James C. Hormel

{{Short description|American philanthropist (1933–2021)}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = Jim Hormel |image = James Hormel.jpg |caption = Hormel in 2015 |office = United States Ambassador to Luxembourg |president = Bill Clinton |term_start = September 8, 1999 |term_end = January 1, 2001 |predecessor = Clay Constantinou |successor = Gerald Loftus (acting) |birth_name = James Catherwood Hormel |birth_date = {{birth date|1933|1|1}} |birth_place = Austin, Minnesota, U.S. |death_place = San Francisco, California, U.S. |death_date = {{death date and age|2021|8|13|1933|1|1}} |party = Democratic |spouse = Alice Turner (divorced)<br>Michael Nguyen Araque |children = 5 |father = Jay Catherwood Hormel |relatives = Geordie Hormel (brother)<br>George A. Hormel (grandfather) |education = Swarthmore College (BA)<br>University of Chicago (JD) }} '''James Catherwood Hormel''' (January 1, 1933 – August 13, 2021) was an American philanthropist, LGBT activist, diplomat, and heir to the Hormel meatpacking fortune. He served as the United States Ambassador to Luxembourg from 1999 to 2001, and was the first openly gay man to represent the United States as an ambassador.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/05/us/clinton-appoints-gay-man-as-ambassador-as-congress-is-away.html?ref=jameschormel | work=The New York Times | first=Katharine Q. | last=Seelye | title=Clinton Appoints Gay Man as Ambassador as Congress Is Away | date=5 June 1999}}</ref>

==Early life and education== Hormel was born in Austin, Minnesota. He is the grandson of George A. Hormel, founder of Hormel Foods. Hormel is the son of Germaine Dubois and Jay Catherwood Hormel, who served as president of Hormel Foods. Hormel earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Swarthmore College and a J.D. degree from the University of Chicago Law School. After law school, Hormel served as the dean of students and director of admissions at the University of Chicago Law School.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/13/us/politics/james-hormel-dead.html |title=James Hormel, America's First Openly Gay Ambassador, Dies at 88 |date=August 13, 2021 |last=Grullón Paz |first=Isabella |website=The New York Times |access-date=August 17, 2021}}</ref>

==Diplomatic career== In 1994, President Bill Clinton considered Hormel for the ambassadorship to Fiji, but did not put the nomination forward due to objections from Fijian government officials.<ref name="GALAAPP">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_boGY8AUTIC | title=Gay and lesbian Americans and political participation: a reference handbook | author=Raymond A. Smith |author2=Donald P. Haider-Markel | year=2002 |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. | publisher=ABC-Clio| isbn=1-57607-256-8}}</ref> At the time, gay male sexual acts were punishable with prison sentences in Fiji and Hormel's being open about his sexuality would stand in conflict with "Fijian culture". Instead, Hormel was named as part of the United Nations delegation from the United States to the Human Rights Commission in 1995, and in 1996 became an alternate for the United Nations General Assembly.<ref name="GALAAPP" />

In October 1997, Clinton nominated Hormel to be ambassador to Luxembourg, which had removed laws prohibiting consensual same-sex acts between adults in the 1800s.<ref name="GALAAPP" /><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gL_nAQGxI_IC | title=Homophobia: A History | author= Byrne R. S. Fone | publisher= Macmillan | year=2001 | isbn=0-312-42030-7}}</ref> This appointment was the first nomination or appointment of an openly LGBT person from the United States.<ref name="GALAAPP" /> The Senate Foreign Relations Committee approved his nomination with only Republican and conservative Senators Jesse Helms and John Ashcroft opposed. While his confirmation by the senate initially seemed certain,<ref name="wapo98"/> with only two senators—Tim Hutchinson and James Inhofe—opposing the nomination, subsequent revelations about Hormel's background led to more opposition from Republican senators, leaving Hormel's nomination in limbo.<ref name="pb">{{cite news|url=https://www.postbulletin.com/republicans-delay-hormel-vote---heir-seeks-to-become/article_7396449d-1fb4-58fb-95f6-c0a5861055c3.html|title=Republicans delay Hormel vote - Heir seeks to become first gay ambassador|date=13 February 1998|work=Post Bulletin}}</ref> Among the points of contention were: * The James C. Hormel Gay and Lesbian Center at the San Francisco Public Library, which Hormel funded, was found to contain pornographic materials and documents published by the pro-pedophilia advocacy group NAMBLA.<ref name="wapo98"/> Christian-based conservative groups like the Traditional Values Coalition (TVC) and the Family Research Council (FRC) labelled Hormel as being pro-pornography, asserting that Hormel would be rejected in the largely Roman Catholic Luxembourg.<ref name="DPJH">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5abYVL2eXekC | title=Defending pornography: free speech, sex, and the fight for women's rights | author= Nadine Strossen | publisher=NYU Press| year=2000 | isbn=0-8147-8149-7}}</ref> The Washington Post later wrote that much of the same material could also be found in the Library of Congress, and Hormel said that he had nothing to do with the selection.<ref name="wapo01"/> * The FRC distributed video tapes<ref>{{cite news | author=Curtis, Kim | title=Gay Philanthropist's Appointment as Envoy Causes Controversy | work=Seattle Times | date=June 6, 1999 | page=A15}}</ref> of a television interview with Hormel at the 1996 San Francisco Pride parade in which Hormel laughed at a joke about the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence, a group of men who dress in drag as nuns to mock religious conventions, as they passed by.<ref name="wapo01">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2001/06/20/after-a-diplomatic-silence-the-gay-ambassador-speaks/15f59cb4-8174-439c-9a4d-f558123ef5c4/|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=20 June 2001|title=After a Diplomatic Silence, The Gay Ambassador Speaks|last=Kupfer|first=Peter}}</ref> The Catholic League took this as an indication of approval of what they characterized as an anti-Catholic group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholicleague.org/white-house-lies-about-hormel/|title=White House Lies About Hormel|date=26 May 1999 }}</ref> In a meeting with Tim Hutchinson, Hormel declined to repudiate the Sisters.<ref name="pb"/> In an interview years later, Hormel objected to the idea that the video clip showed that he approved of the group and that he was anti-Catholic.<ref name="wapo01"/> * It was revealed that Hormel had contributed $12,000 to fund the production of ''It's Elementary: Talking About Gay Issues in School'', a video aimed at teaching tolerance of homosexuality to grade-school students.<ref name="wapo98"/><ref name="pb"/> This especially inflamed Senator Bob Smith of New Hampshire, who was portrayed unflatteringly in the film. Smith contended that he opposed Hormel not because he was gay but because of his "advocacy of the gay lifestyle".<ref name="wapo98"/>

Trent Lott, the Republican majority leader, worked to block the vote and publicly called homosexuality a sin and compared it to alcoholism and kleptomania.<ref name="GALAAPP" />

Concerns about Hormel's reception in Luxembourg were "blunted when officials of the country, which has laws against discrimination based on sexual orientation, indicated that he would be welcome."<ref>{{cite glbtq.com | article-url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/hormel_jc.html |article=Hormel, James C. (b. 1931) |last=Rapp | first=Linda | date=1 March 2004 | orig-year=2004 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414150718/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/hormel_jc.html | archivedate=14 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author=Kupfer, Peter |title=After a Diplomatic Silence, the Gay Ambassador Speaks; James Hormel Responds to His Vociferous Critics |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2001/06/20/after-a-diplomatic-silence-the-gay-ambassador-speaks/15f59cb4-8174-439c-9a4d-f558123ef5c4/ |newspaper=The Washington Post | date=June 20, 2001 |accessdate= 11 July 2020}}</ref> Senator Al D'Amato of New York found the obstruction of the nomination an embarrassment and urged that Trent Lott bring the issue up for a vote.<ref name="Floor Statement">{{cite web | last =Leahy | first =Patrick | title=Floor Statement on the Nomination of John Ashcroft to the Office of Attorney General | publisher=Senator Patrick Leahy | date=29 January 2001 | url =http://leahy.senate.gov/press/200101/010129ex.html | accessdate=2008-07-07 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080608142709/http://leahy.senate.gov/press/200101/010129ex.html |archivedate = 2008-06-08}}</ref><ref name="Republican Demagogue">{{cite news | last=Nichols | first=Jack | title=Republican Demagogue: 'Ambassadors Shouldn't Be (Immoral) Gays!': Senator Don Nickles (R.-Okla) Steps Up Declared War on U.S. Gays: Franklin Kameny on Nickles: 'He's a Two Bit Little Public Servant!' | work=Gay Today | date=22 June 1998 | url=http://gaytoday.badpuppy.com/garchive/events/062298ev.htm | accessdate=2008-07-07 | archive-date=2022-06-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622121049/http://gaytoday.badpuppy.com/garchive/events/062298ev.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> When Lott continued to stall, Clinton employed a recess appointment on June 4, 1999. Hormel was sworn in as ambassador in June 1999. His partner at the time, Timothy Wu, held the Bible during the ceremony.<ref name="Journal; Summer">{{cite news | last = Rich | first =Frank | title= Journal; Summer of Matthew Shepard | work=The New York Times | date=3 July 1999 | url =https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9503EFD7123DF930A35754C0A96F958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all | accessdate=2008-07-07}}</ref><ref name="Human Events">{{cite news | title= Human Events | work=The New York Times | date=16 July 1999 | url =http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3827/is_199907/ai_n8874620?lstpn=article_results&lstpc=search&lstpr=external&lstprs=other&lstwid=1&lstwn=search_results&lstwp=body_middle| accessdate=2008-07-07}}</ref><ref name="Hormel's partner">{{cite web | last = Holland | first =Judy | title= Hormel's partner sees win for minorities; Mainstream America rejected anti-gay comments, Timothy Wu says | work=The San Francisco Examiner | date=1 July 1999 | url =http://www.princeton.edu/pr/news/99/c/0707.htm | accessdate=2008-07-07}}</ref><ref name="Queers in History">{{cite book | last = Stern | first =Keith | title= Queers in History | location=Beverly Hills, California | publisher=Quistory Publishers | isbn=1-84728-348-9 | year=2006}}</ref> Also in attendance were Hormel's former wife, his five children, and several of his grandchildren. The treatment of his nomination was referenced by Pete Buttigieg during his acceptance speech for his nomination as Secretary of Transportation on December 16, 2020.<ref name="Nomination of Pete Buttigieg">{{Cite news|last1=Itkowitz|first1=Colby|last2=Sonmez|first2=Felicia|last3=Wagner|first3=John|last4=Viebeck|first4=Elise|last5=Demirjian|first5=Karoun|last6=Janes|first6=Chelsea|title=Biden introduces Buttigieg as transportation secretary nominee, meets virtually with governors|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/12/16/joe-biden-trump-transition-live-updates/|access-date=2020-12-17|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

==Philanthropy and advocacy== In 1981, he was one of the founders of the Human Rights Campaign.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrc.org/press-releases/statement-on-the-passing-of-a-human-rights-campaign-founder-lgbtq-advocate-and-former-ambassador-jim-hormel |title=Statement On The Passing of a Human Rights Campaign Founder, LGBTQ+ Advocate, and Former Ambassador Jim Hormel |date=August 13, 2021 |last=Bibi |first=Elizabeth |website=Human Rights Campaign |access-date=August 17, 2021}}</ref> He was a member of the boards of directors of the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce and the American Foundation for AIDS Research. Hormel contributed $500,000<ref name="wapo98">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1998/01/15/a-gay-ambassador/e3654977-e2cb-4e16-834d-3c6e0e7ae4f6/|title=A Gay Ambassador?|last=Novak|first=Robert D.|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=15 January 1998}}</ref> to fund the creation of the James C. Hormel Gay & Lesbian Center at the San Francisco Public Library in 1996 (renamed the James C. Hormel LGBTQIA Center in 2016).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/lgbt/article/Nation-s-first-gay-public-library-center-turns-8255564.php|title='Queerest. Library. Ever.': Preserving gay history for 20 years|last=Whiting|first=Sam|date=21 June 2016|website=SFGate}}</ref>

Hormel participated in numerous events, including a conference organized in 2004 by Amnesty International in the frame of the Geneva Gay Pride. In 2010 he was given the Lifetime Achievement Grand Marshal Award by San Francisco Pride Board of Directors for his LGBT activism over several decades.<ref name="sfpride marshal">{{cite web|url=http://sfpride.org/parade/grand-marshals.html |title=Grand Marshals |publisher=San Francisco Pride |year=2010 |accessdate=January 8, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114134520/http://www.sfpride.org/parade/grand-marshals.html |archivedate=January 14, 2013 }}</ref>

==Personal life and death== Hormel's brother, Geordie Hormel, was a musician and recording studio proprietor. James Hormel was married to Alice Turner, now a retired psychologist, for ten years before coming out of the closet.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/18/opinion/journal-all-in-the-family.html|title=Journal; All in the Family|last=Rich|first=Frank|date=18 April 1998|work=The New York Times}}</ref> They were married from 1956 to 1965.<ref name=":0" /> Hormel had five children, fourteen grandchildren, and five great-grandchildren. He lived in San Francisco, California, with his spouse Michael Peter Nguyen Araque.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alfred Bloom, Mary Schmidt Campbell '69, and James C. Hormel '55 to Receive Honorary Degrees at Swarthmore's 137th Commencement |publisher=Swarthmore College |url=http://www.swarthmore.edu/x25989.xml |accessdate=28 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014015828/http://www.swarthmore.edu/x25989.xml |archivedate=14 October 2011 }}</ref>

James Hormel died in San Francisco on August 13, 2021, at the age of 88.<ref>{{cite news|title=James Hormel, America's First Openly Gay Ambassador, Dies at 88|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/13/us/politics/james-hormel-dead.html|newspaper=The New York Times|last=Grullón Paz|first=Isabella|date=August 13, 2021|accessdate=August 13, 2021}}</ref>

==See also== *List of LGBT ambassadors of the United States

== References == {{reflist|2}}

==External links== * [https://1997-2001.state.gov/www/about_state/biography/hormel_james.html US State Department Biography] * {{C-SPAN|87559}}

{{s-start}} {{s-dip}} {{s-bef|before=Clay Constantinou}} {{s-ttl|title=United States Ambassador to Luxembourg|years=1999–2001}} {{s-aft|after=Gerald Loftus<br>Acting}} {{s-end}} {{US Ambassadors to Luxembourg}} {{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hormel, James}} Category:1933 births Category:2021 deaths Category:20th-century American diplomats Category:21st-century American diplomats Category:20th-century American philanthropists Category:21st-century American philanthropists Category:21st-century American LGBTQ people Category:LGBTQ rights activists from California Category:LGBTQ rights activists from Minnesota Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Luxembourg Category:Asheville School alumni Category:California Democrats Category:Hormel Foods Category:Gay diplomats Category:LGBTQ ambassadors of the United States Category:LGBTQ in Luxembourg Category:LGBTQ people from Minnesota Category:American gay men Category:People from Austin, Minnesota Category:Philanthropists from California Category:Philanthropists from Minnesota Category:Swarthmore College alumni Category:University of Chicago Law School alumni