Chŏng Sŏn

{{Short description|Korean painter (1676–1759)}} {{family name hatnote|[[Jeong (Korean name)|Chŏng]]||lang=Korean}} {{Infobox artist | name = Chŏng Sŏn | native_name = 정선 | native_name_lang = ko | image = Jeong Seon-Taking a reast after reading books-d1.jpg | caption = Detail from ''Taking a rest after reading books'' by Chŏng Sŏn, believed to be a self-portrait of the painter. | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1676|2|16}} | birth_place = [[Seoul]], [[Joseon]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1759|4|20|1676|2|16}} | death_place = [[Seoul]], [[Joseon]] | known_for = [[Painting]], [[drawing]] | movement = true-view painting | notable_works = ''[[Inwangjesaekdo]]'' ''[[Geumgang jeondo]]'' }} {{Infobox Korean name/auto |hangul=%정선 |hanja=鄭敾 |hangulja=%_원백 |hanjaja=元伯 |hangulho=%_겸재%, %_난곡 |hanjaho=謙齋, 蘭谷 }}

'''Chŏng Sŏn''' ({{Korean|hangul=정선|hanja=鄭敾}}; 1676 – 20 April 1759){{sfn|Kim Kumja-paik|1992}} was a Korean landscape painter, also known by the [[art name]]s '''Gyeomjae''' and '''Nangok''' and [[courtesy name]] '''Wonbaek'''. His works include ink and oriental water paintings, such as ''[[Inwangjesaekdo]]'' (1751), ''[[Geumgang jeondo]]'' (1734), and ''[[Ingokjeongsa]]'' (1742), as well as numerous "true-view" landscape paintings on the subject of Korea and the history of its culture. He is counted among the most famous Korean painters.{{sfn|the MET|2004}} The landscape paintings that he produced reflect most of the geographical features of Korea.{{sfn|ASEF/Gyeomjae Museum}} His style is realistic rather than abstract.{{sfn|Chung Ah-young|2009}}

== Biography == Chŏng was born on 16 February 1676, in the [[Jongno District]] of [[Seoul]], in the [[Cheongun-dong]] neighborhood.{{sfn|Ahn Hwi-Joon|2005}}{{sfn|Jeong Seon's Museum}} He was the eldest son of [[Jeong Si-ik]] (1638–1689), the descendant of an illustrious and gentry family{{sfn|Gang Gwansik|2006|p=193}} that originally came from [[Gwangju]]. Soon in infancy, he was noted for his artistic talents and is said to have painted daily, with a prolific output until old age. But his family was so poor that he couldn't become a scholar-painter{{sfn|Ahn Hwi-Joon|2012}} (a [[yangban]] painting for leisure). Nevertheless, he was introduced in a circle of powerful neighbors and was, on their recommendation, allowed to work for the [[Dohwaseo]] (Joseon Bureau of Paintings) and also created landscapes for patrons and clients.{{sfn|Ahn Hwi-Joon|2012}}

In his 36th year (1711), he toured Mt. Geumgang with Pak Tae-yu (1648–1746), the local governor, and produced the 13-paintings Album ''Pungak Mountain, Sin-myo Year''. The next year, another trip to Mt. Geumgang produced the 30 paintings Album ''Realistic Representations of Sea and Mountains''. Both albums were augmented by various poems written by Chŏng Sŏn's protectors.{{sfn|Yi Song-mi|1999|p=346}} His self-chosen pen name Gyeomjae (i.e. "humble study") was reflecting this asymmetrical relationship.{{sfn|Kim Kumja-paik|1992}}

In 1716, in his 41st year, he was granted a tenure of ''Geomgyosu'' (兼敎授; professor extraordinary) at [[Gwansanggam]] (觀象監; the Office for Observance of Natural Phenomena).{{sfn|Gang Gwansik|2006}} This was taking into account the fact that Chŏng Sŏn was from beginning proficient at [[Book of Changes]](周易) and Astronomy.{{sfn|Gang Gwansik|2006}} But this gave him further impetus... and an official position. He served as district magistrate of Hayang (1721–1726), of Cheongha (c. 1733), and of Yangcheon (1740–1745).{{sfn|Yi Song-mi|1999|p=464, n52}} Later in life, he was honored by King [[Yeongjo of Joseon|Yeongjo]], who bestowed on him the official title of the fourth rank in 1754 and the second rank in 1756.

== Significance ==  Chŏng is one of the most famous Korean painters.{{sfn|the MET|2004}} He inspired other Korean artists to follow suit, leaving a lasting impact on [[Korean art]]. He was the most eminent painter in the late Joseon period. Chŏng explored the scenic beauty of the capital city of Hanyang (Seoul), the [[Han River (Korea)|Han River]], the [[Sea of Japan]], and the [[Diamond Mountain]]. He is the first painter of true-view Korean landscapes. Differing from earlier techniques and traditional Chinese styles, he created a new style of painting depicting the virtues of Korea.{{sfn|Kim Jin-gyeong|2013}}

By the end of the decade, Chŏng had developed his own, more realistic style, likely under the influence of the [Silhak] movement. This set him apart from the then-prevailing Chinese literati tradition of idealised and abstract landscape art.{{sfn|Pratt|2013|p=58}} His grandson, [[Jeong Hwang]] (鄭榥, 1737–?), displayed the true-view landscape style in addition to genre painting.{{sfn|KAA|2009|p=36}}

== Style ==  {{center|[[File:정선 관동명승첩 중 망양정.jpg|Mangyangjeong]]}}

Chŏng was one of the few known Korean painters to depart from traditional Chinese styles. It is reported that he frequently left his studio and painted the world around him, as he could see it. His paintings are classified as part of the [[Southern School]], but he developed his own style by realistically portraying natural scenes such as mountains and streams with bold strokes of his brush.{{sfn|Chung Ah-young|2009}}

A major characteristic of his work is intermixed dark and light areas, created by layers of ink wash and lines. His mountains are punctuated by forests, which in turn are lightened by mists and waterfalls. Vegetation is made from dots, a technique that bears the influence of Chinese painter [[Mi Fei]] (1052–1107). Jeong's style would influence generations of Korean artists, and become one of the iconic images of Korean nationalism.{{sfn|Pratt|2013|p=58}}

==Gallery== {|class="wikitable sortable" !style="background:#ededed;" |'''#''' !'''Title''' !'''Hangul''' !'''Year''' !'''Technique & size HxL''' !'''Location''' !'''Illustration''' |- | 1. || ''[[Inwangjesaekdo]]'' || 인왕제색도 || 1751 || ink-and-oil painting 79.2 cm × 138.2 cm || [[Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art]] ||[[File:After Rain at Mt. Inwang.jpg|100px]] |- style="background:#ededed;" | 2. || ''[[Geumgang jeondo]]'' Spring View of Mt. Diamond || 금강전도|| 1734 || Ink and oriental water color on paper 130.7 cm × 94.1 cm || [[Ho-Am Art Museum]] ||{{center|[[File:Geumgangjeondo.jpg|{{#expr: (100 * 5278 / 7322) round 0}}px]]}} |- style="background:#ededed;" | 3. || ''[[Geumgang jeondo]]'' Complete View || 금강전도|| 1750s || color on silk 33.3 x 54.6 cm || Order of St. Benedict [[Waegwan Abbey]] ||{{center|[[File:Geumgangjeondo-Waegwan Abbey.png|100px]]}} |- style="background:#ededed;" | 4. || ''[[Pungaknaesan chongramdo]]'' Autumn View of Mt. Diamond || 풍악내산총람도 楓岳內山摠覽圖 || 1740s || color on silk 100.8×73.8 cm || [[Gansong Art Museum]] ||{{center|[[File:Jeong Seon-PungakNaesanChongramDo.jpg|{{#expr: (100 * 738 / 1008 ) round 0}}px]]}} |- | 5. || ''Ingok Yugeo'' Jeon Seon's secluded house below [[Mt. Inwangsan|Mt. Inwang]] ||인곡유거도 仁谷幽居圖 || 1742 || ink and slight color on paper 27.5 x 27.3 cm || [[Gansong Art Museum]] || {{center|[[File:Jeong Seon-Ingok.yugeodo.jpg|{{#expr: (100 * 595 / 600) round 0}}px]]}} |- | 6. || ''Soyojeong'' || 소요정 逍遙亭|| 18th century || Ink and oriental water color on silk 130.7 cm × 94.1 cm || Private collection ||{{center|[[File:Jeong Seon-Soyo.jeong.jpg|{{#expr: (100 * 500 / 699) round 0}}px]]}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | 7. ||''Cheongpunggye'' || 청풍계 淸風溪|| 18th century || Ink and oriental water color on silk 96.5 x 36.1 cm || Museum of [[Korea University]] ||{{center|[[File:Jeong Seon-Cheongpung.gye-02.jpg|{{#expr: (100 * 361 / 965) round 0}}px]]}} |- | 8. ||''Bakyeon Fall'' || 박연폭포 朴淵瀑布|| 18th century || Ink and oriental water color on paper 119.4×51.9 cm || Private collection ||{{center|[[File:Jeong Seon-Bakyeon pokpo.jpg|{{#expr: (100 * 566 / 1368) round 0}}px]]}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | 9. ||''Gwangjin'' || 광진 廣津|| 18th century || Ink and oriental water color on silk 20 x 31.5 cm || [[Gansong Art Museum]] ||{{center|[[File:Jeong Seon-Gwangjin.jpg|100px]]}} |- | 10. ||''[[Jaha-dong]]'' a village in [[Jongno District]]|| 자하동 紫霞洞 || 18th century || Ink and oriental water color on paper 33.7 x 29.5 cm || [[Gansong Art Museum]] ||{{center| [[File:Jeong Seon-Jaha.dong.jpg|{{#expr: (100 * 550 / 627) round 0}}px]]}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | 11. || ''Gaehwasa Temple'' || 개화사 || 18th century || Ink and oriental water color on paper 31 x 24.8 cm || [[Gansong Art Museum]] ||{{center|[[File:Gaehwasa temple by Jeong Seon.jpg|{{#expr: (100 * 248 / 310) round 0}}px]]}} |- | 12. ||''Dongjakjin'' || 동작진 銅雀津|| 18th century || Ink and oriental water color on paper 18.5 x L=27.5  cm || Private collection ||{{center|[[File:Gyeomjae - Dongjakjin.jpg|100px]]}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | 13. ||''Gwiraejeong'' || 귀래정 歸來亭|| 18th century || Ink and oriental water color on paper 23 x 25 cm || Private collection ||{{center|[[File:Gyeomjae-Yangcheon-Gwiraejeong.jpg|{{#expr: (100 * 515 / 688) round 0}}px]]}} |- | 14. || ''Isujeong'' || 이수정 二水亭|| 18th century || Ink and oriental water color on silk 23 x 25 cm || Private collection ||{{center|[[File:Gyeomjae-Yangcheon-Isujeong.jpg|{{#expr: (100 * 515 / 688) round 0}}px]]}} |- | 15. || ''[[Dosan Seowon]]'' || 도산서원도 || 18th century || || Private collection ||[[File:Jeong Seon-Dosan Seowon.jpg|100px]] |- style="background:#efefef;" | 16. ||''Jukseoru'' || 죽서루 || 1738 || Ink and oriental water color on paper 32.3 x 57.8 cm || [[Gansong Art Museum]] ||{{center|[[File:Jeong Seon-Jukseoru.jpg|100px]]}} |- | 17. ||''Changuimun'' || 창의문 彰義門|| 18th century || Ink and oriental water color on paper 29.5 x 33.2 cm || [[National Museum of Korea]] ||{{center|[[File:Jeong Seon-Chang.eui.mun.jpg|{{#expr: (100 * 295 / 332) round 0}}px]]}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | 18. ||''Ingokjeongsa'' || 인곡정사 仁谷精舍|| 1742 || Ink and oriental water color on paper 22.5 x 32.5 cm || Private collection ||{{center|[[File:Jeong Seon-Ingok.jeongsa.jpg|{{#expr: (100 * 225 / 325) round 0}}px]]}} |- | 19. ||''Mangyangjeong'' || 망양정 || 18th century || Ink and oriental water color on paper 32.3 x 57.8 cm || [[Gansong Art Museum]] ||{{center|[[File:정선 관동명승첩 중 망양정.jpg|100px]]}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | 20. ||''Chuil hanmyo'' 가을날 한가로운 고양이 Leisurely cat on a fall day|| 추일한묘 秋日閑猫|| 18th century || || ||{{center|[[File:Jeong Seon-Chuil hanmyo-Free cat on an autumn day-01.jpg|{{#expr: (100 * 643 / 1008) round 0}}px]]}} |- | 21. || ''Yuksangmyodo'' || 육상묘도 || 1739 || Ink and oriental water color on silk 146.5 x 63 cm || Private collection ||{{center|[[File:육상묘도.jpg|{{#expr: (100 * 526 /800 ) round 0}}px]]}} |- | 22. || ''Seonyubong'' || 선유봉 仙遊峰|| 1740s || cm || collection ||{{center|[[File:Gyeomjae-Yangcheon-Seonyubong.jpg|{{#expr: (100 * 515 / 700 ) round 0}}px]]}} |- | 23. || ''Soakru '' a pavilion below Mt. Seongsan || 소악루 小岳樓|| || tint on paper cm || [[Gansong Art Museum]] ||{{center|[[File:소악루(小岳樓).jpg|{{#expr: (100 * 500 / 651 ) round 0}}px]]}} |- | 24. || ''Pungak Mountain, Sin-myo Year'' Album on tour with Pak Tae-yu (1648–1746) || 辛卯年楓岳圖帖 || 1711 || || || |- | 25. || ''Realistic Representations of Sea and Mountains ''(no longer extant){{sfn|Yi Song-mi|1999|p=346}} || || 1712 || || || |- | 26. || ''Nosong Yeongji'' || 노송영지 老松靈芝 || 1755 || || || |}

== See also == *[[Korean painting]] *[[List of Korean painters]]

== References == {{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources== ===English sources=== # Museum {{cite web |script-title=ko:겸재정선 소개 |trans-title=Introduction of Gyeomjae Jeong Seon |url=http://gjjs.or.kr/new/gj/gj_intro.php |publisher=Jeong Seon's Museum |access-date=2021-03-16 |ref={{harvid|Jeong Seon's Museum}} }} #the MET {{cite web |author=[[Lee Soyoung]]. Based on original work by Ahn Hwi-Joon |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mowa/hd_mowa.htm |title=Mountain and Water: Korean Landscape Painting, 1400–1800 |work=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art|the MET]] |date=October 2004 |ref={{harvid|the MET|2004}}}} #MET. {{cite book |author=Yi Song-mi |title=Arts_of_Korea |chapter=Artistic Tradition and the Depiction of Reality: True-View Landscape Painting of the Joseon Dynasty |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Arts_of_Korea |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York |year=1998 |editor=Judith G. Smith |isbn=9780300085785 |pages= 330–365 and 464–466 |ref={{harvid|Yi Song-mi|1999}} }} catalog of the June 5, 1998—Jan. 24, 1999 exhibition. (fully available online as PDF). #KAA {{cite journal |title=Korean Genre Painting |url=http://211.252.141.88/files/upload/ebook/6/KAaA_03.pdf#page=36 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213124249/http://211.252.141.88/files/upload/ebook/6/KAaA_03.pdf#page=36 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-12-13 |journal=The International Journal of Korean Art and Archaeology |publisher=[[National Museum of Korea]] |volume=3 |year=2009 |issn=2005-1115 |ref={{harvid|KAA|2009}} }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213124249/http://211.252.141.88/files/upload/ebook/6/KAaA_03.pdf#page=36 |date=2014-12-13 }} original seems dead #{{cite web |title=Jeong Seon's Paintings Brought to Life |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2009/09/135_51861.html |work=[[The Korea Times]] |author=Chung Ah-young |date=15 September 2009 |access-date=2021-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222090158/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2009/09/135_51861.html |archive-date=22 December 2014 |ref={{harvid|Chung Ah-young|2009}} }} Original is largely quicker. #{{cite book |first1=Keith |last1=Pratt |first2=Richard|last2=Rutt |title=Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r15cAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |date=16 December 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-79393-6 |ref={{harvid|Pratt|2013}} }} #{{Cite journal |author=Kim Kumja-paik |title=Chŏng Sŏn (1676–1759): His Life and Career |journal=Artibus Asiae |jstor=3249894 |date=1992 |volume=52 |issue=3/4 |pages=329–343 |doi=10.2307/3249894 |ref={{harvid|Kim Kumja-paik|1992}}}} Jstor subscription # {{cite web |title=Gyeomjae Jeong Seon Memorial Museum, Korea |url=https://culture360.asef.org/resources/gyeomjae-jeong-seon-memorial-museum-korea/ |publisher=[[Asia–Europe Foundation]] |accessdate=22 December 2014 |ref={{harvid|ASEF/Gyeomjae Museum}} }}

===linked to dbpia===  # {{cite journal |author= 안휘준 (Ahn Hwi-Joon) |title=謙齋鄭敾(1676 -1759)의 瀟湘八景圖 |trans-title=Jeong Seon's Paintings of "The Eight Views of the Xiao and Xiang Rivers" |url=https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE01356550 |journal=Art History Forum |volume=20 |date=June 2005 |pages=7–48 |accessdate=10 November 2014 |ref={{harvid|Ahn Hwi-Joon|2005}} }} #*linked at [https://academic.naver.com/article.naver?doc_id=288609250 academic.naver] #*Xiaoxiangbajin i.e. Sosangpalgyeongdo is described at [https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10092/4256/thesis_fulltext.pdf;sequence=1 Canterbury Thesis] #{{cite journal |title=겸재 정선(1676~1759)과 그의 진경산수화, 어떻게 볼 것인가 |trans-title=A New Understanding of Jeong Seon (1676~1759) and his True-View Landscape Painting |author=안휘준 (Ahn Hwi-Joon) |url=https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE01974633 |journal=The Korean Historical Review |volume=214 |date=June 2012 |pages=1–30 |accessdate=10 November 2014 |ref={{harvid|Ahn Hwi-Joon|2012}} }} #*linked at [https://academic.naver.com/article.naver?doc_id=288558197 academic.naver] #{{cite journal |title=謙齋鄭敾의 天文學兼敎授出仕와 <金剛全圖>의 天文易學的解釋 |trans-title=A Study on the duties of Gyeomje Jeong Seon (謙齋鄭敾, 1676–1759) as extraordinary Professor in Astronomy and the Interpretation of the <General View of Geumgang Mountain 金剛全圖> from the Viewpoint of the Science of Astronomy-Divination(天文易學) |author= 강관식 (Gang Gwansik) |url=https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/ArticleDetail?nodeId=NODE00799018 |journal=미술사학, Misulsahakbo, Reviews on Art History |pages=137–194 |volume=27 |date=December 2006 |accessdate=24 November 2014 |ref={{harvid|Gang Gwansik|2006}} }} #*linked at [https://academic.naver.com/article.naver?doc_id=54769474 academic.naver] #*linked at [https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART001170245 KCI] #{{cite journal |script-title=ko:겸재 진경산수화에 나타난 남·북종 화법융합의 독창성 연구 |trans-title=North-South Convergency and originality on interpretation of the GyeomJae True-View Landscape Painting |author=김진경 (Kim Jin-gyeong) |journal=Yang-Ming Studies |issue=34 |pages=257–290 |url=https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE02172332 |accessdate=17 November 2014 |date=April 2013 |doi=10.17088/tksyms.2013..34.010 |ref={{harvid|Kim Jin-gyeong|2013}} |doi-access=free }} #*linked at [https://academic.naver.com/article.naver?doc_id=288574539 academic.naver]

== Further reading == * {{cite book|author=Joon-young Yu|title=Chong Son (1676–1759), ein koreanischer Landschaftsmaler aus der Yi-Dynastie|year=1976|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136793936|language=German|oclc=604629349}}

== External links == {{Commons category}}  * [https://www.metmuseum.org/search-results#!/search?q=Jeong%20seon search Jeong Seon at MET] * [http://www.thefamousartists.com/jeong-seon Jeong Seon's Place in Korean Art History] {{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chŏng, Sŏn}} [[Category:1676 births]] [[Category:1759 deaths]] [[Category:Landscape artists]] [[Category:18th-century Korean painters]] [[Category:Artists from Seoul]] [[Category:People from Jongno District]]