{{Short description|American Founding Father and politician (1759–1821)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2020}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = John Francis Mercer | image = Gov. John Francis Mercer - Robert Field 1803.jpg | caption = Portrait by Robert Field, 1803 | birth_date = {{birth date|1759|5|17}} | birth_place = Stafford County, Colony of Virginia, British America | occupation = Lawyer, politician | alma_mater = College of William & Mary | order = 10th | office = Governor of Maryland | term_start = November 10, 1801 | term_end = November 13, 1803 | preceded = Benjamin Ogle | succeeded = Robert Bowie | state1 = Maryland | constituency1 = 3rd district (1792–1793)<br>2nd district (1793–1794) | term_start1 = February 6, 1792 | term_end1 = April 13, 1794 | preceded1 = William Pinkney | succeeded1 = Gabriel Duvall | office3 = Member of the Lower House of the Maryland General Assembly for Anne Arundel County | term3 = 1800-1801, 1803-1805 | preceded3 = | succeeded3 = | alongside3 = | term4 = 1788-1792 | preceded4 = | succeeded4 = | alongside4 = | office5 = Member of the Virginia House of Delegates for Stafford County | term_start5 = October 1785 | term_end5 = January, 1786 | preceded5 = William Brent | succeeded5 = Andrew Buchannan | alongside5 = William Garrard | office6 = Member of the Continental Congress for Virginia | term_start6 = 1782 | term_end6 = 1785 | office7 = Member of the Virginia House of Delegates for Stafford County | term_start7 = May 1782 | term_end7 = December 1782 | preceded7 = Thomas Mountjoy | succeeded7 = Thomson Mason | alongside7 = Charles Carter | party = Anti-Federalist (1782), Federalist (1801) | relations = John Mercer, James Mercer, George Mercer | spouse = Sophia Sprigg | children = 4, including Margaret Mercer, John Mercer Jr. | death_date = {{death date and age|1821|8|30|1759|5|17}} | death_place = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. | resting_place = Cedar Park Estate, Galesville, Maryland | allegiance = {{flagicon image|Gadsden flag.svg}} Continental Army<br />{{army|USA}} | branch = | service_years = | rank = 25px Lieutenant colonel | unit = 3rd Virginia Regiment<br>Virginia militia | battles = '''American Revolutionary War'''<br />Battle of Brandywine {{WIA}}<br>Battle of Guilford | mawards = }}
'''John Francis Mercer''' (May 17, 1759 – August 30, 1821) was a Founding Father of the United States, politician, lawyer, planter, and slave owner from Virginia and Maryland. An officer during the Revolutionary War, Mercer initially served in the Virginia House of Delegates and then the Maryland State Assembly. As a member of the assembly, he was appointed a delegate from Maryland to the Philadelphia Convention of 1787, where he was a framer of the U.S. Constitution though he left the convention before signing. Mercer was later elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from two different districts in Maryland. In 1801—1803, he served as Maryland's 10th governor.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Edward C. |last1=Papenfuse|first2=Alan F. |last2=Day|first3=David W. |last3=Jordan |first4=Gregory A. |last4=Stiverson|title=A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature 1635-1789 |location=Baltimore|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |year=1979|isbn=0-8018-1995-4|volume= 2|page=594}}</ref><ref>{{CongBio|M000645}}</ref>
==Early life and education== thumb|left|Sophia Sprigg Mercer Mercer was born in 1759 at Marlborough plantation in Stafford County in the Colony of Virginia, to prominent lawyer, planter and investor in western lands John Mercer (1704–1768) and his second wife, Ann Roy (1729–1770), the daughter of Dr. Mungo Roy of Essex County, Virginia. His father John Mercer fathered 19 children by two wives, although many died before reaching adulthood. His father's first wife was Catherine Mason (1707–1750), daughter of burgess George Mason II (1660–1716). His namesake half-brother, Captain John Fenton Mercer (1735–1756) had been killed and scalped in western Virginia during the French and Indian War. His elder half brothers George Mercer (1733–1784) and James Mercer (1736–1793) served in the Virginia House of Burgesses, and James also became a prominent lawyer and served in Virginia revolutionary conventions, the Virginia House of Delegates and the Continental Congress (1779–1780) before becoming a judge, ultimately of what later became the Virginia Supreme Court. Mercer also had several sisters and half-sisters who survived to adulthood, including Sarah Mercer (1738–1806) who married Col. Samuel Selden (1725–1791) of Stafford County, Mary Mercer (1740–1764) who married Daniel McCarty Jr. of Westmoreland County, Anna Mercer (1760–1787) who married Benjamin Harrison VI (1755–1799), Grace Mercer (1751–1814) who married Muscoe Garnett (1736–1803) of Essex County, and Maria Mercer (born 1761) who married Richard Brooke (1760–1816) of King and Queen County. His younger brother Robert Mercer (1764–1800) would marry Mildred Carter, daughter of prominent planter Landon Carter (1710–1778), and become a lawyer and editor of the "Genius of Liberty".<ref>Wesley E. Pippenger, John Alexander: a Northern Neck Proprietor, his Family, Friends and Kin (Baltimore: Gateway Press Inc. 1990) pp. 71-73</ref> Like all his brothers who lived to adulthood, Mercer attended the College of William and Mary, graduated in 1775 and read law with Thomas Jefferson.<ref name="Papenfuse">Papenfuse</ref>
== Career == ===Soldier===
During the American Revolutionary War, Mercer accepted a commission as lieutenant in the 3rd Virginia Regiment in the Continental Army. He was wounded at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777, and received a retroactive promotion to captain as of June 1777.<ref>Paperfuse</ref> On June 8, 1778 he became an aide-de-camp with the rank of major to General Charles Lee.
He resigned from the army when Lee retired in July 1779, but by October recruited a cavalry company for the Virginia militia as the British navy discharged the British Legion and others to raid plantations in Chesapeake Bay.<ref name="Papenfuse"/> Thus Mercer held the rank of lieutenant colonel and served briefly under Lafayette as he led troops at the Battle of Guilford, Battle of Green Spring, siege of Yorktown and other locations.
===Virginia politician===
After General Cornwallis' surrender in 1781, Stafford County voters elected Mercer as one of their two representatives in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1782, where he served alongside Charles Carter.<ref>Cynthia Miller Leonard, The Virginia General Assembly 1619-1978 (Richmond: Virginia State Library 1978) p. 147</ref> Fellow legislators selected Mercer as one of Virginia's delegates to the Continental Congress in both 1783 and 1784. When Richard Brent died, a special election to fill his place as Stafford County's delegate to the Virginia House of Delegates was held, and John Francis Mercer took his place for the rest of the session.<ref>Leonard p. 158</ref>
===Maryland planter===
In 1785 Mercer married his wife, as discussed below, and soon moved to Anne Arundel County, Maryland, where he operated her estates ("West River Farm") using enslaved labor. Sophia Mercer had received land and slaves under the terms of her grandparents' wills (5 slaves from her grandfather in 1782 and 19 slaves from her grandmother in 1789), Mercer brought 24 slaves from Virginia in 1798-1799, and another 11 slaves between 1799 and 1801 (including at least 3 inherited from his mother).<ref name="Papenfuse"/> In 1810 Mercer sold his slaves and plantation equipment in Anne Arundel County to his namesake son John, which together with digitizing issues makes the precise number of slaves he owned in 1810 and 1820 unclear.<ref>1810 U.S. Federal Census for Anne Arundel County, Maryland, p. 19 of 29; 83 slaves per metadata but header line cut off on ancestry.com version</ref> and 1820.<ref>1820 U.S. Federal Census for District 1 Anne Arundel County, Maryland, p. 10 of 15; 93 slaves per metadata but header line cut off on ancestry.com version</ref> Mercer owned 72 slaves by the time he died in 1821, which with his other personal property was valued at $19,976.75.<ref name="Papenfuse"/>
===Maryland politician===
Meanwhile, Mercer became one of Maryland's delegates to the Philadelphia Convention in 1787, but because he was opposed to centralization, withdrew before signing the Constitution.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Groningen US History Project|url=http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/biographies/john-francis-mercer/}}</ref> He also represented fellow anti-ratification delegate George Mason as a private lawyer collecting debts owed to Mason by Maryland residents.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rutland|first=Robert|title=The Papers of George Mason 1787-1792|year=1970|isbn=0-8078-1134-3|location=Chapel Hill, North Carolina|pages=1037, 1039–1041, 1132–1134, 1180–1181, 1235–1236, 1263–1265}}</ref> Mercer was also a delegate to the Maryland State Convention of 1788, to vote whether Maryland should ratify the proposed Constitution of the United States.<ref name= manual>{{cite book |title= Maryland Manual 1914–1915: A Compendium of Legal, Historical and Statistical Information relating to the State of Maryland |author= Secretary of State of Maryland |publisher= The Advertiser-Republican |location= Annapolis, Maryland, USA |year= 1915 }}</ref> He served terms in the lower house of the Maryland State Assembly in 1788-89 and 1791-92.
He was an unsuccessful candidate to represent Maryland's 3rd congressional district in 1789,<ref>{{cite web |date=n.d. |orig-date= |title=Our Campaigns - MD US District 3 Race - Jan 10, 1789 |url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=122958 |access-date=April 15, 2023 |website=www.ourcampaigns.com |publisher=Our Campaigns |language=en |df=mdy-all}}</ref> but would later be elected to that district in 1792. He then represented the 2nd district from 1793 until his resignation on April 13, 1794. Despite owning slaves, Mercer was one of seven representatives to vote against the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Voteview {{!}} Plot Vote: 2nd Congress > House > 85 |url=https://voteview.com/rollcall/RH0020085 |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=voteview.com}}</ref>
He again served in the Maryland House of Delegates (1800-1801) before winning election as the tenth governor of Maryland (for two one-year terms) from 1801 to 1803. Although Mercer again served in the Maryland House of Delegates in 1803-1806 (and joined with the Federalists during Thomas Jefferson's Presidency), illness plagued Mercer in his later years.
===Personal life===
On February 3, 1785, he married heiress Sophia Sprigg (1766–1812), daughter of Richard Sprigg (1739–1798) and Margaret Marcer, nee Caile (1745–1796) of Anne Arundel County, Maryland.<ref>{{citation|title=William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine|date=July 1908|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jASAAAAYAAJ&q=%22John+Francis+Mercer%22+%22sophia+sprigg%22|volume=XVII|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9jASAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA90 90]|publisher=College of William and Mary}}</ref> They had at least four children, including Margaret Mercer, who became an abolitionist and freed all the slaves she inherited upon her father's death. Their son John Mercer (1788-1848), bought slaves and plantation equipment from this man (his father) in 1810 and received part of his maternal inheritance from his father in 1818 (when this man released his life interest in 606 acres of the 1478 acres his wife had re-patented in 1804) to him. That John Mercer married Mary Swann of Alexandria, Virginia and died in Virginia, and their other son Richard Mercer (by 1789-1821) did not have issue.<ref>Papanfuse</ref> His nephew, congressman Charles Fenton Mercer, opposed slavery and was president of the American Colonization Society.
==Death and legacy== Mercer traveled to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to seek medical attention, and died there on August 30, 1821. A funeral was held at St. Peter's Church in Philadelphia. Sources differ as to whether his remains were buried in that churchyard.<ref name="Papenfuse"/> or returned to his "Cedar Park" estate in Maryland for burial.<ref name="manual" />
==Notes== {{Reflist}}
==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120204043159/http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/B/mercer/mercer.htm Mercer biography] at the University of Groningen, Netherlands
{{s-start}} {{s-par|us-hs}} {{succession box | before=William Pinkney | title=U.S. Congressman from Maryland's 3rd District | years=1792–1793 | after= Uriah Forrest}} {{succession box | before=William Hindman | title=U.S. Congressman from Maryland's 2nd District | years=1793–1794 | after= Gabriel Duvall}} {{s-off}} {{succession box | before = Benjamin Ogle |title=Governor of Maryland | years = 1801–1803 | after = Robert Bowie}} {{s-end}} {{Governors of Maryland}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mercer, John Francis}} Category:1759 births Category:1821 deaths Category:Continental Army officers from Virginia Category:Continental Congressmen from Virginia Category:Governors of Maryland Category:Members of the Maryland House of Delegates Category:United States representatives from Maryland Category:College of William & Mary alumni Category:People from Anne Arundel County, Maryland Category:Virginia militiamen in the American Revolution John Francis Category:People from colonial Virginia Category:People from Stafford County, Virginia Category:18th-century owners of plantations in the United States Category:18th-century owners of plantations in the Thirteen Colonies Category:Maryland Democratic-Republicans Category:Democratic-Republican Party state governors of the United States Category:Founding Fathers of the United States Category:United States representatives who owned slaves Category:18th-century United States representatives Category:18th-century members of the Virginia General Assembly Category:18th-century members of the Maryland General Assembly Category:19th-century members of the Maryland General Assembly Category:Candidates in the 1788–1789 United States elections Category:Owners of plantations in Virginia Category:Owners of plantations in Maryland Category:State governors of the United States who owned slaves Category:U.S. state legislators who owned slaves