{{Short description|French engraver and medallist (1769–1850)}} {{Distinguish|Jean Baptiste van Merlen}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}} '''Jean Baptiste Merlen''' (1769–1850) was a French [[engraver]] and [[medallist]]. {{Infobox coin | Country = United Kingdom | Denomination = Thirty pence | Value = {{sfrac|1|8}} | Unit = [[pound sterling]] | Mass = 14.1 | Diameter = (Silver) 32 | Thickness = | Edge = Milled | Composition = (1816–1919) [[Sterling silver|92.5% Ag]] | Years of Minting = 1820 | Catalog Number = | Obverse = 1820_George_IV_Halfcrown_UNC_2.jpg | Obverse Design = Benedetto Pistrucci | Obverse Designer = | Obverse Design Date = | Reverse = 1820_George_IV_Halfcrown_UNC.jpg | Reverse Design = Jean Baptiste Merlen | Reverse Designer = | Reverse Design Date = 1820 }}
==Biography==
Merlen began work at the [[Paris Mint]], where he was responsible for designing the medal which celebrated [[Napoleon]]'s coronation as Emperor in 1804. In 1815, after Napoleon's defeat at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], Merlen’s post at the Paris Mint was uncertain. As a result, he left and moved to London where he searched for work eventually being offered a post at the [[Royal Mint]] from February 1820. It is believed [[Benedetto Pistrucci]], an established engraver at the Royal Mint in London, may well have met him in France and offered the post to Merlen in London. As Merlen was not eligible for a full-time post at the Royal Mint, he was hired on a temporary basis, with a salary of four guineas (84 shillings)-a-week ({{Inflation|UK|4.2|1820|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}).
His most famous work was the obverse portrait of [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]] from 1823 of the gold double sovereign, after an original work by Sir [[Francis Chantrey]]. The King had disliked the 'overweight' effigy [[Pistrucci]] had designed, preferring the Chantrey portrait. Merlen was given the task of engraving the Chantrey image after Pistrucci refused to redesign the effigy following the work of another artist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://goldsovereignexpert.com/info/jean-baptiste-merlen/|title = Jean Baptiste Merlen|date = September 2014}}</ref> Merlen's effigy is also notable for being the first to show a male monarch bareheaded, i.e. neither crowned or [[laureate]] (in the style of [[Roman emperor]]s) since the reign of [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]].
Merlen was also responsible for the obverse design of the 1823 George IV gold double sovereign, the first currency double sovereign or two pounds coin. Pistrucci had designed an 1820 gold double sovereign three years earlier although this was never issued for general circulation and, as such, is deemed to be a pattern coin and of the highest rarity.
Merlen also designed several reverses, the most widely used being a crowned shield surrounded by a wreath, variants of which were used in issues of [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]] and later [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.royalmint.com/discover/sovereigns/the-sovereign-reverse-designs|title = Discover Sovereign Reverse Designs | the Royal Mint}}</ref> Merlen's initials, the letters 'J' 'B' and 'M' can be found on the first issue George IV halfcrowns dated 1820 and 1821 between the reverse border denticles at approximately 3 o'clock to the right of the shield design (see reverse photograph). The same individual letters used for his initials are also within the reverse beads, to the left of the reverse design, on the corresponding shillings and sixpences of the same period.
Merlen continued to work alongside engraver [[William Wyon]] during the early part of Queen Victoria's long reign. Merlen retired from work at the Royal Mint in July 1844 with Wyon continuing until his own death seven years later in 1851. Merlen produced the reverse designs for all the early silver and gold for Victoria coinage. The engraving work was carried out by Wyon's son, [[Leonard Charles Wyon]], who entered service at the Mint upon Merlen's retirement.
The reverse designs by Merlen on the Queen Victoria 'young head' silver half-crowns were identical to those of the gold sovereigns of the same period with the sovereigns attaining the nickname 'shield backs', a description which continues in use today by numismatists.
His designs for the reverses of [[maundy money]] remained in use until 1887.
==References== {{reflist}}
{{s-start}} {{succession box | before=[[Benedetto Pistrucci]]| title=[[Coins of the pound sterling]]<br>Obverse engraver| years=1823| after=[[William Wyon]]| }} {{end}}
{{Authority control (arts)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Merlen, Jean Baptiste}} [[Category:1769 births]] [[Category:1850 deaths]] [[category:18th-century French engravers]] [[Category:19th-century French engravers]] [[Category:18th-century French medallists]] [[category:19th-century French medallists]]