Jennifer Ringley

{{Short description|American former webcaster (born 1976)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2014}} {{Infobox person | name = Jennifer Ringley | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Jennifer Kaye Ringley | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|8|10}} | birth_place = Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, U.S. | other_names = Jennifer Johnson | death_date = | death_place = | spouse = | relations = | years_active = 1996–2003 | notable_works = | known_for = ''JenniCam''<br />Lifecasting | website = {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031227221244/http://www.jennicam.org:80/|date=December 27, 2003|title=jennicam.org}} }}

'''Jennifer Kaye Ringley''' (born August 10, 1976)<ref name="FAQ">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19971210110509/http://www.boudoir.org/faq/jenni.html |title=JenniCam Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=boudoir.org |archive-date=December 10, 1997 |access-date=May 8, 2011 |first=Jennifer |last=Ringley |url=http://www.boudoir.org/faq/jenni.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> is an Internet personality and former lifecaster. She is widely regarded as the first camgirl. She is known for creating the popular website '''JenniCam'''.<ref name="hollywoodpa-2000-02-10-pressrelease">{{cite web |title=Press Release: JENNICAM HOSTS FIRST WEB BROADCAST FROM AN INDEPENDENT MOVIE SET |url=http://www.hollywoodpa.com/subpages/pressroom/pressrelease/index.html |website=Hollywood PA - - Live Internet Broadcast of Independent Film Production, Live Streaming Video, Digital Video Camera |access-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010302144803/http://www.hollywoodpa.com/subpages/pressroom/pressrelease/index.html |archive-date=2 March 2001 |quote=Since Ringley started live broadcasting from her dormitory room three years ago, she has attracted an international fan base with an average daily hit rate of 5 million...Ringley first attempted live web casting from her dormitory room at Pennsylvania's Dickinson College. Soon Ringley established such a large following that her server could not supply the necessary capacity. In order to limit the number of hits, she attempted to keep the web address private, and changing it on a regular basis. It had the opposite effect, however. |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="hollywoodpa-talent/jenni1">{{cite web |title=Jennifer Ringley |url=https://www.hollywoodpa.com/subpages/productionoffice/castandcrew/talent/jenni1.html |website=Hollywood PA - Live Internet Broadcast of Independent Film Production, Live Streaming Video, Digital Video Camera |access-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010119145400/https://www.hollywoodpa.com/subpages/productionoffice/castandcrew/talent/jenni1.html |archive-date=19 January 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Previously, live webcams transmitted static shots from cameras aimed through windows or at coffee pots.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World's First Webcam Was Created to Check a Coffee Pot |url=https://gizmodo.com/the-worlds-first-webcam-was-created-to-check-a-coffee-p-5993583 |website=Gizmodo |access-date=4 May 2022 |first=Jamie |last=Condliffe |date= April 4, 2013}}</ref> Ringley's innovation was simply to allow others to view her daily activities. She was the first web-based "lifecaster".<ref name="Banet-Weider">{{Cite book |chapter=Branding the Post-feminist Self:: Girls' Video Production and YouTube |last=Banet-Weider |first=Sarah |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2013 |isbn=9781433105616 |location=New York |pages=51–71 |title=Mediated Girlhoods: New Explorations of Girls' Media Culture |editor-first=Mary Celeste |editor-last=Kearney}}</ref> She retired from lifecasting at the end of 2003.

In June 2008, CNET hailed JenniCam as one of the greatest defunct websites in history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://crave.cnet.co.uk/0,39029477,49296926-2,00.htm |title=The greatest defunct Web sites and dotcom disasters |publisher=CNET |date=June 5, 2008 |access-date=June 5, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607211819/http://crave.cnet.co.uk/0%2C39029477%2C49296926-2%2C00.htm |archive-date=June 7, 2008 |url-status=dead |first=Nate |last=Lanxon}}</ref>

==JenniCam== Regarded by some as a conceptual artist,<ref name="disobey">{{cite web |title=Forgotten Web Celebrities: Jennicam.org's Jennifer Ringley |url=http://www.disobey.com/ghostsites/2004_05_19_archive.html |access-date=March 27, 2014 |date=May 19, 2004 |first=Steve |last=Baldwin |publisher=Disobey.com: Content for the discontented (blog)}}</ref> Ringley viewed her site as a straightforward document of her life.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cgd.best.vwh.net/home/naturism/wnl-0101.htm#commentary |title=Commentary: JenniCam |work=The Weekly Nudesletter |first=Charles |last=Daney |date=September 29, 1997 |volume=1 |number=1 |access-date=September 3, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827064851/http://cgd.best.vwh.net/home/naturism/wnl-0101.htm#commentary |archive-date=August 27, 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She did not wish to filter the events that were shown on her camera, so sometimes she was shown nude or engaging in sexual behavior, including sexual intercourse and masturbation. This was a new use of Internet technology at the time and some viewers were interested in its sociological implications while others watched it for sexual arousal. The JenniCam website coincided with a rise in surveillance as a feature of popular culture, exemplified by reality television programs such as ''Big Brother'', and as a feature of contemporary art and new media art. From a sociological point of view, JenniCam was an important early example of how the internet could create a cyborg subject by integrating human images with the internet. As such, JenniCam set the stage for conversations regarding the relationship of technology and gender.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jimroglou |first=Krissi M. |title=A camera with a view: JenniCAM, visual representation, and cyborg subjectivity |journal=Information, Communication & Society |year=1999 |volume=2 |issue=4 |page=439 |doi=10.1080/136911899359493}}</ref>

<blockquote>"It was basically a programming challenge to myself to see if I could set up the script that would take the pictures, upload them to this site,...just to get that happening automatically, and I shared it with a couple of friends, kinda 'look, I got this working.'"<ref>{{cite web |author1=Reply All |title=Jennicam And The Birth Of 'Lifecasting' |url=https://digg.com/2015/reply-all-jennicam |website=digg |access-date=4 May 2022 |language=en |date=April 13, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jennicam: Why the First Lifecaster Disappeared from the Internet |url=https://gizmodo.com/jennicam-why-the-first-lifecaster-disappeared-from-the-1697712996 |website=Gizmodo |access-date=4 May 2022 |first=Kate |last=Knibbs|date=April 14, 2015 }}</ref></blockquote>

Ringley's desire to maintain the purity of the cam-eye view of her life eventually created the need to establish that she was within her rights as an adult to broadcast such information, in the legal sense, and that it was not harmful to other adults. Unlike later for-profit webcam services,<ref>{{cite web |title=Webcam Models |url=http://www.pandoramodeling.com/the-pay-scale |access-date=March 24, 2014 |year=2014 |publisher=Pandora Modelling |first=Jordan |last=Keith |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109231404/http://www.pandoramodeling.com/the-pay-scale |archive-date=January 9, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Ringley did not spend her day displaying her naked body and she spent much more time discussing her romantic life than she did her sex life.<ref name="salon08042000">{{cite news |url=http://archive.salon.com/tech/log/2000/08/04/jennicam/index.html |title=Jenni's in love |date=August 8, 2000 |work=Salon |first=Alice |last=Lipowicz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031026141953/http://archive.salon.com/tech/log/2000/08/04/jennicam/index.html |archive-date=October 26, 2003 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.salon.com/21st/feature/1998/01/cov_08feature.html |title=21st: Live! From my bedroom |date=January 8, 1998 |work=Salon |first=Simon |last=Firth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031013022202/http://archive.salon.com/21st/feature/1998/01/cov_08feature.html |archive-date=October 13, 2003 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Ringley maintained her webcam site for seven years and eight months.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=03/12/05/0536233 |title=JenniCam Closing After 7+ Years |date=December 31, 2003 |website=slashdot}}</ref>

Sources stated that JenniCam received seven million visitors daily.<ref name="bbc-37681006">{{cite news |title=Jennicam: The first woman to stream her life on the internet |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-37681006 |access-date=4 May 2022 |work=BBC News |date=17 October 2016}}</ref> Nate Lanxon of ''CNET'' said "remember this is 1996 and the Web as we know it now had barely lost its virginity, let alone given birth to the God-child we know as the modern Internet."<ref>{{cite news |last=Lanxon |first=Nate |title=The greatest defunct Web sites and dotcom disasters. |work=CNET |date=June 5, 2008 |url=http://crave.cnet.co.uk/gadgets/the-greatest-defunct-web-sites-and-dotcom-disasters-49296926/2/ |access-date=May 13, 2011 |archive-date=August 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806153220/http://crave.cnet.co.uk/gadgets/the-greatest-defunct-web-sites-and-dotcom-disasters-49296926/2 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Origins=== On April 3, 1996, during her junior year at Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, the 19-year-old Ringley installed a webcam in her college dorm room. On April 14, 1996,<ref>{{cite web |title=This Day in Geek History: April 14 |url=http://thegreatgeekmanual.com/blog/this-day-in-geek-history-april-14 |website=The Great Geek Manual |access-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331051951/http://thegreatgeekmanual.com/blog/this-day-in-geek-history-april-14 |archive-date=31 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ringley, raised as a nudist, started JenniCam, providing images from that cam on a website.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amazing.com/jennifer/ |title=Jennifer Ringley doesn't live here anymore ... |first=David H |last=Dennis |work=Amazing (blog) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040605013816/http://www.amazing.com/jennifer/ |archive-date=June 5, 2004 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The webpage would automatically refresh every three minutes with the most recent picture from the camera. Initially, anyone with Internet access could observe the often mundane events of Ringley's life; however, in June 1997, Ringley started charging viewers for full entry to her site.<ref name="Banet-Weider" /> JenniCam was one of the first web sites that continuously and voluntarily surveyed a private life. Her first webcam contained only black-and-white images of her in the dorm room. JenniCam attracted up to four million views a day at its peak.<ref name="Banet-Weider" />

At times during the first couple of years of JenniCam, Ringley performed stripteases for the webcam.<ref>* {{cite news |title=Web site for voyeur eyes |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=September 20, 1997 |first=Linton |last=Weeks |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1997/09/20/web-site-for-voyeur-eyes/941cb4a0-10e7-4cbd-9e2f-2eebce80fa9e/}}</ref> This continued until an incident occurred in 1997, wherein she was discovered by a group of hackers on Efnet who teased her for their own amusement. After she reacted humorously to their taunts, JenniCam was hacked, and Ringley received death threats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usd.edu/~rbirgen/Joe/JKR.html |title=Jennifer Kaye Ringley |first=Joseph John James |last=Birgen |work=Gremlin (blog) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040611190704/http://www.usd.edu/~rbirgen/Joe/JKR.html |archive-date=June 11, 2004 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The hackers turned out to be approximately 100 people including a handful of teen pranksters,<ref name=Ed>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/Movies/9903/26/jennicam/ |title='Ed' of the Internet: JenniCAM going strong after three years |date=March 26, 1999 |work=CNN |first=Jamie |last=Allen}}</ref> Ringley stopped doing stripteases after that.

Initially, the camera tended to be turned off during especially private moments, but eventually this custom was abandoned, and images were captured of Ringley engaging in sex.

Ringley graduated from Dickinson in 1997 with a Bachelor of Arts in Economics.<ref name="FAQ"/>

===Washington D.C.=== When Ringley moved to Washington, D.C. after graduating, she added webcams to cover the additional living space (four webcams captured images of her life), in both the office and bedroom. One camera{{snd}} a Mac WebCam{{snd}} captured the rooms at the clip of one photo per minute, even when vacant, and posted them to her web page.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weeks |first=Linton |date=1997-10-01 |title=Jenni, Jenni, Jenni: A Life Laid Bare on the Computer Screen |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-oct-01-ls-37894-story.html |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> In the FAQ section of JenniCam.org, Ringley explained, "I don't feel I'm giving up my privacy. Just because people can see me doesn't mean it affects me{{snd}} I'm still alone in my room, no matter what... I never feel a need to hide anything going on anyway."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ringley |first=Jennifer |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=http://www.jennicam.org/faq/general.html#b |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990421003631/http://jennicam.org/faq/general.html |archive-date=1999-04-21 |website=jennicam.org}}</ref>

She began charging for access to her site, allowing both paid and free access with the paid access updating the images more frequently than the free access. She added more pages to her website that included pictures of her cats and ferrets. Her site was doing well as she stayed home and listed her profession as "web designer" for her site.<ref name="Ed" />

As Ringley attracted a following both on and off the Internet, more than 100 media outlets from ''The Wall Street Journal'' to ''Modern Ferret'' ran features. Ringley owned several ferrets and ''Modern Ferret'' featured Jenni and one of her pets on the front cover.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.modernferret.com/mfm028/index.html |magazine=Modern Ferret |number=28 |title=Chatting with Jennicam |author= |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031217120712/http://modernferret.com/mfm028/index.html |archive-date=December 17, 2003 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> As an actress, she was cast in "Rear Windows '98," a 1998 episode of the TV series ''Diagnosis: Murder'', portraying Joannecam, a fictionalized version of herself. She also hosted her own Internet talk show titled ''The Jennishow''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1999/02/16/the-moving-pixel-show/dd3308e0-892e-4f07-99a6-d27fd92de931/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |title=The Moving Pixel Show |date=16 February 1999 |first=Linton |last=Weeks}}</ref> on The Sync, an early webcasting network based in Laurel, Maryland.

Ringley's standard of living improved with a larger apartment, expensive furniture, and several business trips to Amsterdam with her accountant. She claimed that the experience improved her self-image and self body image.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jspace.org/jennireuters |title=Jennifer Ringley is her own paparazzi |date=September 22, 1997 |work=j-space (blog) |first=Jake |last=Savin}}</ref> Ringley began to take trips to visit other cam girls, including Ana Voog of Anacam.com.

At the height of her popularity, an estimated three to four million people watched JenniCam.org daily. She eventually purchased the domain jennicam.com as well. She appeared as a guest on the ''Late Show with David Letterman''. At the end of the interview, and even after having been corrected once, Letterman plugged the site as Jennicam.net instead of the correct Jennicam.com (Ringley owned both Jennicam.com and Jennicam.org). People visiting the previously non-existent Jennicam.net found a pornographic site with the greeting, "Thanks Dave".

She also appeared on ''The Today Show'' and ''World News Tonight With Peter Jennings''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thesync.com/wcfs/ |title=Harmful to Minors Law Going to Court in New Mexico |work=Webcasters Coalition for Free Speech |date=September 21, 1999 |author= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040621002402/http://thesync.com/wcfs/ |archive-date=June 21, 2004 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

In 1999, clips from ''The Jennishow'' were included in the Museum of Modern Art's exhibition "Fame After Photography."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.moma.org/documents/moma_press-release_386987.pdf |title=PROVOCATIVE EXHIBITION AT MOMA TRACES THE COMPLEX CONNECTIONS BETWEEN PHOTOGRAPHY AND FAME |date=June 1999}}</ref>

===Sacramento=== When Ringley moved to Sacramento, California, she documented the boxing of her possessions with free live streaming and full audio. Ringley received some criticism from fans when she became involved with Dex, a man who was the fiancé of a fellow webcammer and friend who helped her move to California.<ref name="salon08042000"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gettingit.com/article/758 |title=Little Jenni Homewrecker: Web vixen gets shot by her own cam |date=July 27, 2000 |first=Lou |last=Cabron |work=GettingIt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040623031455/http://www.gettingit.com/article/758 |archive-date=June 23, 2004 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

She shut down her site on December 31, 2003, citing PayPal's new anti-nudity policy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Curtains-in-the-bedroom-JenniCam-switches-off-2525183.php |title=Curtains in the bedroom – JenniCam switches off |date=December 12, 2003 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |first=Todd |last=Wallack}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3360063.stm |title=R.I.P. JenniCam |date=January 1, 2004 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="disobey" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cfserv.dickinson.edu/dickinsonian/detail.cfm?183 |title=Good-bye, JenniCam ... |date=December 12, 2003 |newspaper=The Dickinsonian |first=John |last=Merriman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040510201323/http://cfserv.dickinson.edu/dickinsonian/detail.cfm?183 |archive-date=May 10, 2004 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/12/10/jenni.cam.reut/ |title=Voyeur Web site JenniCam to go dark |date=December 10, 2003 |work=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/12/10/reg_seeks_poetic_jennicam_memorial/ |title=Reg seeks poetic JenniCam memorial |date=December 10, 2003 |work=The Register |first=Lester |last=Haines}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/teachout200312110800.asp |title=Jenni's Footnote |date=December 11, 2003 |magazine=National Review |first=Terry |last=Teachout |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040217220127/http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/teachout200312110800.asp |archive-date=2004-02-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==After JenniCam== Since the end of 2003, Ringley has avoided having a presence on the Internet and on social media and tries to stay out of the public spotlight.<ref name="replyall" />

By 2007, Ringley had worked for a web developer after a brief stint as a case worker for a social services agency in Sacramento. Out of the public eye, she stated, "I really am enjoying my privacy now. I don't have a web page; I don't have a MySpace page. It's a completely different feeling, and I think I'm enjoying it."<ref>"Behind the Scenes with Jennifer Ringley", segment of "Webjunk" on VH1, posted to IFILM on March 18, 2007.</ref>

In December 2014, Ringley spoke to the podcast ''Reply All'' about her experiences with JenniCam; the podcast noted that Jenny "is almost entirely absent from the Internet ... just the way she likes it."<ref name="replyall"> *{{cite podcast |url=http://gimletmedia.com/episode/5-the-jennicam/ |title=#5 Jennicam |series=Reply All |number=5 |date=December 17, 2014 |publisher=Gimlet Media}} *[https://feeds.megaphone.fm/replyall RSS] *[https://traffic.megaphone.fm/GLT6431860932.mp3 MP3]</ref>

In a 2016 interview with the BBC, Ringley described herself as a programmer in California and married to a man with the very common surname of Johnson.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-37681006 |publisher=BBC News |title=Jennicam: The first woman to stream her life on the internet |date=October 18, 2016 |first=Aleks |last=Krotoski}}</ref><ref name="bbc-b07z414z">{{cite episode |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07z414z |title=Jennifer |series=The Digital Human |network=BBC |station=BBC Radio 4 |season=10 |airdate=17 October 2016 |first=Aleks |last=Krotoski |author1-link=Aleks Krotoski }}</ref><ref name="AlprraumInfamy">{{cite news |last1=Alptraum |first1=Lux |title=There Is Life After Campus Infamy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/21/style/campus-sex-women-exposure.html |access-date=22 July 2018 |work=New York Times |date=22 July 2018}}</ref>

== Further reading ==  * {{cite book |title=Feminist Cyberscapes: Mapping Gendered Academic Spaces |last1=Blair |first1=K. |last2=Takayoshi |first2=P.|isbn=978-1-56750-438-5 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH54pe0aH50C&q=jennicam&pg=PA8}} * {{cite journal |title=Jenni's Room: Exhibitionism and Solitude |last=Burgin |first=V. |journal=Critical Inquiry |year=2000 |volume=27 |number=1 |pages=77–89 |jstor=1344228|doi=10.1086/448999 |s2cid=161915076 }} * {{cite book |last=Calvert |first=Clay |year=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/voyeurnation00clay |title=Voyeur Nation: Media, Privacy, and Peering in Modern Culture |volume=47 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=9780813342368 |oclc=493710705 |url-access=subscription}} * {{cite book |chapter=Gender and power in online communication |last=Herring |first=S.C. |title=The Handbook of Language and Gender |pages=202–228 |year=2003 |doi=10.1002/9780470756942.ch9 |editor-first1=Janet |editor-last1=Holmes |editor-first2=Miriam |editor-last2=Meyerhoff |publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470756942 }} * {{cite journal |url=http://blog.lib.umn.edu/swiss/archive/Jimroglou.pdf |title=A camera with a view: JenniCAM, visual representation, and cyborg subjectivity |last=Jimroglou |first=K. M. |journal=Information, Communication & Society |volume=2 |number=4 |pages=439–453 |year=1999 |doi=10.1080/136911899359493 |access-date=January 17, 2008 |archive-date=January 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107120638/http://blog.lib.umn.edu/swiss/archive/Jimroglou.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |title=tekst.no : strukturer og sjangrer i digitale medier |last1=Schwebs |first1=Ture |last2=Otnes |first2=Hildegunn |page=175 |location=Oslo |publisher=Cappelen |isbn=978-82-02-19673-8 |year=2001 |language=no |trans-title=Text.no: Structures and genres in digital media}} * {{cite magazine |title=The Story of the Eye |magazine=Mute |date=September 9, 1997 |first=Hari |last=Kunzru |url=http://www.metamute.org/editorial/articles/story-eye}} * {{cite journal |title=Design vs. Content: A Survey of Ten Popular Web Sites That Made Emotional Connections with the User |last=Vogler |first=D. |journal=Computers in Entertainment |year=2005 |volume=3 |issue=2 |page=4 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |doi=10.1145/1063723.1063734|s2cid=28353513 }}

===Interviews=== * {{cite episode |url=https://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/66/tales-from-the-net |series=This American Life |title=Tales from the Net |number=66 |minutes=16 |date=June 6, 1997|quote=Conversation with Jennifer Ringley |network=NPR}} * {{cite episode |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07z414z |title=Jennifer |series=The Digital Human |network=BBC |station=BBC Radio 4 |season=10 |airdate=17 October 2016 |first=Aleks |last=Krotoski |author1-link=Aleks Krotoski }}

==References== {{Reflist|30em}}

==External links== * {{IMDb name|id=1478850|name=Jennifer Ringley}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/19990419191329/http://www.jennicam.org/~jenni/livecam/ www.jennicam.org/~jenni/livecam] (Archive) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20000817231807/http://www.arttech.ab.ca/pbrown/jenni/jenni.html ''JenniCam'' as seen by Paul J.R. Brown] * [https://web.archive.org/web/19980124153140/http://jennicam.org/ Jennicam at jennicam.org] (Archive) * [https://web.archive.org/web/19990125090410/http://jennicam.com/ Jennicam at jennicam.com] (Archive)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ringley, Jennifer}} Ringley, Jennifer Kaye Ringley, Jennifer Kaye Ringley, Jennifer Ringley, Jennifer Kaye Category:Dot-com bubble Category:Webcam models Category:American female adult models