History of the Jews in Czechoslovakia

==Historical demographics== {{Historical populations |title=Historical Czechoslovak Jewish population |type = Czechoslovakia |footnote = |1921|354342 |1930|356830 |1946|55000 |1951|17000 |1959|18000 |1969|14000 |1981|12000 |1990|7800 |source = *<ref name="Brod-YIVO">{{cite web|first1=Brod|last1=Petr|first2=Kateřina |last2=Čapková |first3=Michal |last3=Michal| url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Czechoslovakia |title=Czechoslovakia |website=YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe |date=2010 |access-date=2015-05-05}}</ref> *<ref>"[http://search.bjpa.org/search?client=default_frontend&output=xml_no_dtd&proxystylesheet=default_frontend&filter=0&getfields=*&site=bjpa|bjdb&q=%22statistics%20of%20jews%22&sort=date:D:L:d1&num=100&lind=0 Statistics of Jews]". ''American Jewish Yearbook''. vol. 48, p. 606 (statistics for 1946); vol. 53, p. 234 (statistics for 1950-1951). Retrieved from ''Berman Jewish Databank'' 2015-05-06.</ref> *<ref>"[http://search.bjpa.org/search?client=bjdb_frontend&output=xml_no_dtd&proxystylesheet=bjdb_frontend&filter=0&getfields=*&site=bjpa|bjdb&q=%22world%20jewish%20population%22&sort=date:D:L:d1&num=100&lind=0 World Jewish Population]." ''American Jewish Yearbook''. vol. 61, p. 351 (statistics for 1959); vol. 71, p. 539 (statistics for 1969); vol. 81, p. 285 (statistics for 1979); vol. 92, p. 500 (statistics for 1990). Retrieved from ''Berman Jewish Databank'' 2015-05-06.</ref> }} table 1. Jewish population by religion in Czechoslovakia<ref name="Brod-YIVO"/> <ref name="encjud">{{cite EJ|last=Yahil|first=Chaim|display-authors=etal|title=Czechoslovakia|volume=5|pages=353-364}}</ref>{{rp|353}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! ! 1921, absolute no. ! 1921,% of total population ! 1930, absolute no. ! 1930,% of total population |- | Bohemia | 79,777 | 1.19 | 76,301 | 1.07 |- | Moravia | 37,989 | 1.09 | 41,250 | 1.16 |- | Silesia | 7,317 | 1.09 | (with Moravia) | (with Moravia) |- | Slovakia | 135,918 | 4.53 | 136,737 | 4.11 |- | Carpathian Rus | 93,341 | 15.39 | 102,542 | 14.14 |- | Total | 354,342 | 2.6 | 356,830 | 2.42 |}

Table 2. Declared Nationality of Jews in Czechoslovakia<ref name="encjud"/>{{rp|355}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Ethnonationality ! 1921,% ! 1930,% |- | Jewish | 53.62 | 57.20 |- | Czechoslovak | 21.84 | 24.52 |- | German | 14.26 | 12.28 |- | Hungarian | 8.45 | 4.71 |- | Others | 1.83 | 1.29 |}

==The Holocaust== For the Czechs of the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia, German occupation was a period of brutal oppression. The Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia (117,551 according to the 1930 census) was virtually annihilated. Many Jews emigrated after 1939; approximately 78,000 were killed. By 1945, some 14,000 Jews remained alive in the Czech lands.<ref>"[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007323 The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia]" (last updated June 20, 2014). ''Holocaust Encyclopaedia''. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2015-05-06.</ref> Approximately 144,000 Jews were sent to Theresienstadt concentration camp. Most inmates were Czech Jews. About a quarter of the inmates (33,000) died in Theresienstadt, mostly because of the deadly conditions (hunger, stress, and disease, especially the typhus epidemic at the very end of war). About 88,000 were deported to Auschwitz and other extermination camps. When the war finished, there were a mere 17,247 survivors. There were 15,000 children living in the children's home inside the camp; only 93 of those children survived.

==Communist period== {{See also|Slánský trial}} The aftermath of the 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état saw the control and repression of the Jewish religious community by the communist government, which essentially completed the destruction of the Jewish religious landscape.<ref name=Blanka/> The communist party was ambivalent in mentioning that the majority of Czechoslovaks who were victims of the fascists were in fact of Jewish origin and the government undertook a de-Judaization of school textbooks.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shafir |first=Michael |title=Between Denial and "Comparative Trivialization": Holocaust Negationism in Post-Communist East Central Europe |date=2002 |publisher=ResearchGate |page=5 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239549015_Between_Denial_and_Comparative_Trivialization_Holocaust_Negationism_in_Post-Communist_East_Central_Europe}}</ref> Orthodox Jews refer to that 40 year period as a "Communist holocaust".<ref name=Blanka>{{cite journal |last1=Soukupová |first1=Blanka |title=Jewish religious landscape in the Czech lands after the Shoa, as one of the cornerstones of current minority memory |journal=Etnologické rozpravy (Ethnological Disputes) |date=2020 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=30–45 |url=https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.cejsh-21b6b09a-679d-4487-8aa2-5aa324136144}}</ref>

== Czech National Archives == In 2011 the Czech National Archives digitized all volumes of the Registers of Births, Marriages, and Deaths of Jewish communities (1784-1949), except those needing substantial preservation and restoration. In accordance with the Register of Births, Marriages, and Deaths Act (N.301/2000 Coll.) only entries older than 100 years from the last entry in the Births Registers and 75 years from the last entry in the Marriages and Deaths Registers will be made accessible. The restriction does not apply to the Jewish control registers owing to the time range of entries.<ref>[http://www.nacr.cz/english/registers_births.aspx Registers of Births, Marriages and Deaths of Jewish Religion Communities from the years 1784-1949: Information for the Users]. Národní archiv. Retrieved 2015-05-06.</ref> As of 2015 the digitization of the entire collection is complete and, within the given restrictions, accessible online.<ref>''Register of Jewish Religious Communities in the Czech regions'': "[http://www.badatelna.eu/fond/1073/ Basic information]." Paměťové instituce. Retrieved 2015-05-06.</ref>

==References== {{reflist}}

==Bibliography== * {{wikisource-inline|Jews in the Czecho-Slovak State|single=true}} * {{wikisource-inline|The Jewish Question|single=true}} *Lenni Brenner, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120204080142/http://www.marxists.de/middleast/brenner/ch16.htm ''Zionism in the Age of the Dictators. A Reappraisal.'' (16. The Jewish Parties of Eastern Europe, Czechoslovakia – 2.4 Per Cent of an Empire)], 1983 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100324200511/http://www.nyu.cz/portal_memberdata/kcapkova Kateřina Čapková], «[http://users.ox.ac.uk/~oaces/conference/papers/Katerina_Capkova.pdf Czechs, Germans, Jews? National identities of Bohemian Jews, 1867–1938]», 2005 *Kateřina Čapková, «Specific Features of Zionism in the Czech Lands in the Interwar Period», ''Judaica Bohemiae'' 38 (2002): 106–159 *Kateřina Čapková, "[http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Zidovska_Strana Židovská Strana]", in: ''YIVO Encyclopaedia'', YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, 2010 *Marie Crhová, "[http://web.ceu.hu/jewishstudies/pdf/02_crhova.pdf Jewish Politics in Central Europe: The Case of the Jewish Party in Interwar Czechoslovakia]," ''Jewish Studies at the Central European University'' 2 (1999–2001) * {{cite book |last= Crhová|first= Marie|editor= Pavel Marek|title= Přehled politického stranictví na území českých zemí a Československa v letech 1861–1998|chapter= Židovské strany v Československu v letech 1918–1938|year= 2000|publisher= Katedra politologie a evropských studií FFUP|location= Olomouc|isbn= 80-86200-25-6|pages= 250–253 |display-editors=etal}} *''The Jews of Czechoslovakia: Historical Studies and Surveys''. Sponsored by the Society for the History of Czechoslovak Jews. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. 3 volumes, 1968, 1971, 1984. *Ludmila Nesládková, «[http://www.czso.cz/eng/redakce.nsf/i/ludmila_nesladkova:_the_professional_and_social_characteristics_of_the_jewish/$File/Nesl%C3%A1dkov%C3%A1.pdf The Professional and Social Characteristic of the Jewish Population in the First Czechoslovak Republic]», ''Demografie'', 2008, 50 (1), p. 1–14

==External links== *[http://www.shcsj.org/ Society for the History of Czechoslovak Jews]. New York, NY *[http://findingaids.cjh.org/?pID=2956147 Guide to the Archives of the Society for the History of Czechoslovak Jews (AR 25443)]. Archival collection at the Leo Baeck Institute, New York

* Jews