{{Short description|Pastoralist, explorer, runholder}} {{Use British English|date=September 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}} '''John Jackson Oakden''' (1818 – 31 March 1884), [[Pastoral farming|pastoralist]], was an English explorer of South Australia, part of the [[European maritime exploration of Australia|European exploration of Australia]], and a pioneer runholder of the [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]] region of [[New Zealand]]. [[File:Mount Oakden near Penwortham, South Australia. View of the eastern face..JPG|thumb|Mount Oakden near Penwortham, South Australia. View of the eastern face.]]
==Early life== Born in 1818 at [[Yeaveley]], Derbyshire, England, Oakden was a son of Daniel Oakden, yeoman farmer, of ancient Bentley Hall at [[Hungry Bentley]]. He arrived in Australia in 1834 as a commercial cadet to his uncle, the banker and pastoralist [[Philip Oakden]] (1784–1851), of [[Launceston, Tasmania]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Mead |first=Isabella J. |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/oakden-philip-2512 |title=Biography – Philip Oakden – Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=Adb.anu.edu.au |date=18 August 1962 |access-date=20 May 2013}}</ref> Through a paternal aunt, Patience Gilles, ''née'' Oakden, after whom the Adelaide suburb of [[Oakden, South Australia|Oakden]] was named in 1993, he was also a nephew of [[Osmond Gilles]], first Colonial Treasurer of South Australia. After visiting England, Oakden returned to Australia aboard the ''John Renwick'', arriving at [[Adelaide]] in February 1837 as Philip Oakden's South Australian agent.<ref>''Sydney Monitor'', 22 February 1837, p.4.</ref> Osmond Gilles, who was widowed and childless, thereafter placed Oakden under his patronage. Oakden travelled to Launceston in January 1838 for the purpose of importing livestock to the new colony.
==Murray River expedition== In March 1838, four young men in their twenties, [[John Hill (explorer)|John Hill]] (c.1810–1860), William Wood (1813–1885), Charles Willis (1815–1886), and John Oakden (1818–1884) – livestock importers from the eastern colonies – formed an exploration party in Adelaide. Their intention was to be the first to bring livestock overland from New South Wales to South Australia, following the [[Murray River]],{{efn|Officially the '''River Murray''' in South Australia, as per [[Government of South Australia]] stipulation of nomenclature when referring to the two major rivers of the state, the River Murray and River Torrens.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/planning-and-property/planning-and-land-management/suburb-road-and-place-names/geographical-names-guidelines |title=Geographical names guidelines |date=August 2020 |website=Planning and property |publisher=Attorney-General's Department (Government of South Australia) |access-date=27 March 2026}}</ref>}} for which purpose they sought to find a practicable route through the [[Mount Lofty Ranges]] between the Murray River and Adelaide. Travelling on horseback with packhorses, after leaving Adelaide they first traversed the [[Barossa Valley]], finding and naming [[Cockatoo Valley]]. Continuing northeast past [[Nuriootpa, South Australia|Nuriootpa]] to near [[Eudunda]], they probably sighted and named the [[Light River (South Australia)|Light River]] along the journey. On reaching the Murray near present [[Morgan, South Australia|Morgan]], they were the first Europeans to visit the [[Riverland]] region, whether from Adelaide or from the eastern colonies, since [[Charles Sturt]]'s open boat expedition in 1830. Oakden's report of this expedition was published in newspapers around Australia.<ref>http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/31749868 | South Australian ''Register'' 17 March 1838, pp. 3–4, for example. </ref>
In 1839–1840 Oakden was Second Clerk in the Treasury, under his uncle Osmond Gilles. In February 1839 Oakden was part of a syndicate of six, led by [[William Finke]] (First Treasury Clerk), and including Osmond Gilles, which won the right to purchase the original town of [[Glenelg, South Australia|Glenelg]] at £1 per acre, though Oakden failed to turn this to maximum financial advantage.<ref>''Register'' newspaper, 9 February 1839, p. 4.</ref>
==Kadlunga, South Australia== In 1839 Osmond Gilles was part of a syndicate of nine investors that established the [[Hutt River (South Australia)|Hutt River]] [[Special Survey]] in the [[Clare Valley]]. As a result, around 1841 Oakden relinquished town life to take up managing sheep grazing properties in that locality. Among these was Kadlunga (also spelt Cadlunga, Tadlunga and Katalunga in earliest times), held under an occupation licence by [[James Stein]]. Kadlunga, beside Mount Horrocks and near [[Mintaro, South Australia|Mintaro]], was in later decades a premium sheep stud owned by [[Sir Samuel Way, 1st Baronet|Sir Samuel Way]]. During Oakden's time in the Clare Valley Mount Oakden (altitude {{convert|568|m}}) at nearby [[Penwortham, South Australia|Penwortham]] was named for him. He was a close associate of neighbouring pastoralist [[John Ainsworth Horrocks]], whose brother Arthur Horrocks resided with Oakden at Kadlunga from 1846 until his marriage in 1850, at which Oakden was groomsman. In 1846 Oakden had leased Kadlunga from Stein, who in 1848 became insolvent. Oakden then managed it until 1850.<ref>''Register'', 10 March 1849, p. 2, and South Australian, 13 March 1849, p. 4. </ref>
==Oakden Hills, South Australia== In 1851, seeking fresh pastoralism opportunities on his own account, Oakden struck out into the remote and unexplored north of South Australia in partnership with Henry Stephen Hulkes (1812–1884), grandson of British M.P. [[James Hulkes]]. Oakden aimed for the same distant hills which the ill-fated Horrocks expedition never reached. This, the first expedition up the western side of [[Lake Torrens]], indicated a route northwards beyond the perceived barrier of the mysterious 'Horse-Shoe Lake' and gave an impetus for further explorations.<ref>http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/71686732 | The Country to the North-West, ''South Australian'', 6 May 1851, p.2.</ref> The pair came by the Oakden Hills and Hulkes Hills, geographical features in the [[Woomera, South Australia|Woomera]] region that were named after them in 1858 by the [[Benjamin Herschel Babbage|Babbage]] expedition.<ref>''South Australian'', 6 May 1851, p.2, and ''South Australian Advertiser'', 10 August 1858, p.3.</ref> The highest peak of the Oakden Hills is named Mount Oakden. They established a [[pastoral farming]] run nearby, but gave this up in 1852 when Hulkes was enticed to the [[Bendigo]] gold rush. Additionally, they came under increased threat of attack on this frontier from local [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginals]]. When Oakden had broken up his station in March 1852, and was leaving the district, his party was sleeping under a bullock dray when they were disturbed by a number of Aboriginals approaching in the night. One of his party fired a shot amongst them, causing them to disperse, evidently without injury.<ref>''South Australian Register'', 26 June 1852, p.3, Protector of Aborigines' Report</ref> Through association, Oakden Hills Station, 170 kilometres north of [[Port Augusta, South Australia|Port Augusta]], between [[Lake Gairdner]] and [[Lake Torrens]], today bears Oakden's name.
==Acheron Bank Station, New Zealand== Returning to the [[Clare Valley]], Oakden became associated with [[William Robinson (runholder)|William Robinson]], of Hill River Station. In 1854 he was deputed by Robinson to go to [[New Zealand]] with a view to selecting pastoralism land.<ref>{{cite web|author=W. J. Gardner |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1r14/1 |title=Robinson, William – Biography – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |publisher=Teara.govt.nz |access-date=20 May 2013}}</ref> This accomplished, he returned to South Australia to wind up his affairs and returned to New Zealand in 1855. He then purchased Acheron Bank Station near [[Lake Coleridge]] in the [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]] region, which he successfully developed and held until 1877, when he sold up to enjoy an affluent retirement at [[Riccarton, New Zealand|Riccarton]].<ref>{{cite web|author=L. G. D. Acland |url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-AclEarl-t1-body-d8-d4.html |title=Acheron Bank – (Runs 121 and 155) | NZETC |publisher=Nzetc.victoria.ac.nz |access-date=20 May 2013}}</ref> Mount Oakden in the Mid-Canterbury Ranges bears his name. From the late 1860s he was a committee member of the Canterbury branch of the [[Acclimatisation societies in New Zealand|Acclimatisation Society]], being active in the introduction to New Zealand of [[trout]] and [[Chinook salmon]], among other non-native fauna.<ref>''Press'', 28 June 1873, p.2</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=CHP18730628.2.15&srpos=3&e=1890--10--12J%2e+J%2e+Oakden-- |title=Papers Past – Press – 28 June 1873 – ACCLIMATISATION SOCIETY |publisher=Paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |access-date=20 May 2013}}</ref> Oakden visited family in England 1878–1882. He died at his [[Riccarton, New Zealand|Riccarton]] home on 31 March 1884, aged 66, of a liver complaint.
An affable character, Oakden is reputed to have constantly dressed like a gamekeeper, and looked like one. Always keen on sporting pursuits, particularly the turf and the [[Fox hunting|Hunt Club]], he rarely engaged in public life and he never married.<ref name="Press obit">{{cite news |title=The Late Mr Oakden |url= http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=CHP18840521.2.10 |access-date=25 February 2013 |work=[[The Press]] |volume=XL |issue=5830 |date=21 May 1884 |page=2}}</ref> Some of his personal papers are held by the [[Canterbury Museum, Christchurch|Canterbury Museum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommunityarchive.org.nz/node/69432 |title=Oakden, John Jackson (1818–1884) |publisher=The Community Archive |date=2 June 2009 |access-date=20 May 2013}}</ref> Oakden holds the distinction of having three peaks named after him, yet there is no record that he ever ascended any of them.
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==References== {{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Oakden, John Jackson}} [[Category:1818 births]] [[Category:1884 deaths]] [[Category:Explorers of South Australia]] [[Category:Settlers of South Australia]] [[Category:Australian pastoralists]] [[Category:Australian emigrants to New Zealand]] [[Category:People from Christchurch]] [[Category:19th-century Australian businesspeople]] [[Category:19th-century English explorers]]