Job Harriman

{{short description|American socialist (1861–1925)}} {{use American English|date=June 2025}} {{Infobox person | name = Job Harriman | image = Job Harriman LCCN2014686407 (cropped).jpg | caption = Harriman {{circa}} 1900 | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|1861|1|15}} | birth_place = [[Frankfort, Indiana|Frankfort]], [[Clinton County, Indiana]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1925|10|26|1861|1|15}} | death_place = [[Sierra Madre, California|Sierra Madre]], [[Los Angeles County, California]], U.S. | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | other_names = | known_for = | education = | alma mater = | employer = | occupation = Politician | title = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | boards = | spouse = Mary Theodosia Gray | children = Gray Chenoweth Harriman | parents = | relatives = }} '''Job Harriman''' (January 15, 1861 – October 26, 1925) was an American minister who later became an [[agnostic]] and a [[socialist]]. In [[1900 United States presidential election|1900]], he ran for vice president of the United States along with [[Eugene Debs]] on the ticket of the [[Socialist Party of America]]. He later twice ran for mayor of [[Los Angeles]], drawing considerable attention and support. He also founded a socialist [[utopia|utopian community]] called [[Llano del Rio]] in [[California]], later relocated to [[Louisiana]].

==Early years== Harriman was born on January 15, 1861, in [[Frankfort, Indiana|Frankfort]], [[Clinton County, Indiana]]. He lived on the family farm until he was 18.

Harriman's early life was filled with religious influences by his parents. After graduating from [[Butler University]] in 1884, he went on into the ministry. He gradually came to doubt the ability of the church to fundamentally affect the lives of common people and to see organized religion as a trap. He recalled in 1902:

<blockquote> It is in doubt and not in faith that the salvation of the world is to be found. Faith is a delusion and a snare: a pitfall, a prison. It intimidates the intellect. With fear of eternal damnation religion crushes intellectual activity; with hero worship it destroys individuality; with hopes for the beyond it prevents the growth of ideals for the present. It makes of us a race of intellectual cowards; it changes but little if any our daily conduct toward each other. But doubt sets us free.<ref>Job Harriman, "How I Became a Socialist," ''The Comrade'', vol. 1, no. 8, May 1902, pg. 170.</ref></blockquote>

As Harriman moved away from a belief in [[spirituality]] and towards [[philosophical materialism]], he came into contact with socialist literature, being particularly impressed with the 1886 [[utopian]] novel, ''[[Looking Backwards]]'', by [[Edward Bellamy]].<ref>Harriman, "How I Became a Socialist", pg. 171.</ref> In 1886, he moved to San Francisco and where he established a local [[Nationalist Club]], dedicated to attempting to put Bellamy's ideas into practice in America.<ref name=Tribute>{{cite news |url=http://grayharriman.com/job_harriman.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025131405/http://grayharriman.com/job_harriman.htm |title=A Tribute |newspaper=Summaries & Essays|archivedate=25 October 2009 |accessdate=8 February 2016}}</ref>

Later, Harriman came into contact with the writings of [[Karl Marx]], which turned his early [[Christian socialism|Christian socialist]] inclinations towards [[Marxism]].

Harriman married the sister of a college roommate, Mary Theodosia Gray. In 1895, the couple had twins, a girl and a boy, with the girl dying as a young child.

Harriman left the church and took up the study of law, becoming a lawyer and establishing his own law firm.<ref>{{cite book |last=De Leon |first=Solon|title=The American Labor Who's Who |location=New York |publisher=Hanford Press |year=1925 |page=98 |oclc=32730605}}</ref>

==Political career== [[File:Debs–Harriman 1900 ticket.jpeg|thumb|The 1900 Social Democratic Party of America ticket for President and Vice President of the United States with Eugene V. Debs and Job Harriman portraits]] Harriman was initially a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] but, as he became conscious of socialist ideas, he left that organization and joined the [[Socialist Labor Party]] (SLP). He was a gubernatorial candidate for California on the SLP ticket in [[1898 California gubernatorial election|1898]].

Harriman broke with the SLP during the acrimonious split of 1899, which was largely linked to the SLP's insistence on establishing competing socialist [[dual unions]] with the existing [[trade unions]] affiliated with the [[American Federation of Labor]]. Harriman thereafter was affiliated with the East Coast-based variant of the [[Social Democratic Party of America]] (SDP), a group whose members included [[Henry Slobodin]] and [[Morris Hillquit]].

In [[1900 United States presidential election|1900]] during unity negotiations between the Eastern and Midwestern SDP organizations, Harriman ran for [[vice presidency of the United States]] on the Social Democratic Party of America ticket along with presidential candidate Eugene V. Debs.

[[File:Harriman-job-1902.jpg|thumb|left|Harriman {{circa}} 1902]]

Harriman twice ran for mayor of [[Los Angeles]] on the Socialist ticket during the 1910s. In the [[1911 Los Angeles mayoral election|1911 primary]], he came in first with 44% of the vote. Harriman was one of the lawyers for the [[James and John McNamara|McNamara Brothers]], along with [[Clarence Darrow]]. He was unaware of their guilt, and thus was taken by surprise by a plea bargain negotiated by Darrow, which, unfortunately for Harriman, was announced after the primary but before the general election. His association with the widely reviled McNamaras proved fatal to his campaign and [[George Alexander (Los Angeles politician)|George Alexander]] won the election.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Next Los Angeles: The Struggle for a Livable City| url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520240001| url-access=registration| author1=Robert Gottlieb |author2=Mark Vallianatos |author3=Regina M. Freer |author4=Peter Dreier | publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley, California| year=2005| edition = second | isbn=978-0-520-25009-3}}</ref> He ran again in [[1913 Los Angeles mayoral election|1913]], earning 26% of the vote in the primary.

==Llano Cooperative Colony== [[Image:Job Harriman Old.jpg|thumb|right|Harriman later in life]] Following the narrow defeat in his second bid for mayor of Los Angeles, Harriman turned his back on electoral politics. He instead sought to establish a self-sufficient community upon socialist principles. Together with a group of like-minded investors, he purchased a {{convert|2000|acre|km2|adj=on}} parcel of land in [[Antelope Valley]] in California, which the group named [[Llano del Rio]]. The land included water rights — a critical factor due to the location of the land in an oasis in the [[Mojave Desert]].<ref name=Tribute/>

Advertisements were taken in the socialist press and shares sold to interested families for $500 cash. In addition, each family was asked to contribute a minimum of $2,000 in personal property to a "common storehouse" established for the benefit of the entire community.<ref name=Tribute/>

Beginning with just five families, by 1914 the Llano community had grown to over 1,000 people. Tents were replaced by [[adobe]] buildings and various enterprises, such as a sawmill, kiln, cannery and bakery, were established.<ref name=Tribute/> The group issued its own monthly magazine, ''The Western Comrade'' (later changing its name to ''The Llano Colonist'') with Harriman acting as editor.<ref name=Wagner>{{cite book|author=Rob Leicester Wagner |title=Hollywood Bohemia: The Roots of Progressive Politics in Rob Wagner's Script|publisher=Janaway Publishing|date=2016}}</ref>

Local farmers began to complain that the socialist community was consuming more than its fair share of precious water, resulting in a stream of lawsuits over the issue. Worse yet, the community proved incapable of advancing beyond a very basic economic level, causing discontent among its members. A new location was found in [[Leesville, Louisiana]], in 1918, but the new environs did not suit Harriman and he soon returned home to Los Angeles. The Llano community survived in difficult conditions into the 1930s.<ref name=Tribute/>

==Death and legacy== Harriman died on October 26, 1925, in [[Sierra Madre, California|Sierra Madre]], [[Los Angeles County, California]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Solon DeLeon|editor2=Nathan Fine|title=The American Labor Year Book, 1926|location=New York|publisher=Rand School of Social Science|date=1926|page=477}}</ref> He was survived by his wife, Mary Theodosia Gray, and his son Gray Chenoweth Harriman.<ref name=Tribute/>

==Works== * ''Single-tax vs. Socialism: Debate between James G. Maguire and Job Harriman, June 16, 1895.'' With [[James G. Maguire]]. San Francisco: American Section, Socialist Labor Party, 1895.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Seretan |first1=L. Glen |title=Daniel DeLeon; The Odyssey of an American Marxist |date=1979 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=Cambridge |page=284 |url=https://archive.org/details/danieldeleonodys00sere/page/n301/mode/1up |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref> * [https://archive.org/details/classwarinidahoh00harrrich ''The Class War in Idaho: The Horrors of the Bull Pen: An Indictment of Combined Capital in Conspiracy with President McKinley, General Merriam and Governor Steunenberg, for their Crimes against the Miners of the Coeur d'Alenes.''] New York: Volks-Zeitung Library, vol. 2, no. 4 (July 1, 1900). * [http://debs.indstate.edu/d346s62_1900.pdf The Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance Versus the "Pure and Simple" Trade Union: A Debate Held at the Grand Opera House, New Haven, Conn., November 25, 1900, between Daniel De Leon Representing the Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance and the Socialist Labor Party, and Job Harriman Representing the "Pure and Simple" Trade Union and the Social Democratic Party. Stenographically Reported by B. F. Keinard.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719213510/http://debs.indstate.edu/d346s62_1900.pdf |date=July 19, 2010 }} New York City: New York Labor News Co., 1900. * ''The Socialist Party and the Trade Unions'', Los Angeles: Los Angeles Socialist, 1902. * ''Lewis-Harriman Debate: Socialist Party vs. Union Labor Party: Simpson Auditorium, Los Angeles, California''. With Arthur M. Lewis. Los Angeles: Common Sense Pub. Co., n.d. [1906]. * ''The Western Comrade'' (editor). Los Angeles, CA, and Leesville, LA: 1913–1918. [https://archive.org/details/westerncomrade0102losa Vols. 1-2] | [https://archive.org/details/westerncomrade0304losa Vols. 3-4] | [https://archive.org/details/westerncomrade05losa Vol. 5] <small>Owned by Harriman from June 1914 (vol. 2, no. 2).</small>

==See also== * [[Los Angeles Times bombing|1910 ''Los Angeles Times'' bombing]]

==Footnotes== {{reflist|2}}

==Further reading== * {{cite journal |last=Kraft |first=James P. |title=The Fall of Job Harriman's Socialist Party: Violence, Gender, and Politics in Los Angeles, 1911 |journal=Southern California Quarterly |volume=70 |issue=1 |date=Spring 1988 |pages=43–68 |publisher=University of California Press |doi=10.2307/41171292 |jstor=41171292}} * {{cite journal |last=Stevens |first=Errol Wayne |date=2009 |title=Two Radicals and Their Los Angeles: Harrison Gray Otis and Job Harriman |journal=California History |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=44–64, 69–70 |publisher=University of California Press |doi=10.2307/40495219 |jstor=40495219}}

==External links== * Cecilia Rasmussen, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090109190404/http://archives.econ.utah.edu/archives/marxism/1999w44/msg00026.htm "L.A. Then and Now: A Socialist Who Was Almost Mayor"], ''Los Angeles Times,'' October 31, 1999

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Harriman, Job}} [[Category:American Marxists]] [[Category:American agnostics]] [[Category:Founders of utopian communities]] [[Category:Socialist Labor Party of America politicians from California]] [[Category:1900 United States vice-presidential candidates]] [[Category:Utopian socialists]] [[Category:1861 births]] [[Category:1925 deaths]] [[Category:Socialist Party of America politicians from California]] [[Category:Social Democratic Party of America politicians]] [[Category:Socialist Party of America vice presidential nominees]] [[Category:People from Clinton County, Indiana]] [[Category:Politicians from Los Angeles]] [[Category:Butler University alumni]] [[Category:California lawyers]] [[Category:American founders]]