{{Short description|Chinese political figure}} {{Family name hatnote|Jin|lang=Chinese}}{{Infobox person | native_name = 金维映 | image = Jin weiying.jpg | birth_date = 16 August 1904 | birth_place = Gaotingang, Dinghai District, Zhejiang, Qing China | death_date = c. 1940/1941 | death_place = Soviet Union (USSR) | education = Ningpo Women's Normal School | occupation = teacher, revolutionary, trade unionist and participant in the Long March | spouse = Deng Xiaoping (m. 1932, div. bef. 1934)<br>Li Weihan | children = Li Tieying }}
'''Jin Weiying''' (金维映, 16 August 1904 – c. 1940/1941), sometimes known as '''Ah Jin''', was a Chinese teacher, revolutionary, trade unionist, member of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and participant in the Long March.
== Early life == Jin was born into a progressive gentry family on 16 August 1904 in Gaotingang, Dinghai District, Qing China.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-01 |title=Jin Weiying: Deng Xiaoping's second wife, the founder of the party, died in the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union |url=http://www.laitimes.com/en/article/3vnca_4cbjx.html |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Laitimes |language=en}}</ref> She moved with her family to the Zhoushan Islands as a child.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Lily Xiao Hong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XOGdnCPJSOMC&dq=Jin+Weiying&pg=PA264 |title=Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women |last2=Stefanowska |first2=A. D. |last3=Wiles |first3=Sue |last4=Ho |first4=Clara Wing-chung |date=1998 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-0-7656-0798-0 |pages=264–265 |language=en}}</ref>
Jin was educated at the Dinghai Girls' Primary School,<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=July 2025 |title=The Revolutionary Career of "Dinghai Female General" Jin Weiying |url=https://inf.news/en/history/e5a8961cab52369db57ea47d3ba7a1d5.html |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=iNews}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=10 November 2021 |title=Legendary Female Red Army: Her first husband was at the level of the state, and her second husband and son were both of the rank of vice state |url=http://www.laitimes.com/en/article/12v6w_13run.html |access-date=31 July 2025 |website=Laitimes |language=en}}</ref> then studied at the Ningpo Women's Normal School under the principal Shen Yi to become a teacher.<ref name=":0" /> She visited Shanghai University to visit friends, and was introduced to Qu Qiubai, Xiang Ying and Yang Zhihua and begun to study Marxism.<ref name=":3" />
== Revolutionary activity == Jin joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1926,<ref name=":2" /> and was appointed as a leader of a CCP cell in Dinghai. During this time she was nicknamed "the Girl General of Dinghai" due to her agitating among workers to form the Dinghai County Federation of Trade Unions.<ref name=":0" /> On 12 April 1927, Jin was arrested and imprisoned during the purges of the Shanghai massacre, but was released on bail.<ref name=":4" />
After moving to Shanghai, Jin worked in a primary school and continued her involvement in union organising, becoming secretary of the Silk Workers Party Group and supporting the establishment of the Daishan Salt Association. She was transferred to the Huaxi District as the Minister of Women in 1929. She also established a night school in 1930.<ref name=":0" />
In 1934, Jin was elected as a delegate to the Soviet Republic of China's Central Executive Committee.<ref name=":0" /> Jin was one of the thirty women who went with the First Front Red Army on the Long March (1934–1936) as Captain of the Women's Brigade.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Lily Xiao Hong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0WUCwAAQBAJ&q=women+of+the+long+march |title=Women of the Long March |last2=Wiles |first2=Sue |date=1999-02-01 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |isbn=978-1-74176-761-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ono |first=Kazuko |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-L1ctqjxNgC&dq=Jin+Weiying&pg=PA254 |title=Chinese Women in a Century of Revolution, 1850-1950 |date=1989 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-1497-6 |pages=157 |language=en}}</ref> She also worked as a political instructor with the convalescent unit and organised food supplies.<ref name=":0" />
During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Jin became deputy director of the Northern Shaanxi Public School Life Steering Committee.<ref name=":4" />
== Personal life == Jin met party member Deng Xiaoping in 1931 in the Central Soviet Area of Shanghai.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodman |first=David S. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Or0s-iMCqjcC&dq=Jin+Weiying&pg=PA35 |title=Deng Xiaoping and the Chinese Revolution: A Political Biography |date=1994 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-11253-6 |pages=35 |language=en}}</ref> They married in Ruijin during the summer 1932,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stewart |first=Whitney |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Smq_96ET8DEC&dq=Jin+Weiying&pg=PT9 |title=Deng Xiaoping: Leader in a Changing China |date=2001-01-01 |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |isbn=978-0-8225-4962-8 |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Song |first=Yuwu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGbyzKLVh30C&dq=Jin+Weiying&pg=PA184 |title=Biographical Dictionary of the People's Republic of China |date=2014-01-10 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-0298-1 |pages=184 |language=en}}</ref> but he fell into political disfavour,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Marlay |first1=Ross |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7i0jGxysUUcC&dq=Jin+Weiying&pg=PA52 |title=Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders |last2=Neher |first2=Clark D. |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8476-8442-7 |pages=52 |language=en}}</ref> and they had divorced before 1934.<ref name=":0" /> Deng later became the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China from 1978 to 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-24 |title=Deng Xiaoping {{!}} Biography, Reforms, Transformation of China, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Deng-Xiaoping |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=Britannica |language=en |archive-date=2019-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004231718/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Deng-Xiaoping |url-status=live }}</ref>
Soon after her divorce,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goldstein |first=Melvyn C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3clDQAAQBAJ&dq=Jin+Weiying&pg=PA538 |title=A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 3: The Storm Clouds Descend, 1955Ð1957 |date=2013-12-07 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-27651-2 |pages=109 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shambaugh |first=David |date=September 1993 |title=Deng Xiaoping: The Politician |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/deng-xiaoping-the-politician/3A81D4D58F821151B9BB1DC767725558 |journal=The China Quarterly |language=en |volume=135 |pages=457–490 |doi=10.1017/S0305741000013874 |issn=1468-2648|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Jin married the Head of the Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party, Li Weihan.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Lawrence R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0PjFe5i0iEC |title=Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Communist Party |date=2012 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7225-7 |language=en}}</ref> They had a child, Li Tieying, in 1936.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAIsAAAAMAAJ&q=Jin+Weiying |title=JPRS Report: China |date=1992 |publisher=Foreign Broadcast Information Service |pages=17 |language=en}}</ref> He Zizhen, Liu Ying and Li Jianzhen helped her with the birth.<ref name=":3" />
== Death and legacy == By the spring of 1938, Jin became ill and was coughing up blood, and travelled to Kuchino, near Moscow in the Soviet Union for medical treatment and to study.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Citation |last1=Pantsov |first1=Alexander V. |title=Chinese Students at the International Lenin School in Moscow, 1926–38: Light from the Russian Archives |date=2015 |work=Prophets Unarmed |pages=366–388 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004282278/B9789004282278_025.xml |access-date=2025-07-31 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/9789004282278_025 |isbn=978-90-04-28227-8 |last2=Spichak |first2=Daria A.|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Arincheva |first1=Daria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cm6xEAAAQBAJ&dq=Jin+Weiying&pg=PT337 |title=The Kremlin's Chinese Advance Guard: Chinese Students in Soviet Russia, 1917-1940 |last2=Pantsov |first2=Alexander |date=2023-04-21 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-87390-0 |pages=225 |language=en}}</ref> Jin died in 1940 or 1941.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holbig |first=Heike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eUewAAAAIAAJ&q=Jin+Weiying |title=Inflation als Herausforderung der Legitimation politischer Herrschaft in der VR China: wirtschaftspolitische Strategien in den Jahren 1987-89 |date=2001 |publisher=Institut für Asienkunde |isbn=978-3-88910-256-0 |pages=262 |language=de}}</ref> It is believed that her death occurred during German air raids on the Soviet Union during World War II.<ref name=":0" />
In 1991, the Daishan County People's Government renovated Jin's former residence.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Dongdong |date=2022-10-22 |title=Research on the Innovative Mechanism of Integrating the Red Culture into the Belief Education of College Students in Local Ethnic Universities in Ganzi Prefecture |url=https://www.wsp-publishing.com/en/article/doi/10.47297/wspciWSP2516-252733.20220604/ |journal=Creativity and Innovation |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=150–157 |doi=10.47297/wspciWSP2516-252733.20220604|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The "Jin Weiying Memorial Hall" is named in her honour.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yao |first1=Liuyi |last2=Zhu |first2=Zijian |last3=Hong |first3=Shuangyan |date=2024 |title=The Examination of the Educational Value of Study Tours from the Perspective of "Double Reduction" Policy--A Case Study of Middle Schools in Zhoushan City |url=https://www.shs-conferences.org/articles/shsconf/abs/2024/10/shsconf_edss2024_01015/shsconf_edss2024_01015.html |journal=SHS Web of Conferences |language=en |volume=190 |pages=01015 |doi=10.1051/shsconf/202419001015 |issn=2261-2424|doi-access=free }}</ref> In 1994 the state posthumously recognized her as a revolutionary martyr.<ref name=":3" />
== References == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}}
Category:1904 births Category:1940s deaths Category:Politicians from Zhoushan Category:Chinese communists Category:Chinese revolutionaries Category:Chinese women educators Category:People of the Chinese Civil War Category:Family of Deng Xiaoping Category:20th-century Chinese women politicians Category:Chinese expatriates in the Soviet Union Category:Deaths by German airstrikes during World War II Category:Chinese civilians killed in World War II Category:Chinese Communist Party politicians from Zhejiang Category:Republic of China politicians from Zhejiang Category:Educators from Zhejiang Category:20th-century Chinese women educators