John M. Washington

{{Short description|American military officer (c. 1797–1853)}} {{For|the American slave and memoirist|John M. Washington (slave)}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = | name = John M. Washington | image = John M. Washington (New Mexico governor).jpg | alt = | caption = | office = [[List of governors of New Mexico|Governor of New Mexico]] | term_start = 10 October 1848 | term_end = 23 October 1849 | predecessor = [[Sterling Price]] (military)<br>[[Donaciano Vigil]] (civil) | successor = [[John Munroe]] | birth_name = | birth_date = c. 1797 | birth_place = [[Fredericksburg, Virginia]] | death_date = 24 December 1853 | death_place = at sea off of the [[Cape Region (Delaware)|Capes of Delaware]] | known_for = Military Governor of New Mexico | occupation = Soldier | branch = [[US Army]] | service_years = 1817–1853 | commands = | unit = | rank = [[Major (rank)|Major]]<br>[[Brevet (military)|Brevet]] [[Lieutenant Colonel]] }}

'''John MacRae Washington''' (c. 1797 - December 24, 1853) was an American artillery officer who became military governor of [[New Mexico Territory|New Mexico]] shortly after the end of the [[Mexican–American War]] of 1846–1848.

==Early career== John M. Washington was born in [[Virginia]], and was a remote relative of President [[George Washington]]. He graduated from [[United States Military Academy|West Point]] in 1817, and fought in [[Florida Territory|Florida]] against the [[Seminole]] and [[Muscogee people|Creek]] people. He served with distinction in the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848 under Brigadier General [[John E. Wool]], being promoted to [[Major (rank)|major]] and brevet [[lieutenant colonel]] following the [[Battle of Buena Vista]]. He reached [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]] on 10 October 1848 with four [[dragoon]] companies. The next day he assumed office as governor, combining the civil and military roles.{{sfn|Simmons|2011}}

==Governor of New Mexico==

Washington's main priority was to settle a war against the [[Navajo people]]. He assembled a strong force of soldiers and volunteers that moved west into Navajo country, where they were met by Navajo envoys saying they were willing to discuss peace, and then met the main Navajo forces. A scuffle broke out when a militiaman spotted a horse that he claimed had been stolen from him. The Navajos fled, and Washington's troops killed six of the fleeing men. One was the old warrior [[Narbona]], now in favor of peace, who was scalped by a U.S. militiaman. The expedition moved on through a pass that one of them named "Washington Pass".{{sfn|Simmons|2011}} In 1992, in response to a proposal by the Navajo people, the pass was renamed [[Narbona Pass]].{{sfn|Julyan|1996|p=239}} There were no positive results from the expedition. On returning to Santa Fe Washington became involved in a scandal, probably unjustified, over a child he allegedly fathered on an orphan girl.{{sfn|Simmons|2011}}

In April 1849 Father [[Ramón Ortiz y Miera]] arrived in New Mexico from [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] as commissioner in charge of assisting Mexicans who wished to resettle in Chihuahua. He was welcomed by Governor Washington and Secretary [[Donaciano Vigil]], who both thought he was unlikely to succeed and even offered to supply transport to Mexicans seeking [[repatriation]]. Their mood changed quickly when the people of [[San Miguel del Vado]] alone submitted 900 requests for repatriation assistance.{{sfn|MacIel|Gonzales-Berry|2000|p=37-38}} Vigil said that Ortíz could not conduct recruitment in person since his presence would disturb the peace. Ortiz then appointed agents to recruit New Mexico families, and they met with considerable success.{{sfn|Hernández|2012|p=110}} In response Vigil cracked down further on recruitment.{{sfn|Hernández|2012|p=111}} The United States' position was that the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] had not covered repatriation, and Ortíz's activity was therefore illegal.{{sfn|Hernández|2012|p=113}}

==Later career==

By order of 26 May 1849, Brevet Colonel [[John Munroe]] was ordered to Santa Fe to relieve Brevet Lieutenant Colonel Washington.{{sfn|Freeman|1849}} On 23 October 1849 Munroe took office as military governor of New Mexico.{{sfn|Clay|Hay|1991|p=730}} Washington was transferred to a position in [[Fort Constitution]] in [[New Hampshire]]. From there, in 1853 he was assigned to lead a body of troops from the 3rd Artillery Regiment in California, but at the start of the journey the steamer ''San Francisco'' ran into a storm. Washington and 181 soldiers were drowned at sea.{{sfn|Simmons|2011}}

==References== ;Citations {{reflist |colwidth=30em}} ;Sources *[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Army/USMA/Cullums_Register/178*.html Service Profile] {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |last1=Clay|first1=Henry|last2=Hay|first2=Melba Porter |title=The Papers of Henry Clay. Volume 10: Candidate, Compromiser, Elder Statesman, January 1, 1844 – June 29, 1852 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZQQETnM6_gC&pg=PA730|access-date=2012-07-11 |date=1991-03-14|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-0060-9}} *{{cite web |url=http://scholarship.rice.edu/jsp/xml/1911/22085/1/aa00323.tei.html |date=May 26, 1849 |title=GENERAL ORDERS, No. 3. |last=Freeman |first=W. G. |publisher=WAR DEPARTMENT, ADJUTANT GENERAL'S OFFICE |access-date=2012-07-11}} *{{cite book |last=Hernández|first=José Angel|title=Mexican American Colonization During the Nineteenth Century: A History of the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOtz0qSEaW0C&pg=PA104 |date=2012-04-30|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-01239-4}} *{{cite book |last=Julyan|first=Robert Hixson|title=The Place Names of New Mexico |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3fMJnT1gx0C&pg=PA239|access-date=2012-08-23 |year=1996|publisher=UNM Press|isbn=978-0-8263-1689-9}} *{{cite book |last1=MacIel|first1=David|last2=Gonzales-Berry|first2=Erlinda|authorlink2=Erlinda Gonzáles-Berry|title=The Contested Homeland: A Chicano History of New Mexico |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6fWnsUWBYgsC&pg=PA44|access-date=2012-07-09 |date=2000-09-01|publisher=UNM Press|isbn=978-0-8263-2199-2}} *{{cite journal |url = http://www.santafenewmexican.com/Local%20News/Colonel-left-little-mark-as-governor |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130104162034/http://www.santafenewmexican.com/Local%20News/Colonel-left-little-mark-as-governor |url-status = dead |archive-date = January 4, 2013 |title = Colonel left little mark as governorTrail Dust |last = Simmons |first = Marc |journal = The New Mexican |date = November 25, 2011 |access-date = 2012-07-10 }} {{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Washington, John M}} [[Category:1853 deaths]] [[Category:Governors of New Mexico Territory]] [[Category:American military personnel of the Indian Wars]] [[Category:American military personnel of the Mexican–American War]] [[Category:United States Military Academy alumni]] [[Category:People from Virginia]] [[Category:Year of birth uncertain]] [[Category:Lieutenant colonels]]