{{Short description|Australian politician (1931–2019)}} {{for-multi|his father|John Cain (34th Premier of Victoria)|his son|John Cain (lawyer)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} {{Use Australian English|date=August 2011}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]] | name = John Cain | image = John Cain 2018.jpg | caption = Cain in 2018 | order1 = 41st [[Premier of Victoria]] | term_start1 = 8 April 1982 | term_end1 = 10 August 1990 | monarch1 = [[Elizabeth II]] | governor1 = {{ubl|[[Brian Murray (governor)|Sir Brian Murray]] | [[Davis McCaughey]]}} | deputy1 = {{ubl|[[Robert Fordham]] | [[Joan Kirner]]}} | predecessor1 = [[Lindsay Thompson]] | successor1 = [[Joan Kirner]] | office2 = [[Leader of the Opposition (Victoria)|Leader of the Opposition of Victoria]] | term_start2 = 9 September 1981 | term_end2 = 8 April 1982 | premier2 = [[Lindsay Thompson]] | deputy2 = [[Robert Fordham]] | predecessor2 = [[Frank Wilkes]] | successor2 = [[Lindsay Thompson]] | office3 = [[Australian Labor Party (Victorian Branch)|Leader of the Labor Party in Victoria]] | term_start3 = 9 September 1981 | term_end3 = 7 August 1990 | deputy3 = {{ubl|[[Robert Fordham]] | [[Joan Kirner]]}} | predecessor3 = [[Frank Wilkes]] | successor3 = [[Joan Kirner]] | office4 = Member of the [[Victorian Legislative Assembly]] for [[Electoral district of Bundoora|Bundoora]] | term_start4 = 20 March 1976 | term_end4 = 14 August 1992 | predecessor4 = ''Seat created'' | successor4 = [[Sherryl Garbutt]] | birth_name = John Cain | birth_date = {{birth date|1931|4|26|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Northcote, Victoria]], Australia | death_date = {{death date and age|2019|12|23|1931|04|26|df=y}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/6555766/tributes-for-former-vic-premier-john-cain/|title=Tributes for former Vic premier John Cain|first=Benita Kolovos and Karen|last=Sweeney|date=23 December 2019|website=Newcastle Herald}}</ref> | death_place = [[Melbourne]], Victoria, Australia | party = [[Australian Labor Party (Victorian Branch)|Labor Party]] | father = [[John Cain (34th Premier of Victoria)|John Cain]] | spouse = Nancye Evelyn Williams (m. 1955) | children = 3, including [[John Cain (lawyer)|John]] | profession = Barrister | alma_mater = [[University of Melbourne]] | signature = | footnotes = }} {{John Cain Jr sidebar}}
'''John Cain''' (26 April 1931 – 23 December 2019) was an Australian politician who was the 41st [[Premier of Victoria]], in office from 1982 to 1990 as leader of the [[Australian Labor Party (Victorian Branch)|Labor Party]]. During his time as premier, reforms were introduced such as liberalised shop trading hours and liquor laws, equal opportunity initiatives, and occupational health and safety legislation.
==Early life== Cain was born in [[Northcote, Victoria]], where his father, [[John Cain (34th Premier of Victoria)|John Cain]], the leader of the [[Australian Labor Party (Victorian Branch)|Australian Labor Party]] in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] from 1937 to 1957 and three times premier, was the [[Electoral district of Jika Jika|local member]]. His mother ran a successful chain of millinery stores in the inner north of [[Melbourne]].<ref name="obit">{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Age]] |first=Bruce |last=Guthie |title=A Modest Man's Bold and Enlightened Vision |date=24 December 2019 |pages=10–11 }}</ref>
He was educated at Bell Primary School, [[Northcote High School]], [[Scotch College, Melbourne|Scotch College]], and at the [[University of Melbourne]], where he graduated in law in 1952.<ref name="obit"/> He practised law in suburban Melbourne, and was president of the [[Law Institute of Victoria]] in 1972–73.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.liv.asn.au/Staying-Informed/Media-Releases/Media-Releases/December-2019/Statement-from-the-Law-Institute-of-Victoria-on-th |title=Statement from the Law Institute of Victoria on the death of former premier and LIV president John Cain |publisher=Law Institute of Victoria |access-date=24 December 2019 }}</ref> He was also a member of the [[Law Council of Australia]] and a member of the [[Australian Law Reform Commission]].
Cain was 24 when the 1955 split in the Labor Party brought down his father's last government. He lost a preselection battle with [[Frank Wilkes]] for his father's seat of [[Electoral district of Northcote|Northcote]] after his father died in 1957.<ref name="obit"/>
During the 1960s, he was a member of the group, known as The Participants, which also included [[John Button (Australian politician)|John Button]], [[Richard McGarvie]], [[Frank Costigan]] and [[Barry Jones (Australian politician)|Barry Jones]], who opposed the left-wing group which controlled the Victorian Labor Party from 1955 onwards.<ref name="obit"/> In 1971 he supported moves by supporters of [[Gough Whitlam]], led by [[Bob Hawke]] and others, that in 1971 brought about federal intervention in the Victorian branch and ended left-wing control. He became vice-chairman of the Victorian Labor Party in 1973. That group of Participants later became known as the Independents faction which predominantly voted with the [[Socialist Left (Australia)|Socialist Left]].<ref name="obit"/>
==Political career== In [[1976 Victorian state election|1976]], Cain was elected to the [[Victorian Legislative Assembly]] as MP for [[Electoral district of Bundoora|Bundoora]].<ref name="Cain re-member">{{Cite re-member |num2=1093 |name=John Cain |access-date=25 August 2022}}</ref> He became [[Shadow cabinet|shadow]] Attorney-General under the leadership of Frank Wilkes. After Wilkes narrowly lost the [[1979 Victorian state election|1979 election]] to the [[Liberal Party of Australia (Victorian Division)|Liberal]] premier, [[Rupert Hamer|Dick Hamer]], Cain challenged him for the leadership, becoming leader in September 1981.<ref name="obit"/>
Hamer had been forced to resign a few months earlier and was succeeded by deputy premier [[Lindsay Thompson]]. However, the Liberals appeared tired and complacent after over a quarter-century in power, and Cain consistently got the better of Thompson. After waiting as long as he could, Thompson called [[1982 Victorian state election|an election for April 1982]]. At that election, Labor won a sweeping victory on a 17-seat swing—the worst defeat that a non-Labor government has ever suffered in Victoria. Cain took office at the helm of the first Labor government in Victoria since the one led by his father 27 years earlier.<ref name="obit"/>
===First term as premier=== During its first term, Cain's government carried out many reforms, particularly in the areas of education, environment, law reform and public administration. The Government brought in nude beaches, legalised many brothels, extended Saturday shop trading hours, extended nightclub hours, extended hotel hours, permitted football matches to take place on Sundays, and furnished more gambling opportunities.<ref name="obit"/><ref name="Derryn Hinch 1990">Cain enigma and me, Derryn Hinch, The Sun 11 August 1990.</ref>
Cain was a [[Keynesian]], opposed to the doctrines of [[economic rationalism]], and he increased government spending in the hope of stimulating growth and investment. Following the lead of [[Neville Wran]] (who had been [[New South Wales]] Premier since 1976), Cain demanded Government-owned enterprises pay dividends to the treasury. These dividends were increased every year, forcing these enterprises to borrow to pay the dividend. Other schemes such as the [[Victorian Economic Development Corporation]], and the [[Victorian Equity Trust]] promised good returns. Such schemes worked so long as the national economy remained buoyant.<ref name="obit"/>
Controversially the Government of Victoria refused to approve the plans for the upgrade of [[Waverley Park|VFL Park]], because the upgrade would threaten the Melbourne Cricket Ground's right to host the [[VFL Grand Final]]. Cain, who had played [[Australian football]] at Scotch College, made sure that Waverley Park had no chance to succeed; accordingly the MCG remained the number one venue. Cain said that such a major event must be played in the centre of Melbourne, but his real reason for sabotaging Waverley Park was to look after the MCC. He saw his first VFL Grand Final with his father in 1942, and watched each one after that. He also kept the [[Australian Open]] in Melbourne by building the [[National Tennis Centre (Australia)|National Tennis Centre]] in [[Melbourne Park]].<ref name="obit"/>
Cain forced exclusive male-only sporting clubs like the [[Melbourne Cricket Club]] and [[Victorian Racing Club]] (VRC) – private clubs on public lands – to accept women as full members.<ref name="obit"/> The VRC had notorious lines painted on the ground that women were forbidden to cross. He told the VRC that the lines had to go if the club was ever to receive any further government funding.<ref name="reform">{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Age]] |first1=Chip |last1=Le Grand |first2=Simone |last2=Fox Koob |first3=Royce |last3=Miller |title=Reformer Lauded for Virtue |date=24 December 2019 |pages=1, 8–9 }}</ref>
One of Cain's major achievements (and one in which he took especial pride) was the introduction of Victoria's Freedom of Information laws. No other state had passed such laws, though afterwards each state followed Victoria's lead.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ovic.vic.gov.au/newsitem/vale-john-cain-former-victorian-premier-architect-of-and-advocate-for-the-freedom-of-information-act-1982-vic/|title = Vale John Cain, former Victorian Premier - architect of and advocate for the Freedom of Information Act 1982 (Vic)}}</ref>
Cain was also responsible for the appointment as Governor of [[Davis McCaughey]], then aged 71, who served from 1986 to 1992. A highly respected [[theology|theologian]], McCaughey was a popular choice after the controversy surrounding the resignation of [[Rear Admiral (Australia)|Rear Admiral]] Sir [[Brian Murray (governor)|Brian Murray]], who had been accused of having improperly accepted free air travel.<ref name="mccaughey">{{cite news |last1=Green |first1=Shane |title=Cool dude or Alex the autocrat? |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/cool-dude-or-alex-the-autocrat-20120403-1wan3.html |access-date=11 November 2022 |work=The Age |date=3 April 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="murray">{{cite news |last1=Dobbin |first1=Marika |title=Plane mistake a case of history repeating itself |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/plane-mistake-a-case-of-history-repeating-itself-20081114-67e7.html |access-date=11 November 2022 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=14 November 2008 |language=en}}</ref>
===Second term=== Historically, Labor had not been very successful in Victoria. However, Cain remained very popular with the Victorian electorate, and was easily elected to a [[1985 Victorian state election|second term in 1985]] over the Liberals under [[Jeff Kennett]], the first time a Labor government had been reelected in Victoria. Labor also won the [[Victorian Legislative Council]] seat of Nunawading after a tied vote forced the parties to draw from a hat to decide the winner, giving Labor control of the upper house for the first time ever. However, a fresh election was ordered by the Court of Disputed Returns after it was found that the Chief Electoral Officer should have cast deciding vote. The Liberals won the seat, and Labor lost its slim majority. Within a week the chairman of the Victorian [[Nuclear Disarmament Party]] lodged an official complaint about a deceptive NDP how to vote card handed out at the booths. It was claimed that Labor members were recognised handing out this card and that the allocation of preferences to the ALP on the card damaged the NDP.<ref name="vichansard">{{cite web |title=Questions without notice: Nunawading by-election |url=https://hansard.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/stories/historical_hansard/VicHansard_19851023_19851029.pdf |publisher=Parliament of Victoria |access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="fedhansard">{{cite web |last1=Aldred |first1=Ken |title=NATIONAL CRIME AUTHORITY AMENDMENT BILL (No. 2) 1992 |url=https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;db=CHAMBER;id=chamber/hansardr/1992-10-14/0011;query=Id:%22chamber/hansardr/1992-10-14/0036%22 |publisher=Parliament of Australia |access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref>
During its second term Cain's government began to run into difficulties with the state budget. The stock market crash of 1987 created a crisis which forced the government to cut spending, alienating some trade union supporters. The [[State Bank of Victoria]], in particular its merchant banking arm [[Tricontinental (merchant banking)|Tricontinental]], ran up a huge portfolio of bad loans, without adequate fiduciary supervision.<ref name="obit"/>
Progress had created a vast amount of vacant [[inner-city]] land, with the introduction of [[containerisation]] in the [[shipping]] industry, the [[dock (maritime)|docks]] became inadequate for the new [[container ship]]s. This made the docks within Victoria Dock obsolete as the principal docking area shifted closer to the mouth of the [[Yarra River|Yarra]], and this was seen as a large urban blight by the Cain state government. The size of the Melbourne Docklands area meant that political influences were inescapable.<ref name="obit"/>
The [[Docklands, Victoria|Docklands]] was high on the government's agenda,<ref name= dovey-fluid-city>{{cite book | author = Kim Dovey | author-link = Kim Dovey | year = 2005| title = Fluid City: Transforming Melbourne's Waterfront| publisher = University of New South Wales Press| location = Sydney}}</ref> however, the government at the time could not afford to initiate the investment for the project so the Docklands project stayed on the drawing board. There was a bid for the 1996 [[Olympic Games]] and another proposal was to turn the Docklands into a technology city known as the [[Multifunction Polis]] (MFP).<ref name=dovey-fluid-city/>
===Third term=== The Cain government was narrowly [[1988 Victorian state election|re-elected to a third term in 1988]]. The Liberals actually won a majority of the two-party vote. However, much of the Liberal margin was wasted on large majorities in their heartland. In contrast, Labor only lost one seat in the capital, and won enough marginal urban seats to cling to power by only two seats. Immediately after the election a huge shortfall in the government's workers' compensation scheme, [[WorkCare]], was revealed.<ref name="obit"/>
The VEDC (Victorian Economic Development Corporation), established by the previous Liberal Government, and its sister, the Victorian Investment Corporation, were created to back new industries to replace outdated smokestack manufacturers. The VEDC collapsed under poor management and an absence of accountability after it had provided $450 million of loan and equity assistance to business.<ref>{{Citation |last=Elias |first=David |title=VEDC: the ghost that still talks |newspaper=[[The Age]] |date=8 September 2005|url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/business/vedc-the-ghost-that-still-talks/2005/09/07/1125772584230.html |access-date=28 March 2011}}</ref>
This was followed by a budgetary crisis. The deputy premier, [[Robert Fordham]], took some of the blame and resigned. This led to the elevation of Education Minister [[Joan Kirner]] to deputy premier.<ref name="obit"/>
For 33 days from 1 January 1990, 250 trams were parked in Melbourne's CBD streets by tram drivers. The Cain government wanted to save $24 million a year, by the introduction of a new Met Ticket system – or ''scratchies'' as they were colloquially known. Scratch tickets were supposed to save money by cutting 550 ticket conductor jobs and 550 train station staff. The trams did not move because the government shut down the power grid.<ref>{{Citation |last=Lucas |first=Clay |title=Back to days when trams stood still |newspaper=[[The Age]] |date=16 January 2010 |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/back-to-days-when-trams-stood-still-20100115-mckl.html |access-date=28 March 2011}}</ref>
In February 1990, it was rumoured that [[Pyramid Building Society|Pyramid]], a privately owned building society, was in difficulties. Ministers in Cain's government accepted assurances from Pyramid directors that the society's position was sound, and passed these assurances on to the public. In fact, it was insolvent. When it failed, causing thousands of investors and depositors to lose their money, the government was blamed by investors and the media. This was followed shortly after by the collapse of [[Tricontinental Bank]], which threatened to bankrupt the Victorian Government-owned State Bank, Victoria's largest financial institution. The bank eventually had to be sold to the [[Commonwealth Bank]], which was shortly thereafter privatised by the federal government.<ref name="obit"/>
By this time Cain was becoming frustrated at the reluctance of his government's caucus members to approve his plans for tax rises and spending cuts to reduce the growing budget deficit. He issued an ultimatum at the Labor Party Conference – "back me or sack me." When the undermining of his position continued, he resigned on 7 August 1990. During an interview after his resignation, he remarked, "We appointed a few dills but we weren't crook."<ref name="Derryn Hinch 1990"/> Kirner was elected Labor leader in Cain's place and became the first female Premier of Victoria. By this time, Labor had bottomed out at 22 percent in opinion polling. Kirner was unable to make up the lost ground, and Labor was heavily defeated at the [[1992 Victorian state election]]. Cain did not run in this election.<ref name="obit"/>
==Life after politics== [[File:John Cain Junior June 2016.jpg|thumb|left|Cain in 2016]] Cain did not seek publicity after his retirement from politics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/labors-party-poopers-shun-a-great-state-achiever-20110430-1e22e.html|title=Labor's party poopers shun a great state achiever|first=Bruce|last=Guthrie|date=30 April 2011|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> He became a professorial fellow in politics at the [[University of Melbourne]] in 1991, and completed three books. In 2004 he surfaced in the media with a damning critique of the University of Melbourne's experimentation with what he said were risky financial ventures and what he argued was its departure from its public mission. ''Off Course: From Public Place to Marketplace at Melbourne University'' attracted a range of critical commentary. He was a regular political commentator on local radio. He remained active in the affairs of the Victorian Labor Party, and in 2011 he was critical of what he saw as the dominance of factions in the party, particularly the [[Labor Right]].<ref>{{Citation| last = Austin | first = Paul | title = Cain attacks ALP for council abuses| newspaper = [[The Age]] | date = 16 May 2009| url = https://www.theage.com.au/national/cain-attacks-alp-for-council-abuses-20090515-b652.html| access-date = 28 March 2011}}</ref>
John Cain sat on the board of the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] Trust.<ref>{{Citation| title = MCG Trust| url = http://www.mcg.org.au/About%20the%20G/MCG%20Trust.aspx| access-date = 28 March 2011}}</ref> He was also a member of the Patrons Council of the [[Epilepsy Foundation of Victoria]]. The John Cain Foundation is a think tank on political affairs of relevance to Victoria<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.johncainfoundation.com.au/ |publisher=John Cain Foundation |title=Promoting progressive policy ideas |access-date=24 December 2019 }}</ref>
[[File:John Cain's Statue at 1 Treasury Place, Melbourne.jpg|thumb|right|Cain's statue at [[1 Treasury Place]], [[Melbourne]]]]
==Personal life== Cain married Nancye Williams in 1955. He has two sons, [[John Cain (lawyer)|John]] and James and a daughter, Joanne.<ref name="obit"/> Cain's son, also named John, is a judge of the County Court and also the State Coroner for Victoria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/appointment-of-new-state-coroner-2/|title=Appointment Of New State Coroner|date=29 October 2019}}</ref>
Cain died on 23 December 2019, aged 88.<ref name="Death">{{cite news |title=John Cain, Victoria's longest-serving Labor premier, dies |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-12-23/john-cain-victorias-longest-serving-labor-premier-dies/6851140 |access-date=23 December 2019 |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=23 December 2019|quote=In a statement, his family said: 'It is with great sadness that we advise that John Cain passed away overnight.'}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> He had suffered a severe stroke on 10 December and was being cared for at the [[Royal Melbourne Hospital]]. Cain remains the longest-lived Premier of Victoria.<ref name="theage">{{cite news |last1=Koob |first1=Simone Fox |title=Former Victorian premier John Cain has died |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/former-victorian-premier-john-cain-has-died-20191223-p53mdg.html |access-date=23 December 2019 |work=The Age |date=23 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
He has a library named in his honour at [[Northcote High School]], of which he was an alumnus.<ref name="Official school website">{{cite web |url=https://www.nhs.vic.edu.au/learning-teaching-excellence/john-cain-library/ |title=John Cain Library|website=Northcote High School website |access-date=13 March 2019}}</ref>
A State Memorial Service for the Cain was held on 3 February 2020 at St Paul's Cathedral.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18 |title=State Memorial Service for The Honourable John Cain |url=https://www.vic.gov.au/state-memorial-honourable-john-cain |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=www.vic.gov.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> On the same day, Victorian Premier [[Daniel Andrews]] announced that the Melbourne Multi Purpose Venue would be renamed "[[John Cain Arena]]" in recognition of the critical role that Cain played in keeping the [[Australian Open]] in Melbourne in the mid-1980s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/melbourne-arena-to-be-renamed-in-honour-of-john-cain-20200202-p53x0m.html|title=Melbourne Arena to be renamed in honour of John Cain|publisher=The Age|date=4 February 2020}}</ref> The new name came into effect in December 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.austadiums.com/news/868/melbourne-arena-renamed-john-cain-arena|title=Melbourne Arena renamed John Cain Arena|date=7 December 2020|work=Austadiums}}</ref>
==Books== *{{Cite book |last=Cain |first=John |title=John Cain's years : power, parties and politics |date=1995 |publisher=Melbourne University Press |isbn=0-522-84615-7 |location=Carlton, Vic. |oclc=32532275}}<ref>Review:{{Cite web |title=Harding on Cain, 'John Cain's Years Power, Parties and Politics: Power, Parties and Politics' {{!}} H-ANZAU {{!}} H-Net |url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/19399/reviews/20696/harding-cain-john-cains-years-power-parties-and-politics-power-parties |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=networks.h-net.org}}</ref> *{{Cite book |last=Cain |first=John |title=On with the show : a glimpse behind the scenes of entertainment in Australia |date=1998 |publisher=Prowling Tiger Press |isbn=0-9586647-3-0 |location=Richmond, Vic. |oclc=40500649}} *{{Cite book |last=Cain |first=John |title=Off course : from public place to marketplace at Melbourne University |date=2004 |publisher=Scribe Publications |others=John Hewitt |isbn=1-920769-09-9 |location=Melbourne |oclc=54890583}}
==See also== *[[Political families of Australia]]
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last=Murray |first=Robert |title=The fall of the House of Cain |date=1992 |publisher=Spectrum Publications |others=Kate White |isbn=0-86786-147-9 |location=Melbourne |oclc=31872006}}
{{S-start}} {{s-par|au-vic-la}} |- {{s-non|reason=Seat created}} {{s-ttl|title=Member for [[Electoral district of Bundoora|Bundoora]]|years=1976–1992}} {{s-aft|after=[[Sherryl Garbutt]]}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Frank Wilkes]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Leader of the Opposition (Victoria)]]|years=1981–1982}} {{s-aft|after=[[Lindsay Thompson]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Haddon Storey]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Attorney-General of Victoria (Australia)|Attorney-General of Victoria]]|years=1982–1983}} {{s-aft|after=[[Jim Kennan]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Lindsay Thompson]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Premier of Victoria]]|years=1982–1990}} {{s-aft|after=[[Joan Kirner]]}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[Frank Wilkes]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Leader of the [[Australian Labor Party (Victorian Branch)|Labor Party]] in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]|years=1981–1990}} {{s-aft|after=[[Joan Kirner]]}} {{S-end}}
==External links== * {{Commons category-inline|John Cain (junior)}}
{{Premiers of Victoria}} {{Leaders of the Labor Party in VIC}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cain, John}} [[Category:John Cain (41st Premier of Victoria)| ]] [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:2019 deaths]] [[Category:People from Northcote, Victoria]] [[Category:Politicians from Melbourne]] [[Category:Premiers of Victoria]] [[Category:Attorneys-general of Victoria]] [[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Victoria (state)]] [[Category:Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly]] [[Category:Ministers for women (Victoria)]] [[Category:Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Victoria]] [[Category:Australian barristers]] [[Category:Australian people of Irish descent]] [[Category:Australian republicans]] [[Category:People educated at Scotch College, Melbourne]] [[Category:People educated at Northcote High School]] [[Category:Melbourne Law School alumni]] [[Category:20th-century Australian politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Australian politicians]] [[Category:Women's ministers of Australia]]