124}}{{sfn|Holland|1976|pp=49, 50}}
Mount Edziza is in the [[Southern Boreal Plateau Ecosection]] which consists of several upland summits, wide river valleys and deeply incised plateaus.{{sfn|Demarchi|2011|p=146}} It is one of seven ecosections comprising the [[Boreal Mountains and Plateaus Ecoregion]], a large [[ecoregion|ecological region]] of northwestern [[British Columbia]] encompassing high plateaus and rugged mountains with intervening [[lowland]]s.{{sfn|Demarchi|2011|pp=143–147}} [[Boreal forest]]s of [[Picea mariana|black]] and [[Picea glauca|white]] [[spruce]] occur in the lowlands and valley bottoms of this ecoregion whereas [[birch]], spruce and [[willow]] form forests on the mid-slopes. Extensive [[Alpine plant|alpine]] [[altai fescue]] covers the upper slopes, but barren rock is abundant at higher elevations.{{sfn|Demarchi|2011|p=143}}
The region is characterized by warm summers and cold, snowy winters; temperatures are warmest in mid-summer during the day when they may hit the {{Convert|30|C|F|abbr=off}} range. However, temperatures can drop below freezing during summer nights, making snow or freezing rain a possibility at any time of the year.{{sfn|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park}} The closest [[weather station]]s to Mount Edziza are located at [[Telegraph Creek]] and [[Dease Lake]], which lie about {{Convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the northwest and {{Convert|85|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the northeast, respectively.{{sfn|D.R. Piteau and Associates|1988|pp=3, 4}}
===Glaciation=== [[File:Edziza042909-- 085-11.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Snow-covered mountain slope with rock exposers|[[Tennaya Glacier]] covered in snow]] Mount Edziza is covered with snow year-round, containing a {{Convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} long and {{Convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide [[ice cap]] which covers an area of {{convert|70|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=36}}{{sfn|Field|1975|p=43}} Several small [[outlet glacier]]s extending down to elevations of {{Convert|1700|to|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}} drain the ice cap. Outlet glaciers on the western side of the ice cap spread in broad lobes onto the Big Raven Plateau whereas distributary glaciers on the eastern side drape down steep slopes to form discontinuous [[icefall]]s.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=36}}{{sfn|Field|1975|p=43}} The Mount Edziza glacier complex is the only one worthy of note on the Stikine Plateau.{{sfn|Denton|1975|p=663}}
Four outlet glaciers of the ice cap are named, and all have names of Tahltan origin. [[Idiji Glacier]] descends from the eastern side of the ice cap near the [[river source|head]] of [[Tennaya Creek]].{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}} At the head of [[Tenchen Creek]] is [[Tenchen Glacier]], a debris-covered glacier on the eastern side of the ice cap.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Tenchen Glacier}} [[Tencho Glacier]] at the southern end of the ice cap is the largest outlet glacier.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Tencho Glacier}} At the head of Tennaya Creek on the eastern side of the ice cap is [[Tennaya Glacier]].{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Tennaya Glacier}}
As a part of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex, Mount Edziza was covered by a [[Cordilleran ice sheet|regional ice sheet]] during the [[Pleistocene]], which receded and advanced periodically until about 11,000 years ago when [[deglaciation]] was essentially complete in a steadily warming climate.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=18–20, 25}}{{sfn|Wilson|Kelman|2021|p=10}} This warming trend ceased about 2,600 years ago, causing glaciers to advance from Mount Edziza and elsewhere along the volcanic complex as a part of the [[neoglaciation]]. The present trend towards a more moderate climate put an end to the neoglacial period in the 19th century. This has resulted in rapid glacial recession throughout the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. This rapid glacial recession is apparent from the lack of vegetation on the barren, rocky ground between the glaciers and their [[trim line]]s which are up to {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} apart.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=25}}
===Structure=== Mount Edziza has an elevation of {{Convert|2786|m|ft|abbr=on}}, making it the highest point of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=General Information}}{{sfn|Souther|1990|p=124}} It has been considered by some to be the highest or tallest volcano in Canada, but others have given higher elevations of {{convert|2860|and|3160|m|ft|abbr=on}} for the [[Silverthrone Caldera|Silverthrone]] volcanic complex in southwestern British Columbia.{{sfn|Souther|1990|p=138}}{{sfn|Mussio|2018|p=88}}{{sfn|Cannings|Cannings|2014|p=178}}{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Silverthrone|loc=General Information}} The nearly flat summit of Mount Edziza contains a circular [[ridge]] that surrounds an ice-filled, {{convert|2|km|mi|adj=mid|abbr=on}} in diameter [[volcanic crater|crater]].{{sfn|Souther|1990|p=125}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=177}} This ridge is partially exposed above the ice cap as a discontinuous series of spires and serrated [[nunatak]]s. Spires forming the southern end of the ridge are the highest and consist of greenish grey, sparsely [[porphyritic]]{{efn|''Porphyritic'' pertains to the resemblance of [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]] which are magmatic rocks consisting of large crystals in a fine-grained matrix.{{sfn|McGraw Hill|2003|p=271}}}} [[trachyte]]. They comprise well-formed, small diameter rock columns that rise nearly vertically more than {{Convert|90|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the ice cap. Nunataks elsewhere on the summit ridge are more subdued, consisting of [[pyroclastic rock|pyroclastic]] debris that has been glacially reworked.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=175}} The eastern side of the ridge has been breached by active [[cirque]]s where remnants of several [[lava lake]]s are exposed inside the crater.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=125}} Formation of the summit crater was likely caused by a violent eruption at the zenith of the mountain's growth, although it may have also formed during the eruption of the [[Kakiddi Formation]] lava flows or the effusion of voluminous lava during dome construction. Prior to its formation, the summit of the mountain was at least {{convert|610|m|ft|abbr=on}} higher than it is today, having possibly risen as a narrower summit cone truncated with a smaller crater.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=21, 177}}
[[File:Mt Glenora Stikine Valley 17.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A glaciated, flat-topped, gently-sloping mountain shadowed by clouds with a much lower barren mountain in the right foreground|Mount Edziza obscured by clouds]] The central, {{Convert|2786|m|ft|abbr=on}} high edifice of Mount Edziza is a nearly symmetrical stratovolcano, its symmetry having been broken by several steep-sided lava domes.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=General Information}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=175}} Its eastern flank has been eroded by a narrow cirque, which is bounded by near-vertical [[headwall]]s that breach the eastern summit crater rim.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=33}} A system of radial meltwater [[channel (geography)|channels]] has moderately eroded the upper flanks and summit crater rim elsewhere.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=33}} Lesser modification by erosion has taken place on the southern and northwestern flanks of the stratovolcano.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=175}} Along the north side of Tenchen Valley on the eastern flank of the stratovolcano are {{Convert|850|m|ft|abbr=on}} high cliffs exposing explosion [[breccia]]s, trachyte lavas and [[volcanic landslide|landslide]] or [[lahar]] deposits.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=175, 177}} Although Mount Edziza is surrounded by relatively flat terrain of the Big Raven Plateau to the north, west and south, the terrain east of the mountain is characterized by a series of ridges with intervening valleys. Among these ridges are [[Idiji Ridge]] and [[Sorcery Ridge]], which are the namesakes of Idiji Glacier and [[Sorcery Creek]].{{sfn|Souther|1988}}
About {{convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of the summit is [[Ice Peak]], the south peak of Mount Edziza.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Ice Peak}} This prominent [[pyramidal peak|pyramid-shaped horn]] has an elevation of {{convert|2500|m|ft|abbr=on}} and is the [[glacial erosion|glacially eroded]] remains of an older stratovolcano whose northern flank is buried under the younger edifice of Mount Edziza.{{sfn|Souther|1990|p=125}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Ice Peak}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=32, 33}} The southern and western flanks are approximal to those of the original stratovolcano whereas the eastern flank has been almost completely destroyed by headward erosion of glacial valleys.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=33}} At its climax, the stratovolcano had a symmetrical profile and contained a small crater at its summit; the current peak is an erosional remnant etched from the eastern crater rim.{{sfn|Souther|1990|p=125}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=18}}
===Subfeatures=== {{see also|Parasitic cone}} High on the eastern rim of Ice Peak are the glaciated [[Icefall Cone|Icefall]] and [[Ridge Cone|Ridge]] cones, both of which have elevations of about {{Convert|2285|m|ft|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=228}} Punch Cone on the western flank of Ice Peak protrudes through Mount Edziza's ice cap whereas the [[Koosick Bluff|Koosick]] and [[Ornostay Bluff|Ornostay]] bluffs, also on the western flank of Ice Peak, extend westward onto the surrounding Big Raven Plateau.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=24, 25, 155}} The northeastern side of Mount Edziza contains [[The Pyramid (British Columbia)|The Pyramid]], a pyramid-shaped lava dome {{Convert|2199|m|ft|abbr=on}} in elevation.{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: The Pyramid}}{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}} [[Pillow Ridge]] on the northern side of Mount Edziza has an elevation of {{Convert|2400|m|ft|abbr=on}} whereas [[Tsekone Ridge]] northwest of Mount Edziza has an elevation of {{Convert|1920|m|ft|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=165}} High on the western side of Mount Edziza is [[Triangle Dome]], an elliptical lava dome {{Convert|2680|m|ft|abbr=on}} in elevation. [[Glacier Dome]] reaches an elevation of {{Convert|2225|m|ft|abbr=on}} on Mount Edziza's lower northeastern flank.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=181}}
[[File:Big Raven Plateau labelled 2023.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.7|alt=An overhead view of a barren, rocky plateau with a glaciated mountain in the middle|Satellite image of the [[Big Raven Plateau]] showing the locations of Mount Edziza, [[Ice Peak]] and [[Cocoa Crater|Cocoa]] and [[Coffee Crater|Coffee]] craters in the [[Snowshoe Lava Field]]]] A circular lava dome on the southeastern crater rim of Mount Edziza called [[Nanook Dome]] has an elevation of {{Convert|2710|m|ft|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=21}} [[Sphinx Dome]], {{Convert|2380|m|ft|abbr=on}} in elevation, is a partially buried lava dome on the northeastern flank of Mount Edziza.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=134}} Remnants of a volcanic pile called [[Pharaoh Dome]] occur along the eastern flank of Mount Edziza; they lie at an elevation of {{Convert|2200|m|ft|abbr=on}} between Tennaya Creek and Cartoona Ridge.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=135}} [[Cinder Cliff]] is a {{Convert|210|m|ft|abbr=on}} high barrier of [[volcanic rock]]s on the eastern side of Mount Edziza at an elevation of {{Convert|1800|m|ft|abbr=on}} in the north fork of Tenchen Creek.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=26, 226}} [[The Neck (British Columbia)|The Neck]], {{Convert|1830|m|ft|abbr=on}} in elevation, is a circular [[volcanic plug]] on the southeastern flank of Ice Peak.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=154}}
The [[Snowshoe Lava Field]] on the west flank of lce Peak contains at least 12 volcanic cones, a handful of which are named.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=27, 214}} [[Tennena Cone]] is a symmetrical volcanic cone high on the west side of Ice Peak.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=26}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Tennena Cone}} It has an elevation of {{Convert|2350|m|ft|abbr=on}} and is almost completely surrounded by ice.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Tennena Cone}} [[Cocoa Crater]] is the largest cone in the Snowshoe Lava Field and is {{Convert|2117|m|ft|abbr=on}} in elevation.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=232}} To the southeast is [[Coffee Crater]], which has an elevation of {{Convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=214}} [[Keda Cone]], {{Convert|1980|m|ft|abbr=on}} in elevation, lies just south of Coffee Crater on the south side of upper [[Taweh Creek]].{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Keda Cone}} A [[saucer]]-shaped mound of lava called [[The Saucer]] is {{Convert|1920|m|ft|abbr=on}} in elevation and has a diameter of about {{Convert|0.5|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=233}}
The [[Desolation Lava Field]] on the northern flank of Mount Edziza contains at least 10 cinder cones, most of which are clustered near the northern [[trim line]] of Mount Edziza's ice cap.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=26, 213, 214}} [[Sleet Cone]] and [[Storm Cone]] are rounded, mostly soil-covered, conical mounds that reach elevations of {{Convert|1783|m|ft|abbr=on}} and {{Convert|2135|m|ft|abbr=on}}, respectively.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=216, 218, 219}} North of Storm Cone are the [[Triplex Cones]], a group of three eroded circular mounds reaching an elevation of {{Convert|1785|m|ft|abbr=on}}. [[Twin Cone]], {{Convert|1430|m|ft|abbr=on}} in elevation, is a [[pyroclastic cone]] whose southeastern side has been breached.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=219}} [[Moraine Cone]] has an elevation of nearly {{Convert|2135|m|ft|abbr=on}} and has been nearly destroyed by alpine glaciation.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=222}} The northeastern side of Mount Edziza contains [[Williams Cone]], a prominent cinder cone {{Convert|2100|m|ft|abbr=on}} in elevation.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Williams Cone}} [[Eve Cone]], {{Convert|1740|m|ft|abbr=on}} in elevation, is a symmetrical cone between [[Buckley Lake (British Columbia)|Buckley Lake]] and Mount Edziza.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=223}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Eve Cone}} The northernmost cinder cone in the Desolation Lava Field is [[Sidas Cone]], which consists of two symmetrical halves and reaches an elevation of {{Convert|1540|m|ft|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=27, 214}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Sidas Cone}}
===Drainage=== [[File:Edziza042909-- 040-7.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A rocky canyon cut into a snow-covered plateau|[[Sezill Creek]] canyon on the western side of the [[Big Raven Plateau]] with Mount Edziza in the background]] Mount Edziza is drained on all sides by streams within the [[Stikine River watershed]].{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=33}} [[Elwyn Creek]] is a westward-flowing stream originating from the northwestern flank of Mount Edziza.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Elwyn Creek}} It contains one named [[tributary]], [[Kadeya Creek]], which flows northwest from Mount Edziza.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Kadeya Creek}} [[Sezill Creek]] is a westward-flowing stream originating from the western flank of Mount Edziza.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Sezill Creek}} It is a tributary of Taweh Creek which flows northwest from just south of Mount Edziza.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Taweh Creek}} Elwyn Creek and Taweh Creek are tributaries of [[Mess Creek]], which flows northwestward into the Stikine River.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Mess Creek}}
[[Tsecha Creek]] is a northeast-flowing stream originating from the northern flank of Mount Edziza.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}} [[Nido Creek]] flows northeastward from the eastern side of Mount Edziza into [[Nuttlude Lake]].{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Nido Creek}} Flowing from the eastern flank of Mount Edziza just southeast of The Pyramid is Tenchen Creek.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}} [[Shaman Creek]] flows east and north into [[Kakiddi Lake]] from the southern flank of Mount Edziza.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Shaman Creek}} Tennaya Creek flows northeastward from the eastern side of Mount Edziza into Nuttlude Lake.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Tennaya Creek}} All five streams are tributaries of [[Kakiddi Creek]], a north-flowing tributary of the [[Klastline River]] which flows north into the Stikine River.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Klastline River}}
==Geology== ===Background=== Mount Edziza is part of the [[Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province]], a broad area of shield volcanoes, lava domes, cinder cones and stratovolcanoes extending from northwestern British Columbia northwards through [[Yukon]] into easternmost [[Alaska]].{{sfn|Edwards|Russell|2000|pp=1280, 1281, 1283, 1284}} The dominant rocks comprising these volcanoes are [[alkali basalt]]s and [[hawaiite]]s, but [[nephelinite]], [[basanite]] and [[peralkaline rock|peralkaline]]{{efn|''Peralkaline rocks'' are magmatic rocks that have a higher ratio of sodium and potassium to aluminum.{{sfn|McGraw Hill|2003|p=253}}}} [[phonolite]], trachyte and [[comendite]] are locally abundant. These rocks were deposited by volcanic eruptions from 20 million years ago to as recently as a few hundred years ago. Volcanism in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province is thought to be due to [[rift]]ing of the [[North American Cordillera]], driven by changes in relative [[plate tectonics|plate motion]] between the [[North American Plate|North American]] and [[Pacific Plate|Pacific]] plates.{{sfn|Edwards|Russell|2000|p=1280}}
===Composition=== [[File:Mount Edziza from Mount Glenora2.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A glaciated, flat-topped, gently-sloping mountain shadowed by clouds with a much lower barren mountain in the right foreground|Mount Edziza from the northwest]] A wide variety of volcanic rocks comprise Mount Edziza, the main [[mafic]]{{efn|''Mafic'' pertains to magmatic rocks that are relatively rich in [[iron]] and [[magnesium]], relative to [[silicium]].{{sfn|Pinti|2011|p=938}}}} rock being [[basalt]] which comprises lava flows, cinder cones and ash [[bed (geology)|beds]] on the flanks of the mountain.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=General Information}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=213, 226, 228}} Basalt at Mount Edziza is in the form of alkali basalt and hawaiite; the latter is thought to be the product of partial [[Fractional crystallization (geology)|fractional crystallization]]{{efn|''Fractional crystallization'' is the process by which magma cools and separates into various minerals.{{sfn|McGraw Hill|2003|p=126}}}} in subterranean [[magma chamber]]s.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=213}}{{sfn|Souther|Hickson|1984|p=79}} Volcanic rocks of [[intermediate composition]] such as [[trachybasalt]], [[tristanite]], [[mugearite]] and [[benmoreite]] are restricted to Ice Peak where they form the upper part of this subsidiary peak.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=1, 145, 150}} Ice Peak is the only location where mugearites and benmoreites are found in the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=267}} [[Felsic]]{{efn|''Felsic'' pertains to magmatic rocks that are enriched with [[silicon]], oxygen, aluminum, sodium and potassium.{{sfn|Pinti|2011|p=938}}}} volcanic rocks such as trachyte and [[rhyolite]] form the central stratovolcano of Mount Edziza, the upper part of Ice Peak and several lava domes and flows, as well as pyroclastic rocks.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=129, 150, 175, 179, 181}}
===Stratigraphy=== Mount Edziza is subdivided into at least six [[geological formation]]s, each the product of a distinct stage of volcanic activity.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=2, 246}} These periods of volcanic activity occurred during four magmatic cycles of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex; each cycle began with the effusion of alkali basalt and culminated with the eruption of lesser volumes of felsic magma.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=1, 267, 276}} The oldest geological formation comprising Mount Edziza is the [[Pyramid Formation (British Columbia)|Pyramid Formation]], which formed during a period of volcanic activity 1.1 million years ago at the end of the [[Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex#Second magmatic cycle|second magmatic cycle]].{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=267}} Another period of volcanic activity about 1 million years ago during the start of the [[Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex#Third magmatic cycle|third magmatic cycle]] deposited the [[Ice Peak Formation]] on the southern part of the Pyramid Formation.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=145, 267}} The third and fourth oldest geological formations comprising Mount Edziza are the Pillow Ridge and [[Edziza Formation|Edziza]] formations, which were deposited by volcanic eruptions 0.9 million years ago during the later stages of the third magmatic cycle; they both overlie the Ice Peak Formation.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=246, 247, 267}} A period of volcanic activity at the end of the [[Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex#Fourth magmatic cycle|fourth magmatic cycle]] 0.3 million years ago deposited the Kakiddi Formation, the fifth oldest geological formation comprising Mount Edziza which also overlies the Ice Peak Formation.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=207, 267}} The youngest geological formation is the [[Big Raven Formation]], which was formed by a period of volcanic activity during the [[Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex#Fifth magmatic cycle|fifth magmatic cycle]] in the last 20,000 years.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=246, 267}}
====Pyramid Formation==== {{main|Pyramid Formation (British Columbia)}} [[File:The Pyramid.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A snow-covered, pyramid-shaped mountain peak in a snow-covered, mountainous landscape|[[The Pyramid (British Columbia)|The Pyramid]] on the northeastern flank of Mount Edziza]] The Pyramid Formation is exposed along the deeply eroded eastern flank of Mount Edziza where rhyolite and trachyte flows, domes and pyroclastic rocks of this formation comprise ridges and prominent cliffs. A basaltic lava flow sequence up to {{convert|65|m|ft|abbr=on}} thick overlies the basal trachytic [[pyroclastic surge|surge]] deposit of the Pyramid Formation; it is included as a part of this formation due to it being coeval with the early stages of Pyramid felsic volcanism.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=129}} [[Potassium–argon dating]] of the Pyramid Formation has yielded ages of 1.2 ± 0.4 million years and 1.2 ± 0.03 million years from comenditic [[volcanic glass|glass]], as well as 0.94 ± 0.12 million years and 0.94 ± 0.05 million years from trachyte.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=248, 249}}
The Pyramid Formation includes Sphinx Dome, Pharaoh Dome and The Pyramid which were the main sources of the rhyolites and trachytes of this geological formation.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=129}} The Pyramid is a prominent trachyte dome whose structure has not been greatly modified by erosion, nor has it been buried under younger lavas.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=132}} In contrast, much of the southern edge of Sphinx Dome has been destroyed by headward erosion of Cook Creek; the western half of this rhyolite dome is also buried under trachyte of the Edziza Formation.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=134}} From Cartoona Ridge north to Tennaya Creek are isolated remnants of Pharaoh Dome, the main mass of which comprises flow-layered rhyolite and is buried under basalt of the Ice Peak Formation.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=135, 136}}
====Ice Peak Formation==== The Ice Peak Formation consists of lava and pyroclastic rocks that originated mainly from Ice Peak about {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of the summit of Mount Edziza.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=145, 150}} Two [[stratigraphic unit]]s comprise this once symmetrical stratovolcano, both of which are [[lithologically]] distinct.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=145}} The lower stratigraphic unit, which forms much of the volcanic pile, is an assemblage of mostly thin basalt flows. Lavas of intermediate composition such as tristanite, trachybasalt and mugearite are very limited in extent.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=147}} The upper stratigraphic unit is a highly varied succession of lavas and pyroclastic rocks forming the high, central edifice of Ice Peak.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=145, 150}} It consists of basalt, trachyte and a variety of intermediate rocks such as tristanite, trachybasalt, benmoreite and mugearite.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=150}}
[[File:Edziza042909-- 066-15.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A snow-covered plateau with four small cone-shaped mounds in the foreground and a much larger flat-topped mountain in the background|Mount Edziza as seen from the south end of the Big Raven Plateau. Ice Peak is at upper right centre while Mount Edziza itself is at upper centre.]] The Ice Peak Formation also includes the Koosick and Ornostay bluffs, both of which are thick lobes of trachyte that originated under the summit ice cap. Both bluffs are similar in [[geomorphology]] and composition, consisting of several lava flows up to {{convert|75|m|ft|abbr=on}} thick.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=155}}{{sfn|Lamoreaux et al.|2006}} The Neck, which forms a prominent {{convert|215|m|ft|abbr=on}} high [[wikt:buttress|buttress]] on Sorcery Ridge, is also part of the Ice Peak Formation. Potassium–argon dating of [[pantelleritic]] trachyte from the Ice Peak Formation has yielded ages of 1.6 ± 0.2 million years, 1.5 ± 0.4 million years and 1.5 ± 0.1 million years.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=154}} These dates being older than those of the Pyramid Formation may be due to excess [[argon]] in the Ice Peak Formation; therefore the dates are considered unreliable.{{sfn|Government of Canada: Ice Peak Formation}}{{sfn|Spooner et al.|1995|p=2047}}
Ice Peak Formation basalt flows on the northwestern flank of Mount Edziza are [[interbedded]] with [[diamictite]]s recording a regional glaciation that occurred during the [[Early Pleistocene]].{{sfn|Spooner et al.|1995|p=2046}} The lowermost basalt flow contains basal [[pillow lava|pillows]], directly overlies [[hyaloclastite]]s and is brecciated and deformed, suggesting that it may have been extruded onto a glacier or an [[ice sheet]].{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=18}}{{sfn|Spooner et al.|1995|p=2046}} Its extrusion onto glacial ice is also evident due to the lack of [[fluvial]] and [[lacustrine deposits|lacustrine]] sediments at the base of the basalt flow which suggests that it did not extrude into lakes or streams.{{sfn|Spooner et al.|1995|p=2046}} The steep sides and unusually large thicknesses of the trachyte flows comprising Koosick and Ornostay bluffs is attributed to them having been extruded through glacial ice.{{sfn|Smellie|Edwards|2016|p=43}}
====Pillow Ridge Formation==== The Pillow Ridge Formation is restricted to Pillow Ridge and Tsekone Ridge on Mount Edziza's northwestern flank, both of which are [[glaciovolcanic]] in origin.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=165}}{{sfn|Lloyd et al.|2006}} Pillow Ridge is a nearly {{convert|4|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, northwesterly-trending ridge of basaltic pillow lava, pillow breccia, [[tuff breccia]] and [[dike (geology)|dikes]].{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=165}} Its upper surface is sparsely covered by trachyte of the Edziza Formation whereas the western edge of the ridge overlaps with a large flow of Edziza trachyte.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=171}} Tsekone Ridge is an isolated volcanic pile adjacent to Pillow Ridge consisting of basaltic pillow lava and tuff breccia that has been cut by vertical north-trending [[feeder dike]]s.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=165, 172}} This ridge is elliptical in structure, containing a nearly {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, north–south trending axis.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=165}} Nearly surrounding Tsekone Ridge are trachyte flows of the Edziza Formation which is slightly younger than the Pillow Ridge Formation.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=21, 250}}
[[Fission track dating]] of [[apatite]] from partially fused [[granitic]] [[xenolith]]s{{efn|''Xenoliths'' are rock fragments that become enveloped in a larger mass of originally molten rock.{{sfn|McGraw Hill|2003|p=399}}}} in contaminated Pillow Ridge Formation basalt has yielded ages of 0.9 ± 0.3 million years and 0.8 ± 0.25 million years.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=28, 250}} In contrast, potassium–argon dating has yielded an anomalously old age of 5.9 ± 0.9 million years which is inconsistent with the ages of the underlying and overlying formations. This date being much older than the fission track dates most likely results from contamination and introduction of excess argon from the partially fused granitic and [[gneissic]] xenoliths in Pillow Ridge Formation basalt.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=250}}
====Edziza Formation==== {{main|Edziza Formation}} [[File:Mt Glenora Stikine Valley 20.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A glaciated, flat-topped, gently-sloping mountain with a much lower barren mountain in the right foreground|Mount Edziza from the northwest]] The Edziza Formation consists mainly of trachyte that straddles the pantelleritic trachyte and comenditic trachyte boundary.{{sfn|Souther|Armstrong|Harakal|1984|p=346}} It includes the central stratovolcano of Mount Edziza, as well as several satellitic features on its summit and flanks.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=175, 177, 179, 181}} Inside the summit crater of the stratovolcano is a succession of at least four lava lakes exposed in the breached eastern crater rim.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=125}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=185}} They are represented by at least four cooling units, the lower two of which are about {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} thick.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=185}} The two upper cooling units reach thicknesses of about {{convert|90|m|ft|abbr=on}} and may have originated from Nanook Dome, the largest of three lava domes consisting of Edziza Formation trachyte.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=179, 185}} Nanook Dome is about {{convert|750|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter whose structure appears to be nearly identical to its original form.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=179}} The other two Edziza Formation trachyte domes, Glacier Dome and Triangle Dome, are elliptical in structure and contain concentric flow layering.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=181}} Potassium–argon dating of pantelleritic trachyte or comenditic trachyte from the Edziza Formation has yielded an age of 0.9 ± 0.3 million years.{{sfn|Souther|Armstrong|Harakal|1984|p=346}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=248}}
====Kakiddi Formation==== The Kakiddi Formation consists of the remains of thick trachyte flows and associated pyroclastic rocks. They are lithologically and geomorphologically similar to Edziza Formation trachytes, but occur south of the central stratovolcano of Mount Edziza. The remains of a nearly {{Convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide, rubble-covered trachyte flow are present on the eastern flank of Ice Peak in Sorcery Valley and in the south fork of Tennaya Valley where it is divided into two tributary branches. In Kakiddi Valley, the lava flow appears to have spread out to form a once continuous, terminal lobe at least {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide. Remnants of this terminal lobe are present in the form of isolated [[outcrop]]s adjacent to Kakiddi Lake and Nuttlude Lake.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=207}} The source of this Kakiddi flow remains unknown, but the tributary branch that descended Tennaya Valley probably originated from a vent near the summit of Ice Peak that is now covered by glaciers.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=24}} Another plausible source is Nanook Dome on the southeastern crater rim of Mount Edziza.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=21, 24}} A relatively small trachyte flow descended from Punch Cone on the western flank of Ice Peak and spread onto the Big Raven Plateau.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=24, 25}} Potassium–argon dating of the Kakiddi Formation has yielded ages of 0.31 ± 0.07 million years from mugearite, as well as 0.30 ± 0.02 million years, 0.29 ± 0.02 million years and 0.28 ± 0.02 million years from trachyte.{{sfn|Souther|Armstrong|Harakal|1984|p=341}}
====Big Raven Formation==== {{main|Big Raven Formation}} [[File:Tennena Cone.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A black cone-shaped mountain rising over glacial ice in the foreground|[[Tennena Cone]] is part of the Snowshoe Lava Field.]] The Big Raven Formation includes the Desolation Lava Field, the Snowshoe Lava Field, Icefall Cone, Ridge Cone, Cinder Cliff and the [[Sheep Track Member]].{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=26–28, 226, 228}} All of these features consist of alkali basalt and hawaiite with the exception of the Sheep Track Member which comprises a small volume of trachyte pumice.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=213}} Some of the lava flows comprising the Desolation Lava Field issued from vents adjacent to the northern trim line of the summit ice cap where meltwater interacted with the erupting lava to form [[tuff ring]]s. These tuff rings, composed of quenched breccia, later transitioned into normal [[subaerial]] cinder cones as the progressing eruptions displaced ice and meltwater.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=26}} The Snowshoe Lava Field contains [[subglacial volcano|subglacial]] and subaerial cones, as well as transitional cones which consist of both [[wikt:subaqueous|subaqueous]] and subaerial [[ejecta]].{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=229, 231}}
Eruptions on the heavily eroded eastern flank of Mount Edziza created Icefall Cone, Ridge Cone and Cinder Cliff which comprise a separate volcanic zone called the east slope centres.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=226, 228}} The Sheep Track Member is the product of an [[explosive eruption]] that originated from the southwestern flank of Ice Peak.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=27, 28}} It was deposited on all lava flows and cinder cones in the Snowshoe Lava Field with the exception of The Saucer which likely postdates the Sheep Track eruption. The source of the Sheep Track pumice is unknown, but it probably originated from a vent hidden under Tencho Glacier.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=237}} [[Holocene]] in age, the Big Raven Formation has yielded dates of 6520 BCE ± 200 years, 750 BCE ± 100 years, 610 CE ± 150 years and 950 CE ± 6000 years.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=General Information and Eruptive History}}
===Basement=== Underlying the aforementioned geological formations is the [[Tenchen Member]] of the [[Nido Formation]], one of many stratigraphic units forming the Big Raven Plateau. Basalt flows and pyroclastic rocks of this [[Pliocene]] [[geological member]] are exposed north of [[Raspberry Pass]] on the eastern and western flanks of Mount Edziza.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=93}} Much of the Tenchen Member as well as the southern edge of the Ice Peak volcanic pile are underlain by the [[Armadillo Formation]] which consists of [[Miocene]] comendite, trachyte and alkali basalt.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=145, 267}} Most of Mount Edziza is also underlain by Miocene basalt flows of the [[Raspberry Formation]] which form the base of prominent [[escarpment]]s east and west of the mountain.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=3, 4, 47}} These geological formations are underlain by the [[Stikinia terrane]], a [[Paleozoic]] and [[Mesozoic]] [[suite (geology)|suite]] of volcanic and [[sedimentary rock|sedimentary]] rocks that [[Accretion (geology)|accreted]]{{efn|''Accretion'' is the process by which [[terrane]]s are added to a continent, resulting in continental growth.{{sfn|McGraw Hill|2003|p=3}}}} to the [[continental margin]] of North America during the [[Jurassic]].{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=39}}{{sfn|Edwards|Russell|2000|pp=1281, 1287}}
===Hazards and monitoring=== [[File:Edziza042909-- 006-15.jpg|thumb|alt=A partially snow-covered plateau with mountains in the background|[[Lava flow]] from [[Williams Cone]] on the northeastern flank of Mount Edziza]]
A [[Natural Resources Canada]] report published in 2021 considers Mount Edziza a high threat volcano because it has had the highest eruption rate in Canada throughout the Holocene. However, its extremely remote location makes it less [[volcanic hazard|hazardous]] than Mounts [[Mount Garibaldi|Garibaldi]], [[Mount Price (British Columbia)|Price]], [[Mount Cayley|Cayley]] and [[Mount Meager massif|Meager]] in southwestern British Columbia.{{sfn|Wilson|Kelman|2021|pp=8, 29, 33}} The hazard rating of Mount Edziza is similar to that of [[Mount Churchill]] in the U.S. state of Alaska, which deposited the [[White River Ash]] across northwestern Canada in the last 2,000 years.{{sfn|Wilson|Kelman|2021|p=35}}{{sfn|Natural Resources Canada: Mount Churchill}} Lava flows are a potential hazard at Mount Edziza as they have formerly [[volcanic dam#Lava dam|dammed]] local streams.{{sfn|Natural Resources Canada: Mount Edziza}} Another potential hazard is the ignition of wildfires by eruptions since the surrounding area contains vegetation.{{sfn|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park}}{{sfn|Natural Resources Canada: Mount Edziza}} An eruption under the ice cap could produce floods or lahars that may flow into the Stikine or [[Iskut River|Iskut]] rivers, potentially destroying [[salmon run]]s and threatening river bank villages.{{sfn|Natural Resources Canada: Volcanic Hazards}}{{sfn|Edwards|2010}}
Mount Edziza trachyte and rhyolite have [[silica]]-rich compositions that are comparable to those associated with the most powerful eruptions around the world; parts of northwestern Canada could be affected by an [[ash column]] if an explosive eruption were to happen from the volcano.{{sfn|Natural Resources Canada: Mount Edziza}} Ash columns can drift for thousands of kilometres downwind and often become increasingly spread out over a larger area with increasing distance from an erupting vent.{{sfn|United States Geological Survey: Eruption Column}} Mount Edziza lies under a major [[air route]] from [[Vancouver]], British Columbia to [[Whitehorse]], Yukon, suggesting that the volcano poses a potential threat to air traffic.{{sfn|Natural Resources Canada: Volcanic Hazards}} Volcanic ash reduces visibility and can cause jet engine failure, as well as damage to other aircraft systems.{{sfn|Neal et al.|2004}}
Like other volcanoes in Canada, Mount Edziza is not [[prediction of volcanic activity|monitored]] closely enough by the Geological Survey of Canada to ascertain its activity level. The [[Canadian National Seismograph Network]] has been established to [[Earthquake prediction|monitor earthquakes]] throughout Canada, but it is too far away to provide an accurate indication of activity under the mountain. It may sense an increase in seismic activity if Mount Edziza becomes highly restless, but this may only provide a warning for a large eruption; the system might detect activity only once the volcano has started erupting.{{sfn|Natural Resources Canada: Monitoring Volcanoes}} If Mount Edziza were to erupt, mechanisms exist to orchestrate relief efforts. The [[Interagency Volcanic Event Notification Plan]] was created to outline the notification procedure of some of the main agencies that would respond to an erupting volcano in Canada, an eruption close to the [[Canada–United States border]] or any eruption that would affect Canada.{{sfn|Natural Resources Canada: Interagency Volcanic Event Notification Plan}}
==Human history== ===Indigenous peoples=== Mount Edziza lies within the traditional territory of the Tahltan people which covers an area of more than {{Convert|93500|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Markey|Halseth|Manson|2012|p=242}} Historically, Mount Edziza and other volcanoes of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex were sources of [[obsidian]] for the Tahltan people.{{sfn|Reimer|2015|pp=418, 419}} This volcanic glass was used in the manufacturing of projectile points and cutting blades which were widely traded throughout the [[Pacific Northwest]].{{sfn|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park}} Artifacts made of [[Edziza obsidian]] have been recovered from [[archaeological site]]s over an area of more than {{Convert|2200000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} across Alaska, [[Alberta]], Yukon and the [[British Columbia Coast]], making it the most widely distributed obsidian in western North America. The [[Hidden Falls (Baranof Island, Alaska)|Hidden Falls archaeological site]] in Alaska has yielded a [[obsidian hydration dating|hydration date]] of 10,000 years for Edziza obsidian, suggesting that the area was being exploited as an obsidian source soon after ice sheets of the [[Last Glacial Period]] retreated.{{sfn|Millennia Research Ltd.|1998|pp=44, 46}}
[[File:Tahltan dancers.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A black-and-white photo of six indigenous people in front of a log cabin|Mount Edziza is sacred to the local [[Tahltan]] people.]]
Two obsidian flows of the Pyramid Formation occur on The Pyramid and are exposed as two outcrops; they were quarried as evidenced by the occurrence of this obsidian in at least five [[archaeological site]]s outside of Tahltan territory. The Ice Peak Formation contains two obsidian flows on Sorcery Ridge that were also exploited as an obsidian source.{{sfn|Reimer|2015|pp=419, 420, 425}} Sorcery Ridge obsidian occurs in at least two archaeological sites outside of Tahltan territory.{{sfn|Reimer|2015|p=425}}
In or before 1974, two Tahltan men named Johnny Edzerza and [[Hank Williams (Tahltan man)|Hank Williams]] were killed in an [[avalanche]] while they were crossing the mountain. Edzerza was buried on Mount Edziza, but his surname was erroneously spelled "Edzertza" on his grave marker.{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Mount Edziza}} Williams Cone on the northeastern side of Mount Edziza was named in honour of Hank Williams whereas Eve Cone between Mount Edziza and Buckley Lake was named in honour of Johnny Edzerza's wife, Eve Brown Edzerza.{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Williams Cone}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Eve Cone}}
Mount Edziza continues to be an important cultural resource for the Tahltan people. In 2021, Chad Norman Day, president of the Tahltan Central Government, said "Mount Edziza and the surrounding area has always been sacred to the Tahltan Nation. The obsidian from this portion of our territory provided us with weaponry, tools and trading goods that ensured our Tahltan people could thrive for thousands of years."{{sfn|Government of British Columbia: Tahltan Land to be Protected in Partnership with Conservation Organizations, Industry and Province}}
===Mineral exploration=== [[File:EdzizaTopo.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A yellow and green map with contour lines depicting a mountainous environment|[[Topographic map]] with [[Mount Edziza Provincial Park]] in green]]
Just southeast of Mount Edziza was an area once known as the Spectrum property, a block of [[mineral rights|mineral claims]] that covered [[quartz]], [[pyrite]] and [[chalcopyrite]] [[mineralization (geology)|mineralization]] in fractured sedimentary and volcanic rocks of [[Late Triassic]] age.{{sfn|Wojdak|1993|p=3}}{{sfn|Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources}} Commodities on the property included [[copper]], [[gold]], [[lead]], [[silver]] and [[zinc]].{{sfn|Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources}} [[Mineral exploration]] on the Spectrum property began as early as 1957 when Torbit Silver Mines performed surface work on the gold-bearing Hawk [[vein (geology)|vein]]. This was followed by drilling of the Hawk vein by Shawnigan Mining and Smelting in 1967. Exploration by Mitsui Mining and Smelting in 1970 involved [[geophysical survey|geophysical]] and geochemical surveying. From 1971 to 1973, [[Imperial Oil]] conducted geophysical, [[geological survey|geological]] and geochemical surveying, as well as {{Convert|463|m|ft|abbr=on}} of drilling in four holes.{{sfn|Wojdak|1993|p=3}}
Between 1976 and 1981, geochemical and geological surveys were conducted on the Spectrum property by Consolidated Silver Ridge Mines and Newhawk Mines. Consolidated Silver Ridge Mines built an [[airstrip]] and carried out {{Convert|3232|m|ft|abbr=on}} of drilling in 28 holes during this time. Newhawk Mines constructed an access road and {{Convert|313|m|ft|abbr=on}} of [[Underground hard-rock mining|underground development]] on the Hawk vein. Further geochemical and geological surveying was performed by Moongold Resources from 1987 to 1989. Mineral exploration conducted by Columbia Gold Mines from 1990 to 1992 consisted of rock sampling, trenching and {{Convert|7066|m|ft|abbr=on}} of drilling in 50 holes.{{sfn|Wojdak|1993|p=3}}
===Protected areas=== Mount Edziza and the surrounding area was designated as a [[provincial park]] in 1972 to preserve the volcanic landscape; a {{Convert|101171|ha|acre|abbr=off}} [[recreation area]] surrounding the {{Convert|132000|ha|acre|abbr=on}} park was also established in 1972.{{sfn|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park}}{{sfn|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Recreational Area}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Mount Edziza Park}} In 1989, Mount Edziza Provincial Park roughly doubled in size when {{Convert|96,770|ha|acre|abbr=on}} was annexed from the [[Mount Edziza Recreation Area]].{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Mount Edziza Park}} With this annexation, the recreation area was greatly reduced in size to around {{Convert|4000|ha|acre|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Recreational Area}} This remnant of the recreation area was east of Mount Edziza until 2003 when it was disestablished.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Recreational Area}} Mount Edziza Provincial Park now covers an area of {{Convert|266180|ha|acre|abbr=on}}, making it one of the largest [[provincial parks in British Columbia]].{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Photo Gallery}}
In 2021, an approximately {{Convert|3528|ha|acre|adj=mid|abbr=on}} [[conservation area]] called the [[Mount Edziza Conservancy]] was established east of Mount Edziza along the eastern border of Mount Edziza Provincial Park.{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Tenh Dzetle Conservancy}} It was established in collaboration with Skeena Resources, [[BC Parks]], the Tahltan Central Government and the [[Nature Conservancy of Canada]] after Skeena Resources returned their mineral tenures on the Spectrum property.{{sfn|Skeena Resources|p=13}} The name of this conservation area was changed to the Tenh Dẕetle Conservancy in 2022 to better reflect the culture, history and tradition of the [[Tahltan First Nation]].{{sfn|Government of British Columbia: Conservancy Renamed Ice Mountain, Reflects Tahltan Heritage|2022}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Tenh Dzetle Conservancy}}
==Accessibility== [[File:Mount Edziza from Mount Glenora.jpg|thumb|alt=A glaciated, flat-topped, gently-sloping mountain with a much lower barren mountain in the right foreground|Mount Edziza as seen from Mount Glenora]]
Mount Edziza lies in a remote location that is accessible only during summer and early autumn.{{sfn|Reimer|2015|p=418}} There is no established road access to the mountain, although the [[Stewart–Cassiar Highway]] to the east and the Telegraph Creek Road to the northwest both come within {{Convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} of Mount Edziza.{{sfn|Mussio|2018|pp=88, 89}}{{sfn|Souther|1990|p=126}} Extending from these roads are [[horse trail]]s that provide access to the mountain.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=31}} From Telegraph Creek, the Buckley Lake Trail extends about {{Convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast along Mess Creek and Three Mile Lake. It then traverses about {{Convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast along Dagaichess Creek and Stinking Lake to the northeastern end of Buckley Lake. Here, it meets with the Klastline River Trail and the Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route.{{sfn|Mussio|2018|p=88}}
To the east, the roughly {{Convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} long Klastline River Trail begins at the community of [[Iskut]] on the Stewart–Cassiar Highway; it extends northwest and west along the Klastline River for much of its length.{{sfn|Mussio|2018|pp=88, 89}} The trail enters Mount Edziza Provincial Park at about {{Convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} where Kakiddi Creek drains into the Klastline River.{{sfn|Mussio|2018|p=89}} After entering Mount Edziza Provincial Park, it traverses northwest along the Klastline River for about {{Convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} and then crosses the river north of Mount Edziza.{{sfn|Mussio|2018|pp=88, 89}} From there, it traverses west for about {{Convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the northeastern end of Buckley Lake where it meets with the Buckley Lake Trail and the Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route.{{sfn|Mussio|2018|p=88}}
The Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route traverses south from Buckley Lake along Buckley Creek and gradually climbs onto the northern end of the Big Raven Plateau where Eve Cone, Tsekone Ridge and Sidas Cone are visible along the route.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|Mussio|2018|p=88}}{{sfn|BC Parks: Hiking and Wilderness Camping in Mount Edziza Provincial Park}} Most of the Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route is marked by a series of rock [[cairn]]s from Tsekone Ridge onwards. The distance between Buckley Lake and Mowdade Lake is about {{Convert|70|km|mi|abbr=on}}, but the hiking length between these two lakes varies depending on the route taken; it can take a minimum of 7 days to hike the Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route. The weather can change extremely fast along this hiking trail.{{sfn|BC Parks: Hiking and Wilderness Camping in Mount Edziza Provincial Park}}
Mount Edziza can also be accessed via charter aircraft from Dease Lake and Tatogga Lake, the latter of which is near the community of Iskut.{{sfn|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=31}}{{sfn|BC Parks: Tatlatui Park}}{{sfn|BC Parks: Spatsizi Plateau Wilderness Park}} The Kakiddi, Nuttlude, Mowdade, Mowchilla and Buckley lakes are large enough to be used by float-equipped aircraft.{{sfn|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=31}} Landing on the latter two lakes with a private aircraft requires a letter of authorization from the BC Parks Stikine Senior Park Ranger.{{sfn|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park}}
==See also== {{Portal|Volcanoes|Mountains}} * [[List of Northern Cordilleran volcanoes]] * [[List of the most prominent summits of Canada]] * [[List of volcanoes in Canada]]
==Notes== {{Notelist}}
==References== {{Reflist}}
===Sources=== {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite map|url=https://volcano.si.edu/maps/GVAlaskaCanada/G910509-006.jpg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502071600/https://volcano.si.edu/maps/GVAlaskaCanada/G910509-006.jpg|ref={{harvid|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}|title=Telegraph Creek, Cassiar Land District, British Columbia|scale=1:250,000|series=104 G|map=A 502|edition=3|type=Topographic map|publisher=[[Department of Energy, Mines and Resources]]|year=1989|language=en,fr|archive-date=May 2, 2021}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=7967|name=Big Raven Plateau|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930220310/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/7967.html|archive-date=September 30, 2021|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Big Raven Plateau}}}} *{{cite book|last1=Cannings|first1=Richard|last2=Cannings|first2=Sydney|title=The New B.C. Roadside Naturalist: A Guide to Nature along B.C. Highways|chapter=The Stewart-Cassiar Highway|publisher=[[Greystone Books]]|year=2014|isbn=978-1-77100-054-3}} *{{cite web|url=https://skeenaresources.com/site/assets/files/6251/ske_fs_q1_2021.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516064307/https://skeenaresources.com/site/assets/files/6251/ske_fs_q1_2021.pdf|archive-date=May 16, 2022|title=Condensed Interim Consolidated Financial Statements|publisher=Skeena Resources|year=2021|ref={{harvid|Skeena Resources}}}} *{{cite web|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2022ENV0012-000178|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927092907/https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2022ENV0012-000178|archive-date=September 27, 2022|title=Conservancy Renamed Ice Mountain, Reflects Tahltan Heritage|date=February 9, 2022|publisher=[[Government of British Columbia]]|ref={{harvid|Government of British Columbia: Conservancy Renamed Ice Mountain, Reflects Tahltan Heritage|2022}}}} *{{cite book|last1=Demarchi|first1=Dennis A.|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/plants-animals-and-ecosystems/ecosystems/broad-ecosystem/an_introduction_to_the_ecoregions_of_british_columbia.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113235938/https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/plants-animals-and-ecosystems/ecosystems/broad-ecosystem/an_introduction_to_the_ecoregions_of_british_columbia.pdf|archive-date=January 13, 2024|title=An Introduction to the Ecoregions of British Columbia|publisher=[[Government of British Columbia]]|year=2011}} *{{cite book|last1=Denton|first1=George H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DeRj7Kbw0hUC|title=Mountain Glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere|chapter=Glaciers of the Interior Ranges of British Columbia|publisher=[[Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory]]|volume=2|pages=655–663|year=1975}} *{{cite dictionary|title=Dictionary of Geology and Mineralogy|year=2003|publisher=[[McGraw Hill]]|edition=2nd|isbn=0-07-141044-9|ref={{harvid|McGraw Hill|2003}}}} *{{cite report|author=D.R. Piteau and Associates|title=Geochemistry and Isotope Hydrogeology of the Mount Edziza and Mess Creek Geothermal Waters, British Columbia|publisher=[[Geological Survey of Canada]]|series=Open File 1732|year=1988|doi=10.4095/130715|doi-access=free}} *{{cite journal|title=Distribution, Nature, and Origin of Neogene–Quaternary Magmatism in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, Canada|last1=Edwards|first1=Benjamin R.|last2=Russell|first2=James K.|journal=[[Geological Society of America Bulletin]]|publisher=[[Geological Society of America]]|pages=1280–1295|volume=112|issue=8|year=2000|issn=0016-7606|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1280:dnaoon>2.0.co;2|bibcode=2000GSAB..112.1280E}} *{{cite conference|last1=Edwards|first1=B. R.|title=Hazards Associated with Alkaline Glaciovolcanism at Hoodoo Mountain and Mt. Edziza, Western Canada: Comparisons to the 2010 Eyjafjallajokull Eruption|conference=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2010|website=[[Astrophysics Data System]]|year=2010|bibcode=2010AGUFMNH11B1132E}} *{{cite gvp|vn=320060|title=Edziza|archive-date=January 14, 2025|ref={{harvid|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=9936|name=Elwyn Creek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001021958/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/9936.html|archive-date=October 1, 2021|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Elwyn Creek}}}} *{{cite web|url=https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/eruption_column.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315053139/https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/eruption_column.html|archive-date=March 15, 2023|title=Eruption Column|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=July 28, 2015|ref={{harvid|United States Geological Survey: Eruption Column}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=11333|name=Eve Cone|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001021946/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/11333.html|archive-date=October 1, 2021|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Eve Cone}}}} *{{cite book|last1=Field|first1=William O.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DeRj7Kbw0hUC|title=Mountain Glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere|chapter=Coast Mountains: Boundary Ranges (Alaska, British Columbia, and Yukon Territory)|publisher=[[Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory]]|volume=2|pages=11–141|year=1975}} *{{cite report|last=Holland|first=Stuart S.|url=http://cmscontent.nrs.gov.bc.ca/geoscience/PublicationCatalogue/Bulletin/BCGS_B048.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114024907/http://cmscontent.nrs.gov.bc.ca/geoscience/PublicationCatalogue/Bulletin/BCGS_B048.pdf|archive-date=November 14, 2018|title=Landforms of British Columbia: A Physiographic Outline|publisher=[[Government of British Columbia]]|volume=48|year=1976|asin=B0006EB676|oclc=601782234}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=859|name=Ice Peak|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930230334/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/859.html|archive-date=September 30, 2021|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Ice Peak}}}} *{{cite web|url=https://weblex.canada.ca/html/006000/GSCC00053006882.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212224025/https://weblex.canada.ca/html/006000/GSCC00053006882.html|archive-date=December 12, 2023|title=Ice Peak Formation|work=[[Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units]]|publisher=[[Government of Canada]]|ref={{harvid|Government of Canada: Ice Peak Formation}}}} *{{cite web|url=http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/ivenp_e.php|title=Interagency Volcanic Event Notification Plan (IVENP)|work=Volcanoes of Canada|publisher=[[Natural Resources Canada]]|date=June 4, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214020541/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/ivenp_e.php|archive-date=February 14, 2009|ref={{harvid|Natural Resources Canada: Interagency Volcanic Event Notification Plan}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=12141|name=Kadeya Creek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609015112/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/12141.html|archive-date=June 9, 2024|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Kadeya Creek}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=3108|name=Keda Cone|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020212226/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/3108.html|archive-date=October 20, 2021|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Keda Cone}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=5412|name=Klastline River|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903065244/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/5412.html|archive-date=September 3, 2021|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Klastline River}}}} *{{cite conference|last1=Lamoreaux|first1=K. A.|last2=Skilling|first2=I. P.|last3=Endress|first3=C.|last4=Edwards|first4=B.|last5=Lloyd|first5=A.|last6=Hungerford|first6=J.|title=Preliminary Studies of the Emplacement of Trachytic Lava Flows and Domes in an Ice- Contact Environment: Mount Edziza, British Columbia, Canada |conference=[[American Geophysical Union]], Fall Meeting 2006|website=[[Astrophysics Data System]]|year=2006|bibcode=2006AGUFM.V53C1757L|ref={{harvid|Lamoreaux et al.|2006}}}} *{{cite conference|last1=Lloyd|first1=A.|last2=Edwards|first2=B.|last3=Edwards|first3=C.|last4=Skilling|first4=I.|last5=Lamoreaux|first5=K.|title=Preliminary Interpretation of Processes and Products at two Basaltic Glaciovolcanic Ridges: Tsekone and Pillow Ridges, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex (MEVC), NCVP, British Columbia, Canada|conference=[[American Geophysical Union]], Fall Meeting 2006|website=[[Astrophysics Data System]]|year=2006|bibcode=2006AGUFM.V53C1754L|ref={{harvid|Lloyd et al.|2006}}}} *{{cite book|last1=Markey|first1=Sean|last2=Halseth|first2=Greg|last3=Manson|first3=Don|title=Investing in Place: Economic Renewal in Northern British Columbia|publisher=[[University of British Columbia Press]]|year=2012|isbn=978-0-7748-2293-0}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=22550|name=Mess Creek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820152931/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/22550.html|archive-date=August 20, 2021|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Mess Creek}}}} *{{cite report|url=https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ftp/archaeology/external/%21publish/web/raad/Cassiar%20FD%20AOA/Archaeological%20Overview%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Cassiar-Iskut-Stikine%20LRMP%20Vol%201.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705123559/https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ftp/archaeology/external/!publish/web/raad/Cassiar%20FD%20AOA/Archaeological%20Overview%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Cassiar-Iskut-Stikine%20LRMP%20Vol%201.pdf|archive-date=July 5, 2022|author=Millennia Research Ltd.|title=Archaeological Overview Assessment of the Cassiar-Iskut-Stikine LRMP|publisher=[[Government of British Columbia]]|year=1998|volume=1}} *{{cite web|url=http://minfile.gov.bc.ca/Summary.aspx?minfilno=104G%20%20036|title=MINFILE No. 104B 036|publisher=Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515070336/http://minfile.gov.bc.ca/Summary.aspx?minfilno=104G%20%20036|archive-date=May 15, 2013|ref={{harvid|Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources}}}} *{{cite web|url=http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/mon_e.php|title=Monitoring Volcanoes|work=Volcanoes of Canada|publisher=[[Natural Resources Canada]]|date=February 26, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608220018/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/mon_e.php|archive-date=June 8, 2008|ref={{harvid|Natural Resources Canada: Monitoring Volcanoes}}}} *{{cite web|title=Mount Churchill|work=Catalogue of Canadian Volcanoes|publisher=[[Natural Resources Canada]]|date=March 10, 2009|url=http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=wvb_usa_003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608030118/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=wvb_usa_003|archive-date=June 8, 2009|ref={{harvid|Natural Resources Canada: Mount Churchill}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=2256|name=Mount Edziza|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515043934/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/2256.html|archive-date=May 15, 2018|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Mount Edziza}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=8172|name=Mount Edziza Park|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706191413/http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/8172.html|archive-date=July 6, 2018|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Mount Edziza Park}}}} *{{cite web|url=https://bcparks.ca/explore/parkpgs/mt_edziza/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123120553/https://bcparks.ca/explore/parkpgs/mt_edziza/|archive-date=January 23, 2023|title=Mount Edziza Provincial Park|publisher=[[BC Parks]]|ref={{harvid|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park}}}} *{{cite web|url=https://bcparks.ca/explore/parkpgs/mt_edziza/hikecamp.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626073359/https://bcparks.ca/explore/parkpgs/mt_edziza/hikecamp.html#hiking|archive-date=June 26, 2022|title=Mount Edziza Provincial Park: Hiking and Wilderness Camping|publisher=[[BC Parks]]|ref={{harvid|BC Parks: Hiking and Wilderness Camping in Mount Edziza Provincial Park}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=36847|name=Mount Edziza Recreation Area|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607222850/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/36847.html|archive-date=June 7, 2024|ref={{harvid|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Recreational Area}}}} *{{cite book|editor-last1=Mussio|editor-first1=Russell|title=Northern BC Backroad Mapbook|publisher=Mussio Ventures|year=2018|isbn=978-1-926806-87-7}} *{{cite web|last1=Neal|first1=Christina A. |author-link1=Christina Neal |last2=Casadevall|first2=Thomas J.|last3=Miller|first3=Thomas P.|last4=Hendley II|first4=James W.|last5=Stauffer|first5=Peter H.|title=Volcanic Ash–Danger to Aircraft in the North Pacific|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=October 14, 2004|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs030-97/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718085637/https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs030-97/|archive-date=July 18, 2021|ref={{harvid|Neal et al.|2004}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=14307|name=Nido Creek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607160320/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/14307.html|archive-date=June 7, 2024|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Nido Creek}}}} *{{cite encyclopedia|last=Pinti|first=Daniele|date=2011|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Astrobiology|publisher=[[Springer Berlin Heidelberg]]|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_1893|isbn=978-3-642-11271-3|chapter=Mafic and Felsic}} *{{cite journal|last1=Reimer|first1=Rudy|title=Reassessing the Role of Mount Edziza Obsidian in Northwestern North America|journal=[[Journal of Archaeological Science]]|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|volume=2|pages=418–426|year=2015|issn=2352-409X|doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.04.003|bibcode=2015JArSR...2..418R }} *{{cite bcgnis|id=15312|name=Sezill Creek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609034848/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/15312.html|archive-date=June 9, 2024|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Sezill Creek}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=15347|name=Shaman Creek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609222110/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/15347.html|archive-date=June 9, 2024|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Shaman Creek}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=19508|name=Sidas Cone|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020215141/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/19508.html|archive-date=October 20, 2021|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Sidas Cone}}}} *{{cite gvp|vn=320160|title=Silverthrone|ref={{harvid|Global Volcanism Program: Silverthrone}}|archive-date=September 17, 2024}} *{{cite book|last1=Smellie|first1=John L.|last2=Edwards|first2=Benjamin R.|title=Glaciovolcanism on Earth and Mars: Products, Processes and Palaeoenvironmental Significance|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2016|isbn=978-1-107-03739-7}} *{{cite map|last1=Souther|first1=J. G.|author-link1=Jack Souther|title=Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia|map=1623A|scale=1:50,000|type=[[Geological map]]|cartography=M. Sigouin, [[Geological Survey of Canada]]|publisher=[[Energy, Mines and Resources Canada]]|year=1988|language=en|doi=10.4095/133498|doi-access=free}} *{{cite report|last1=Souther|first1=J. G.|author-link1=Jack Souther|title=The Late Cenozoic Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia|work=[[Geological Survey of Canada]]|publisher=Canada Communication Group|series=Memoir 420|year=1992|isbn=0-660-14407-7|doi=10.4095/133497|doi-access=free}} *{{cite journal|last1=Souther|first1=J. G.|author-link1=Jack Souther|last2=Armstrong|first2=R. L.|author-link2=Richard Lee Armstrong|last3=Harakal|first3=J.|title=Chronology of the Peralkaline, Late Cenozoic Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, Northern British Columbia, Canada|journal=[[Geological Society of America Bulletin]]|publisher=[[Geological Society of America]]|volume=95|issue=3|pages=337–349|year=1984|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<337:COTPLC>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1984GSAB...95..337S |issn=0016-7606}} *{{cite journal|last1=Souther|first1=J. G.|last2=Hickson|first2=C. J.|author-link1=Jack Souther|title=Crystal Fractionation of the Basalt Comendite Series of the Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia: Major and Trace Elements|journal=[[Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research]]|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|pages=79–106|volume=21|issue=1|year=1984|doi=10.1016/0377-0273(84)90017-9|bibcode=1984JVGR...21...79S |issn=0377-0273}} *{{cite book|editor-last1=Wood|editor-first1=Charles A.|editor-last2=Kienle|editor-first2=Jürgen|last1=Souther|first1=J. G.|author-link1=Jack Souther|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eyDRib-FJh4C|title=Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada|year=1990|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=0-521-43811-X}} *{{cite web|url=https://bcparks.ca/spatsizi-plateau-wilderness-park/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831193229/https://bcparks.ca/spatsizi-plateau-wilderness-park/|archive-date=August 31, 2025|title=Spatsizi Plateau Wilderness Park|publisher=[[BC Parks]]|ref={{harvid|BC Parks: Spatsizi Plateau Wilderness Park}}}} *{{cite journal|last1=Spooner|first1=I. S.|last2=Osborn|first2=G. D.|last3=Barendregt|first3=R. W.|last4=Irving|first4=E.|title=A Record of Early Pleistocene Glaciation on the Mount Edziza Plateau, Northwestern British Columbia|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences]]|publisher=[[NRC Research Press]]|pages=2046–2056|volume=32|issue=12|year=1995|doi=10.1139/e95-158|bibcode=1995CaJES..32.2046S |issn=0008-4077|ref={{harvid|Spooner et al.|1995}}}} *{{cite web|title=Stikine Volcanic Belt: Mount Edziza|work=Catalogue of Canadian Volcanoes|publisher=[[Natural Resources Canada]]|date=April 1, 2009|url=http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/feature_edziza_e.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608034953/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/feature_edziza_e.php|archive-date=June 8, 2009|ref={{harvid|Natural Resources Canada: Mount Edziza}}}} *{{cite web|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2021ENV0025-000657|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118025330/https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2021ENV0025-000657|archive-date=November 18, 2022|title=Tahltan Land to be Protected in Partnership with Conservation Organizations, Industry and Province|publisher=[[Government of British Columbia]]|year=2021|ref={{harvid|Government of British Columbia: Tahltan Land to be Protected in Partnership with Conservation Organizations, Industry and Province}}}} *{{cite web|url=https://bcparks.ca/tatlatui-park/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807112509/https://bcparks.ca/tatlatui-park/|archive-date=August 7, 2025|title=Tatlatui Park|publisher=[[BC Parks]]|ref={{harvid|BC Parks: Tatlatui Park}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=18502|name=Taweh Creek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001050520/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/18502.html|archive-date=October 1, 2021|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Taweh Creek}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=15007|name=Tenchen Glacier|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609023721/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/15007.html|archive-date=June 9, 2024|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Tenchen Glacier}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=15009|name=Tencho Glacier|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607215233/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/15009.html|archive-date=June 7, 2024|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Tencho Glacier}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=15029|name=Tennaya Creek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609194713/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/15029.html|archive-date=June 9, 2024|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Tennaya Creek}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=15031|name=Tennaya Glacier|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607171133/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/15031.html|archive-date=June 7, 2024|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Tennaya Glacier}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=15030|name=Tennena Cone|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021012829/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/15030.html|archive-date=October 21, 2021|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Tennena Cone}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=75619|name=Tenh Dẕetle Conservancy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608003335/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/75619.html|archive-date=June 8, 2024|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Tenh Dzetle Conservancy}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=22196|name=The Pyramid|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001030515/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/22196.html|archive-date=October 1, 2021|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: The Pyramid}}}} *{{cite web|url=http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/haz_e.php|title=Volcanic Hazards|work=Volcanoes of Canada|publisher=[[Natural Resources Canada]]|date=October 10, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202075315/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/haz_e.php|archive-date=February 2, 2009|ref={{harvid|Natural Resources Canada: Volcanic Hazards}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=22171|name=Williams Cone|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026022100/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/22171.html|archive-date=October 26, 2021|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Williams Cone}}}} *{{cite report|last1=Wilson|first1=Alexander M.|last2=Kelman|first2=Melanie C.|title=Assessing the Relative Threats from Canadian Volcanoes|series=Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 8790|publisher=[[Natural Resources Canada]]|year=2021|doi=10.4095/328950|doi-access=free}} *{{cite report|last1=Wojdak|first1=Paul|title=Evaluation of Mineral Potential for Mount Edziza Recreation Area|url=https://propertyfile.gov.bc.ca/reports/PF831020.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930214810/https://propertyfile.gov.bc.ca/reports/PF831020.pdf|archive-date=September 30, 2021|publisher=[[Government of British Columbia]]|year=1993}} {{refend}}
==External links== {{commons category|Mount Edziza}} *{{cite web|url=https://www.skimountaineer.com/ROF/ROF.php?name=Edziza|title=Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyond: Mount Edziza|website=Amar Andalkar's Ski Mountaineering and Climbing Site}} *{{cite cgndb|id=JAEDS|title=Mount Edziza}} *{{cite peakbagger|pid=2915|name=Mount Edziza, British Columbia}} *{{cite web|url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/edziza.html|title=Edziza Volcano|website=VolcanoDiscovery}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.volcanolive.com/edziza.html|title=Edziza Volcano|website=Volcano Live}}
{{Mount Edziza volcanic complex}} {{Northern Cordilleran volcanoes}} {{Interior Mountains}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Edziza}} [[Category:Mount Edziza| ]] [[Category:Central volcanoes]] [[Category:Holocene stratovolcanoes]] [[Category:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes]] [[Category:Tahltan place names]] [[Category:Two-thousanders of British Columbia]]