{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}} {{Use British English|date=April 2018}} [[File:John Buddle NEIMME Paintings May 14 2009 017 file uploaded with institutional permission.jpg|thumb|John Buddle 1773-1843. Original painting is in [[The Common Room of Great North|The Common Room of the Great North]]]] '''John Buddle''' (15 September 1773 – 10 October 1843) was a prominent self-made [[mining engineer]] and [[entrepreneur]] in [[North East England]]. He had a major influence on the development of the [[Great Northern Coalfield]] in the first half of the 19th century, contributing to the safety of mining coal by innovations such as the introduction of the [[Davy Lamp]], the keeping of records of [[mine ventilation|ventilation]], and the prevention of flooding. He was also interested in shipping as an owner, and built [[Seaham Harbour]], establishing an important trade dock. He was chairman of the company that built the [[Tyne Dock]] at [[South Shields]], and was also involved in the creation of two harbours and the development of a tunnel.
==Early life== Born on 15 September 1773 at [[West Kyo]], near [[Stanley, County Durham]], Buddle was the only son and the fourth of six children born to [[John Buddle, senior]], and Mary Reay. John Buddle senior was a mathematician who worked at a local school before pursuing a career in the mining industry, being responsible for his son's wide education, particularly in maths and science.<ref>[https://stjamesheritage.com/publications-and-resources/the-king-of-the-coal-trade/ ''The King of the Coal Trade - John Buddle.'' St James' Heritage and Environment Group, 2011]</ref> One of his earliest notebooks resides in The Common Room of Great North in Newcastle upon Tyne, containing notes on a wide range of scientific and geographical topics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk/library/buddle/1.htm |title=North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers: Buddle |access-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812033202/http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk/library/buddle/1.htm |archive-date=12 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Buddle's father also gave him a practical education in mining, even as early, John Buddle commented as "six years old". At the age of 19, John Buddle became the [[Colliery viewer#Under-viewer|underviewer]] to his father, and in 1801 he was appointed viewer of [[Benwell]] Colliery, soon buying a thirteenth share in the colliery worth £2,700, beginning his role as a Director with a salary of £100 a year.<ref>{{cite thesis|author=Hiskey, C.E.| title=John Buddle (1773-1843): agent and entrepreneur in the North-East coal trade.|publisher= MLitt thesis, Durham University|year=1978|page=264 |url=https://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7452/| type=Masters}}</ref>
== The Wallsend colliery == John Buddle followed his father into the profession of [[colliery viewer]], a calling which he helped to develop towards the modern concept of a mining engineer.<ref>{{cite ODNB|author=Heesom, A. J.|chapter=Buddle, John (1773–1843)|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/3884 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/3884|accessdate=2008-08-26}}</ref> He succeeded his father as manager at [[Wallsend Colliery]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Coal Mining in Wallsend 1778-1854 |publisher=North Tyneside Libraries |url=http://www.tynelives.org.uk/colliery/coliery1.htm |accessdate=2008-08-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828080806/http://www.tynelives.org.uk/colliery/coliery1.htm |archivedate=2008-08-28 }}</ref> in 1806, though his work was not limited to just the local colliery. Buddle was involved with the introduction of the miners [[safety lamp]] invented by [[Humphry Davy]] being involved in the earliest discussions with Davy in August 1815 and providing "fire-damp" samples for experiments in Davy's London Laboratory.<ref>{{cite book|first=Raymond|last=Lamont-Brow|publisher=Sutton|title=Humphry Davy Life Beyond the Lamp|isbn=0750932317|pages=125–136|year=2004}}</ref>
The moment when Buddle tested the new Davy safety lamp for the first time, for real, in [[Northeast England]], is recorded by him in a report to the Select Committee on Accidents in Mines on 4 September 1835 "I first tried the lamp in an explosive mixture on the surface; and then took it to the mine; it is impossible for me to express my feelings at the time when I first suspended the lamp in the mine and saw it red hot. I said to those around me: 'We have at last subdued this monster [fire-damp].'" This is a record of one of the most significant moments in the industrialization of the World.<ref>{{cite book|first=Raymond|last=Lamont-Brow|publisher=Sutton|title=Humphry Davy Life Beyond the Lamp|isbn=0750932317|page=131|year=2004}}</ref>
John Buddle was a member of the Sunderland Society, set up to investigate colliery safety,<ref>{{cite web|last=Lumsdon|first=John|title=Felling Colliery Explosion May 1812|url=http://www.wardleycolliery.com/felling_collieryexplosion.htm|accessdate=2008-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106035010/http://www.wardleycolliery.com/felling_collieryexplosion.htm|archive-date=6 January 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> and in this connection made scientific investigations into [[Underground mine ventilation|mine ventilation]] and advocated the keeping of proper records. The most important appointment, however, came when Buddle was appointed as General Manager to [[Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry]]. Londonderry had married a wealthy heiress, said to be the wealthiest woman in Britain, Lady Frances Anne Vane Tempest, and thus came to run her Durham collieries.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sturgess, R. W.|title=Aristocrat in Business: the Third Marquess of Londonderry as coalowner and portbuilder|publisher=Durham County Local History Society|year=1975|isbn=0-902958-02-X}}</ref> Together, Londonderry and Buddle embarked on a project to develop a Port at [[Seaham]], intending to bypass the Tyne and Wear monopolies. The building of the port began in 1828, and would not be finished until fifteen years later, in which the first shipment of coal was sent out on Buddle's personal ship, Lord Seaham. He even saw through much of the development of the town, his influence being so great that, when his sister Ann died, the ships dressed in black and the shops closed as a matter of respect. He also represented the Marquess on the committee of coalowners who regulated the North East coal trade with [[London]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Taylor, A. J.|title=The Third Marquis of Londonderry and the North-Eastern coal trade|journal=Durham University Journal|volume=48|pages=21–7|year=1955}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Heesom, A. J.|title=Entrepreneurial Paternalism: the Third Lord Londonderry (1778-1854) and the Coal Trade|journal=Durham University Journal|volume=66|pages=238–56|year=1974}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hiskey|first=Christine E.|title=The Third Marquess of Londonderry and the regulation of the coal trade: the case re-opened|journal=Durham University Journal|volume=75|pages=1–9|year=1983}}</ref> Although he was mostly active in the Great North Coalfield, the records show Buddle took on work all over Britain, including matters in Portugal, South America, Russia and [[Nova Scotia]]. Two of his latest colliery appointments were in 1837 when he became the owner of West Towneley Colliery and also the viewer to the Bishop of Durham- a post previously held by his Father.
In collaboration with [[William Chapman (engineer)|William Chapman]], Buddle is also considered to have designed the pioneering [[Steam locomotive|locomotive]] ''[[Steam Elephant]]'' for Wallsend Colliery<ref>{{cite book|last=Rees|first=Jim|editor=Guy, Andy |editor2=Rees Jim|title=Early Railways|year=2001|publisher=Newcomen Society|location=London|isbn=0-904685-08-X|pages=145–70|chapter=The strange story of the ''Steam Elephant''}}</ref> and an eight-wheeled geared engine for the [[Lambton, Tyne and Wear|Lambton]] [[Waggonway]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Guy|first=Andy|title=Steam and Speed: Railways of Tyne and Wear from the Earliest Days|year=2003|publisher=Tyne Bridge Publishing|location=Newcastle upon Tyne|isbn=1-85795-161-1}}</ref>
Buddle was a coalowner in his own right as well as a viewer and practical manager for many pits in the region of the rivers [[River Tyne|Tyne]] and [[River Wear|Wear]], and his advice was sought on both mining and railways from as far afield as [[Nova Scotia]].<ref>{{cite book|last=MacDonald|first=Herb|editor=Guy, Andy |editor2=Rees Jim|title=Early Railways|year=2001|publisher=Newcomen Society|location=London|isbn=0-904685-08-X|pages=266–77|chapter=The Albion Mines Railway of 1839-40: some British roots of Canada’s first industrial railway}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=MacDonald|first=Herb|title=Brits and Canadians cheer as John Buddle steams into view after 170 years|journal=[[Railway and Canal Historical Society]]|volume=36|pages=96–101|year=2009}}</ref>
Buddle was an active member of Newcastle society, and held numerous positions in his lifetime. In 1838, he was elected vice-president of the prestigious [[Literary and Philosophical Society]] and also became vice- president of the North of England Fine Arts Society. In 1842 he was appointed as Steward for Northumberland at the Newcastle Infirmary, a position which allowed him to appoint physicians to the hospital, and, due to his interest in theatre, he was Chairman of the committee for the new theatre in the 1830s, and he personally designed the heating system for the [[Theatre Royal, Newcastle|Theatre Royal]]. Throughout his life, Buddle donated money to numerous causes, including one to relieve the poverty of seamen employed in the Northern Whale Fishery, the benefit of widows and orphans of mining disasters, and the erection of Penshaw monument in memory of his friend John George Lambton, first Earl of Durham.
==Death== A [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]], Buddle died unmarried at his home in [[Wallsend]] in 1843, after becoming ill after riding with Lord Londonderry to inspect the collieries. He left a personal fortune of around £150,000; mostly to his nephew Robert Thomas Atkinson who died less than two years later and his brother-in-law Thomas Burnett, as well as some distribution amongst his other nephews & nieces and some annuities to a number of other relatives and friends.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Durham Mining Museum|title=Obituary: John Buddle|url=http://www.dmm.org.uk/archives/a_obit01.htm|accessdate=2008-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Flinn|first=Michael|title=The History of the British Coal Industry. Vol. 2, 1700-1830: The Industrial Revolution|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1984|isbn=0-19-828283-4}}</ref> They are both buried at St James' Churchyard, [[Benwell]], along with Robert's aunt.<ref>[http://www.cultureshock.org.uk/stories/in-the-graveyard-with-ivy.html In the graveyard with ivy]</ref> When Buddle died, his funeral procession was over a mile long and took over three hours to travel from his home in Wallsend to his resting place in Benwell. The number of mourners was so great that, according to one contemporary newspaper report, "so large a concourse of people was perhaps never before assembled in Newcastle on such a mournful occasion". The long list of pall-bearers and principal mourners included many of the most rich and powerful men in Newcastle, such as local councillor and wealthy corn merchant William Armstrong and his son, also William, who was just a few years away from setting up his great engineering works on the banks of the Tyne in [[Elswick, Tyne and Wear|Elswick]].
Buddle's bust is displayed at the Neville Hall and Wood Memorial Hall (The Common Room of the Great North) in Newcastle upon Tyne. It is one of two busts, the other being of [[Thomas Emerson Forster]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-304944-neville-hall-and-wood-memorial-hall- |title=Neville Hall and Wood Memorial Hall, Newcastle upon Tyne|work=British Listed Buildings|accessdate=2014-09-09}}</ref>
==See also== * [[Northeast England]] * [[Humphry Davy]] * [[Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry]] * [[Limitation of the Vend]]
==Notes== {{reflist|33em}}
==References== *This article is based upon the help of [https://stjamesheritage.com/publications-and-resources/the-king-of-the-coal-trade/ ''The King of the Coal Trade: John Buddle'']. (Local People: Local Heroes. Local History Series No 1.) Newcastle upon Tyne: St James' Heritage and Environment Group, 2011.
==Further reading== *Kidd, David [http://central.gutenberg.org/wplbn0002828996-a-little-light-in-the-darkness--the-life-and-times-of-john-buddle-1773-1843-by-kidd-david-joseph.aspx? ''A little light in the darkness: the life and times of John Buddle 1773-1843''] 2013 (ebook)
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Buddle, John}} [[Category:1773 births]] [[Category:1843 deaths]] [[Category:British mining engineers]] [[Category:History of coal mining]] [[Category:People from Stanley, County Durham]] [[Category:English Unitarians]]