{{Short description|Ethnoreligious subgroup of South Asia}} {{pp-extended|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}} {{use Pakistani English|date=June 2025}} {{infobox ethnic group | group = Jat Muslim | image = | caption = | population = ~21 million {{See below|[[#Demographics|below]]}} | poptime = | popplace = | region1 = {{flagcountry|Pakistan}} | pop1 = ~21 million (2009 estimation)<ref name="Lodrick 2009">Lodrick, Deryck O. (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QbhZAAAAYAAJ "JATS"]. In Gallagher, Timothy L.; Hobby, Jeneen (eds.). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. Volume 3: Asia & Oceania (2nd ed.). [[Gale (publisher)|Gale]]. pp. 418–419. {{ISBN|978-1414448916}}.</ref> | region2 = {{flagcountry|India}} | pop2 = ~240,000 (1988 estimation)<ref name="Singh 1988">{{cite journal | pmid=12179032 | date=1988 | last1=Singh | first1=S. | title=Distributional pattern of the major agricultural communities (Ahirs, Gujars, Jats and Rajputs) in their traditional abode of the northwestern Indian subcontinent | journal=Population Geography | volume=10 | issue=1–2 | pages=1–17 }}</ref> | langs = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] • [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] • [[Jatki language|Jatki]] • [[Urdu]] • [[Kauravi dialect|Khariboli]] • [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] • [[Bagri language|Bagri]] • [[Hindi]] | rels = [[Islam]] | related = [[Jats]], [[Jat Sikh]] | native_name = | native_name_lang = }}
'''Jat Muslim,''' or '''Musalman Jats''' ({{langx|pa|{{Nastaliq|مسلمان جٹ}}}}; {{langx|snd|{{Nastaliq|مسلمان جت}}}}), are an elastic and diverse<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bayly |first=Susan |title=Caste, society and politics in India from the eighteenth century to the modern age |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-79842-6 |series=The new Cambridge history of India / general ed. Gordon Johnson 4, The evolution of contemporary South Asia |location=Cambridge}}</ref> [[Ethnoreligious group|ethnoreligious]] subgroup of the [[Jat people]], who follow [[Islam]] and are native to the northwestern [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jairath |first=Vinod K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5sffCgAAQBAJ |title=Frontiers of Embedded Muslim Communities in India |date=2013-04-03 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-19680-5 |page=1 |language=en}}</ref> They are primarily found in the Pakistani provinces of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Sindh]] and [[Azad Kashmir]].<ref name="Jaffrelot2002">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fBtAAAAMAAJ|title=A History of Pakistan and Its Origins|date=2002|publisher=Anthem Press|others=Translated by Gillian Beaumont|isbn=978-1-84331-030-3|editor-last=Jaffrelot|editor-first=Christophe|editor-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|location=London|pages=205–206|oclc=61512448}}</ref> A small minority is also present in India's [[Haryana]] and [[Western Uttar Pradesh]], where they are referred to as '''Muley Jats'''.<ref>Gupta, Dipankar (1997). [https://books.google.com/books?id=q__sAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=muley Rivalry and Brotherhood: Politics in the Life of Farmers in Northern India]. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997. pp. 2, 34, 44-47, 50, 57, 60, 63–65, 82–85, 87, 124, 160. {{ISBN|978-0-19-564101-1}}.</ref>
The Jats began embracing Islam during the medieval period, influenced in part by [[Sufi]] teachings. According to the Jawahir-i-Faridi, Jat clans such as the Khokhars, Bhattis, Dhudhis, Hans, Johiyas, and Wattus converted during the time of [[Baba Farid]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cug̲h̲tāʼī |first=Muḥammad Ikrām |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Babaji/mbZjAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=the+shrine+of+baba+farid+bhattis&dq=the+shrine+of+baba+farid+bhattis&printsec=frontcover |title=Babaji: Life and Teachings of Farid-ud Din Ganj-i Shakar |date=2006 |publisher=Sang-e- Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-1824-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shri |first=Satya |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Demystifying_Brahminism_and_Re_Inventing/Vw0EDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=the+shrine+of+baba+farid+bhattis&pg=RA4-PT54&printsec=frontcover |title=Demystifying Brahminism and Re-Inventing Hinduism: Volume 2 - Re-Inventing Hinduism |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-946515-56-8 |language=en}}</ref> The process of conversion was gradual.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQ7k2vQlYxEC&pg=PA241#v=onepage&q=slow%20process&f=false |title=Al-Hind: The Slavic Kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th-13th centuries |date=2002 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-0-391-04174-5 |language=en}}</ref>
==History== [[File:Abbasid_Dinar_-_al-Ma'mun_-_208_AH_(823_AD).jpg|right|thumb|230px|A gold dinar minted by the Zutt Emir [[Ubaydallah ibn al-Sari]]]][[File:Sadullah_Khan_giving_audience,_c1655.jpg|right|thumb|230px|Grand Vizier [[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Saadullah Khan]] meeting with his officials]][[File:Nawab_Faizullah_Khan.png|230px|thumb|Portrait of [[Faizullah Khan]], the founder of [[Rampur State]]]] {{for|the historical Jat community in medieval Iraq|Zutt}}
The [[Sindhi Jats|Jats]] were one of the first communities of the [[Indian Subcontinent|Subcontinent]] to interact with the [[Muslims]]. They were known as the ''[[Zuṭṭ]]'' ({{Langx|ar|الزُّطِّ}}),<ref>Maclean, Derryl N. (1984). [https://books.google.com/books?id=kGxqygAACAAJ Religion and Society in Arab Sind]. McGill University. {{ISBN|978-0-315-20821-6}}. Pg. 45.</ref><ref>Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad (1994). "Early Arab Contact with South Asia". ''Journal of Islamic Studies''. 5 (1): 52–69. {{ISSN|0955-2340}}. {{JSTOR|26196673}}. Pg. 57.</ref><ref>ʿAthamina, Khalil (1998). "Non-Arab Regiments and Private Militias during the Umayyād Period"]. Arabica. 45 (3): 347–378. {{ISSN|0570-5398}}. Pg. 355. {{JSTOR|4057316}}</ref> although this term also referred to several other groups—such as the Sāyabija, Andāghar, and Qufs—not all of whom were necessarily ethnic Jats.<ref>Zakeri, Mohsen (1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=VfYnu5F20coC&dq=zutt&pg=PA195#v=onepage&q=zutt&f=false Sāsānid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of ʻAyyārān and Futuwwa]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. {{ISBN|978-3-447-03652-8}}. Pg. 123, 195, 196.</ref> The Zutt were originally from the [[Indus Valley]], but had been settling in [[Lower Mesopotamia|lower Iraq]] since the reign of [[Bahram V]].<ref>Wink, André (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=uQ7k2vQlYxEC&pg=PA241#v=onepage&q=slow%20process&f=false Al-Hind, The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th-13th Centuries]. Vol. 2. Boston: Brill. p. 48, 157. {{ISBN|978-0-391-04174-5}}. {{OCLC|48837811}}.</ref> Following the failed [[Zutt Rebellion]], the Zutt lost their power and distinct identity.<ref name="Tabiri">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ky2rl0xN2SQC&dq=Zutt+rebellions&pg=PA7 |title=The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. 33: Storm and Stress along the Northern Frontiers of the ʿAbbasid Caliphate: The Caliphate of al-Muʿtaṣim A.D. 833-842/A.H. 218-227 |date=2015-07-01 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-9721-0 |pages=7–10 |language=en}}</ref> They ceased their migrations into Iraq following the fragmentation of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. The Arabs had noted several agglomerations of Jats settled throughout the province of [[Sind (caliphal province)|Sind]].<ref name="books.google.com">Mayaram, Shail (2003), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Yi6QpFCZBy8C&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false Against history, against state: counterperspectives from the margins], Columbia University Press, p. 19, {{ISBN|978-0-231-12730-1}}</ref>
Between the 11th and 16th centuries, some [[Sindhi Jats]] migrated up into [[Punjab]].<ref>Grewal, J. S. (1998), [https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false The Sikhs of the Punjab], Cambridge University Press, p. 5, {{ISBN|978-0-521-63764-0}}, retrieved 12 November 2011 Quote: ''"... the most numerous of the agricultural tribes (in the Punjab) were the Jats. They had come from Sindh and Rajasthan along the river valleys, moving up, displacing the Gujjars and the Rajputs to occupy culturable lands. (page 5)''"</ref><ref name="India before Europe">Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false India before Europe]. Cambridge University Press. p. 269. {{ISBN|978-0-521-80904-7}}.</ref> Many clans have traditions of converting to Islam during this period, influenced by [[Sufism|Sufis]] like [[Baba Farid]].<ref name="Al-Hind2">{{cite book|last=Wink|first=André|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQ7k2vQlYxEC&pg=PA241|title=Al-Hind, The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th-13th Centuries|publisher=Brill|year=2002|isbn=978-0-391-04174-5|volume=2|location=Boston|pages=241–242|oclc=48837811}}</ref> By the 16th century, many [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi]] clans west of the [[Ravi River|Ravi river]] had converted.<ref>Gandhi, Rajmohan (2015). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tHDCvQEACAAJ Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten]. Rupa. {{ISBN|978-93-83064-08-3}}.</ref> Despite conversion, many Jats continued to resist foreign [[Muslim conquests of India|Muslim imperial powers]] such as the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurids]],<ref>Elliot, Henry Miers (1959). [https://books.google.com/books?id=-knEHQUmBFgC&q=jats+musulm%C3%A1ns+only+in+name#v=snippet&q=jats%20musulm%C3%A1ns%20only%20in%20name&f=false The History of India: As Told by Its Own Historians; the Muhammadan Period; the Posthumous Papers of H. M. Elliot, Volume 3]. Susil Gupta (India) Private, 1959. pp. 428–429. {{ISBN|978-1-108-05585-7}}. ''"...[Timur] learned that they were a robust race, and were called Jats. They were Musulmáns only in name and had not their equals in theft and robbery. They plundered caravans on the road, and were a terror to Musulmáns and travellers... these turbulent Jats were as numerous as ants or locusts... [Timur] marched into the jungles and wilds, and slew 2,000 demon-like Jats."''</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Mirzā |first=Shafqat Tanvīr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLpjAAAAMAAJ&q=gondal+nadir+shah |title=Resistance Themes in Punjabi Literature |date=1992 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-0101-8 |language=en}}</ref> [[Mughals]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rose |first=Horace Arthur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyctxAEACAAJ&q=every+time |title=A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province |publisher=Languages Department, Punjab, 1970 |year=1970 |isbn=9788175361522 |edition=Reprint |language=en |quote=''"Every time that [Babur] entered Hindustan, the Jats and Gujars regularly poured down in prodigious numbers from their hills and wilds in order to carry off oxen and buffaloes."''}}</ref> and [[Sur Empire|Surs]].<ref name=":4">Sarvānī, ʻAbbās Khān (1974). [https://books.google.com/books?id=UQYhAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=fat%E1%B8%A5+kh%C4%81n+j%C4%81t Tārīk̲h̲-i-Śēr Śāhī]. Translated by Brahmadeva Prasad Ambashthya. K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute, 1974. [https://archive.org/details/tarikh-i-sher-shahi-of-abbas-khan-sarwani-persian-to-english-k-p-jayaswal-resear/page/599/mode/2up?q=fath+khan+jat Archived]. Quote: ''"[Suri] ordered Habibat Khan to be rid of Fath Khan Jat who was in QABūLA and who had once laid the entire country right upto Panipat to pillage and plunder in the time of the Mughals and had made them desolate, and had also brought Multan under his control after wresting it from the Balūcīs."''</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Qanungo |first=kalikaranjan |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142865/page/n275/mode/1up?q=Fath |title=Sher Shah And His Times |date=1965}}</ref> Meanwhile, others chose to cooperate with the Muslim rulers to advance their own interests.
During the [[Delhi Sultanate]], [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] was appointed as the governor of [[Multan]], and later of [[Dipalpur]]. His early forces were primarily composed of Jat tribesmen recruited from Dipalpur, who fought alongside him in all his campaigns.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Durrani |first=Ashiq Muhammad Khān |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mucqAAAAIAAJ&q=muhammad+bin+tughlaq+adopted+jat |title=History of Multan: From the Early Period to 1849 A.D. |date=1991 |publisher=Vanguard |isbn=978-969-402-045-7 |language=en}}</ref>
During Mughal rule, Jats came to own considerable land and exert local influence.<ref name="books.google.com" /><ref>Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false India before Europe]. Cambridge University Press. p. 269. {{ISBN|978-0-521-80904-7}}</ref> The Mughals never had direct control over many of these rural grandees.<ref name="India before Europe" /> Some also obtained high positions, such as [[List of Mughal grand viziers|Grand Vizier]] and [[Vakil-i-Mutlaq]], [[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Saadullah Khan]],<ref name="Journal of Central Asia 1992 p.84">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ml5xAAAAMAAJ |title=Journal of Central Asia |publisher=Centre for the Study of the Civilizations of Central Asia, Quaid-i-Azam University |year=1992 |page=84 |quote=Sadullah Khan was the son of Amir Bakhsh, a cultivator of Chiniot. He belonged to a Jat family. He was born on Thursday, the 10th Safar 1000 A.H./1591 A.C. |access-date=2022-07-30 |issue=v. 15}}</ref><ref name="The Maathir Ul Umara Vol-ii 1952">Beveridge H. (1952). [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.507589 The Maathir Ul Umara Vol-ii (1952)]. The Calcutta Oriental Press Ltd. p. 647.</ref> [[Faujdar]] of [[Sialkot]], [[Rahmat Khan Bajwa]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Ahmad Nabi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfAJAQAAIAAJ&q=sialkot+aurangzeb |title=Iqbal Manzil, Sialkot: An Introduction |date=1977 |publisher=Department of Archaeology & Museums, Government of Pakistan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwAwAQAAIAAJ&q=rahmat+khan+bajwa |title=The Pakistan Gazetteer |date=2000 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=978-81-7020-884-6 |language=en}}</ref> prominent [[Jagirdar]], Rai Muhammad Jani [[Malhi (clan)|Malhi]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MgUNAAAAIAAJ&q=rai+jani+malhi |title=Gazetteer of the Sialkot District, 1920 |date=1921 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |language=en}}</ref> and governor of [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]], [[Rehmat Khan Warraich]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elliott Capt |first=A. c |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.503918/page/78/mode/2up |title=The Chronicles Of Gujrat |date=1902 |publisher=Deputy Controller, Printing and Stationery Department, Punjab.}}</ref>
As the [[Mughal decline|Mughal empire began to decline]], various groups vied to fill the resulting power vacuum.<ref name="India before Europe"/> Among them were several ambitious Muslim Jat chiefs and princes. In [[Rohilkhand]], the [[Rohilla dynasty|Rohilla Nawabs]] established the [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand]] and the [[Rampur State]].<ref name="Irvine 1971 p. 118">{{cite book | last=Irvine | first=W. | title=Later Mughal | publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri | year=1971 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC | access-date=2022-07-30 | page=118 | quote= Once Daud was sent against the village of Bankauli, in pargana Chaumahla, with which his employer was at feud. Along with the plunder taken on this occasion Daud obtained possession of a Jat boy seven or eight years of age, whom he caused to be circumcised and then adopted under the name of Ali Muhammad Khan.}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite book | last=Ḥusain | first=M. | author2=Pakistan Historical Society | title=A History of the Freedom Movement: 1707-1831 | publisher=Pakistan Historical Society | series=A History of the Freedom Movement: Being the Story of Muslim Struggle for the Freedom of Hind-Pakistan, 1707-1947 | year=1957 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mo-GvHjoH-cC | access-date=2022-07-30 | page=304 | quote= Amongst other prisoners he obtained a young Jat boy of eight years. Daud took a fancy to him and adopted him as his son and named him ' Ali Muhammad Khan.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Gommans |first=Jos J. L.|author-link=Jos Gommans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2TH8UYeAaoC&dq=most+of+the+contemporary+sources+call+him+a+jat+or+ahir&pg=PA120 |title=The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire: C. 1710-1780 |date=1995 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10109-8 |language=en|page=120|quote="Most of the contemporary sources, however, call him a Jat or an Ahir."}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> In the [[Deccan]], a descendant of [[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Saadullah Khan]], [[Muzaffar Jang Hidayat]], briefly became the [[Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S8W3AAAAIAAJ|last=Malik|first=Zahiruddin |title=The Reign of Muhammad Shah, 1719-1748 |publisher=Asia Publishing House|year=1977|isbn=9780210405987|pages=227}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjJuAAAAMAAJ|title= History of Modern Deccan, 1720/1724-1948: Political and administrative aspects|author=M. A. Nayeem|publisher=Abul Kalam Azad Oriental Research Institute|year=2000|page=38}}</ref> And in [[Punjab]], the [[Gondal (clan)|Gondal]] Jats of the [[Gondal Bar]] resisted [[Nader Shah]],<ref name=":5" /> while the [[Pakpattan#Pakpattan state (1692–1810 CE)|Pakpattan]] and Chattha states resisted the expanding [[Sikh Empire|Sikh Misls]].<ref>Richard M. Eaton (1984). Metcalf, Barbara Daly (ed.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5-vzVq8hdkC&q=pakpattan&pg=PA349#v=snippet&q=pakpattan&f=false Moral Conduct and Authority: The Place of Adab in South Asian Islam]. University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-04660-3}}.</ref><ref>Mirzā, Shafqat Tanvir (1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=oLpjAAAAMAAJ&q=Chattha&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3 Resistance Themes in Punjabi Literature]. Sang-e-Meel Publications - University of Michigan Library (digitized 9 May 2008) via Google Books website. pp. 56–62. {{ISBN|978-969-35-0101-8}}.</ref> With the establishment of the [[British Raj]], all formerly independent or autonomous polities were either annexed or integrated into the colonial empire as [[princely states]].
During British rule, many [[Punjabi Muslims]], including Jats, would enlist in the [[British Indian Army]].<ref>Omissi, David (8 April 2001). "[https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/military-planning-and-wartime-recruitment-india/ Military Planning and Wartime Recruitment (India)]". ''"The single most numerous "class" of Indian recruits in both world wars, however, was the Punjabi Muslims"''</ref><ref>Singh, R. S. N. (2008). The Military Factor in Pakistan. New Delhi; Frankfort, IL: Lancer Publishers. p. 178. {{ISBN|978-0-9815378-9-4}}</ref> Most were recruited from the [[Pothohar Plateau]].<ref>Leigh, Maxwell Studdy (1922). [https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Punjab_and_the_War.html?id=8RMgAAAAMAAJ The Punjab and the War]. Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab, 1922. {{ISBN|978-969-35-0846-8}}.</ref>
Certain Punjabi Jat families—such as the [[Mokal]]s, [[Nakai Misl#Descendants|Nakai]]s, and [[Pahuwindia]]s—had strong ties to the [[Lahore Durbar]] before their conversion to Islam, which granted them significant influence in the districts of Lahore, Kasur, Sahiwal, and Okara. Despite their conversion and the subsequent [[Partition of Punjab]], these families maintained much of their social and political standing. Notable figures from these lineages include Habibullah Khan Mokal, [[Sardar Muhammad Arif Nakai|Muhammad Arif Nakai]], and Ahmed Said Pahuwindia.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Chopra |first=Gulshan Lall |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZifwYm8MT0C&q=habibullah+khan+mokal |title=Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab |date=1940 |publisher=Government Printing |language=en}}</ref>
== Demographics == [[File:EB1911 India - wife with izār, kurta, and orhni; husband with majba, chadar, and joridar.jpg|thumb|[[Mahommedan]] Jat cultivators. Wife:—with ''izār'', ''kurta'', and ''orhni'' or ''chadar''; husband:—with ''majba'', ''chadar'', and ''joridar pagri''. “India,” ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (11th ed.), 1911.]]
Along the [[Indus]], where most Muslim Jats live, 'Jat' identity was historically more fluid. In [[West Punjab]] and [[NWFP]], 'Jat' was more of a socioeconomic title associated with farmers, rather than a strict ethnic or caste identity. A powerful Punjabi Jat family could [[Rajputisation|eventually become known]] as '[[Muslim Rajputs|Rajput]]' instead.<ref>{{cite book |title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age |first=Susan |last=Bayly |author-link=Susan Bayly |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780521798426 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&q=Susan+Bayly+meo |page=139 |quote=For Ibbetson, then, both the Punjab and the northwest frontier regions were open societies where the difference between the 'Jat' and the 'Rajput' was not a matter of blood or ethnological fact... [but] a fluid representation of status as claimed by men of power.}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Mayaram|first=Shail|title=Against History, Against State: Counterperspectives from the Margins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yi6QpFCZBy8C&pg=PA33|year=2003|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12730-1|page=33|quote=Indeed "Jat" had been a generic term for a peasant in the Punjab.}}</ref> Similarly, in [[Sindh]] and [[Makran]], 'Jat' usually referred either to peasants, or to the [[Jats of Balochistan|Jath]] people.<ref>جَتُ (p. 649), ڄَٽُ (p. 683), in Nabī Bakhshu Khānu Balocu. ''Jāmiʻ Sindhī lughāta''. Karācī: Ḥaidarābād Sindhu, Pākistān: Sindhī Adabī Borḍ, 1960–1988. Available online at the [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/baloch/ Digital South Asia Library].</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&dq=zutt&pg=PA160 |title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries |date=2002 |publisher=BRILL |page=142 |quote=At the time of (and before) the Arab conquest, Makrān or Kīj-Makrān held a substantial population of ''[[Zutt]]'' or 'Jat' [[dromedary]]-men.|isbn=978-0-391-04173-8 |language=en}}</ref> As such, many of those included under the umbrella of "Muslim Jats" come from diverse origins.
Some Muslim Jats, especially those living in and around [[Majha|Majha Punjab]], belong to clans which are also found among Sikh and Hindu Jats in India. For example, the [[Chattha (clan)|Chattha]]s, [[Gondal (clan)|Gondal]]s, [[Sandhu]]s, and [[Warraich (clan)|Waraich]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hanks |first1=Patrick |last2=Coates |first2=Richard |last3=McClure |first3=Peter |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland |date=17 November 2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-252747-9 |page=2331 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AyDDQAAQBAJ&dq=Dhaliwal&pg=PA2331 |quote=Sandhu or Sindhu: The Sindhus are the second largest Jat tribe in the Panjab}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Philip E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xliNAAAAMAAJ |title=The Pakistan People's Party: Rise to Power |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-579966-8 |page=329|publisher = Oxford University Press|quote=In the main, this area is dominated by strong, local Jat clans (...Chattha, Cheema, Tarar, Gondal and Waraich) that, in the past near-century, ...}}</ref>
=== British Punjab === As per the 1921 census, 47.3% of the Jats followed Islam in [[Punjab Province (British India)|British Punjab]], as compared to 33% who were Sikhs and 19% who were Hindus.<ref>“Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 1, Report.” ''Census Reports - 1921'', 1923., 1923. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430164 JSTOR]. Accessed 7 Nov. 2025. Page 345.</ref> In the 1931 census, the total Muslim Jat population was 2,941,395 (out of British Punjab's total population of 28,490,857).<ref>“Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables.” ''Census Reports - 1931'', 1933., 1933. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242 JSTOR]. Accessed 7 Nov. 2024. Page 290.</ref>
The former Punjab Province of British India extended beyond the borders of present-day Punjab in both Pakistan and India, encompassing regions that are now parts of the modern-day Indian states of [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Chandigarh]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], in addition to today's Punjab.
=== Pakistan and India === In modern times, Pakistani Jat maintain clan identity through the [[biradri]] system, and it plays an important role in politics in the country. This system is also influential among [[British Pakistani]] Jats.<ref>Gilmartin, David (1994). "Biraderi and Bureaucracy: The Politics of Muslim Kinship Solidarity in 20th Century Punjab," ''International Journal of Punjab Studies'' 1, no. 1.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leeds-31600344|title=How clan politics grew in Bradford|date=February 27, 2015|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>
In 1988, Sukhbir Singh estimated the total Muslim Jat population to be around 13 million in Pakistan and 240,000 in India. He extrapolated these numbers from older British censuses, and factored in the natural population growth in both countries. In terms of percentages by religious affiliation, Sukhbir Singh also wrote that Jat Muslims form the largest subgroup, amounting to 42% of all Jats in the Indian subcontinent, followed by [[Jats#Hindu Jats|Hindus]] (33%) and [[Jat Sikh|Sikhs]] (25%).<ref name="Singh 1988" />
In 2009, the Pakistani Jat population was estimated to be roughly 21 million.<ref name="Lodrick 2009" /> The Jats, together with [[Muslim Rajputs|Rajputs]] and [[Muslim Gujjars|Gujjars]], are the dominant [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi Muslim]] communities settled across eastern Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A history of Pakistan and its origins |date=2004 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=1-84331-149-6 |editor=Christophe Jaffrelot |location=London |oclc=56646546}}</ref>
==Notable people==
[[File:ChaudhryNaseerAhmadMalhi.jpeg|thumb|[[Naseer Ahmad Malhi]]]]
*[[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Saadullah Khan]], [[List of Mughal grand viziers|Grand Vizier]] and [[Vakil-i-Mutlaq]] of the [[Mughal Empire]]<ref name="Journal of Central Asia 1992 p.84" /> *[[Muzaffar Jang Hidayat]], third [[Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]<ref name="The Maathir Ul Umara Vol-ii 1952"/> *[[Ali Mohammed Khan]], founder of the [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand]], progenitor of the [[Rohilla dynasty]]<ref name="Irvine 1971 p. 118" /><ref name=":0"/> *[[Faizullah Khan]], founder of the [[Rampur State|Princely State of Rampur]]<ref name=":0">[[Hari Ram Gupta|Gupta, Hari Ram]] (1999) [1980]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=82wwAQAAIAAJ History of the Sikhs]. Vol. III: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire (1764–1803) (2nd rev. ed.). [[Munshiram Manoharlal]]. p. 11. {{ISBN|978-81-215-0213-9}}. {{OCLC|165428303}}. "The real founder of the Rohilla power was Ali Muhammad, from whom sprang the present line of the Nawabs of Rampur. Originally a Hindu Jat, who was taken prisoner when a young boy by Daud in one of his plundering expeditions, at village Bankauli in the parganah of Chaumahla, and was converted to Islam and adopted by him."</ref> *[[Hafiz Barkhurdar Ranjha]], [[Sufi saint]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi poet]] and religious scholar<ref>{{cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2004 |page=125 |isbn=978-81-250-1453-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&pg=PA125 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohan Singh Diwana |url=http://archive.org/details/a-history-of-punjabi-literature |title=History of Punjabi Literature - Mohan Singh Diwana |pages=48}}</ref> *[[Chitu Khan]], a [[pindari]] chief, fought in the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War#Conflict with the Pindaris|Third Anglo-Maratha war]]<ref name="Wœrkens 2002 p. 25">Wœrkens, Martine van (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=5HPc_EgwUg8C&dq=chitu+khan+british&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q=chitu%20khan%20british&f=false The Strangled Traveler: Colonial Imaginings and the Thugs of India]. University of Chicago Press. p. 25. {{ISBN|978-0-226-85085-6}}.</ref> *[[Pir Muhammad Chattha]], fiercely resisted the [[Sikh Misls]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shafqat Tanveer Mirza |url=https://archive.org/details/resistance-themes-in-punjabi-literature/page/53/mode/1up?q=Chattha |title=Resistance Themes In Punjabi Literature |date=1991}}</ref><ref>Yasmin, Robina (2022-01-13). [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a75XEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40&dq=Chattha+rule&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSg_-P9ZGNAxWfWGwGHcWlHYEQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=Chattha%20rule&f=false Muslims under Sikh Rule in the Nineteenth Century: Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Religious Tolerance]. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7556-4034-8.</ref> *[[Qadir Yar]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi poet]], court poet of the [[Lahore Durbar]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tahir |first=M. Athar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmYyAAAAIAAJ |title=Qadir Yar: A Critical Introduction |date=1988 |publisher=Pakistan Punjabi Adabi Board |isbn=978-969-411-107-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Nagendra Kr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVtuAAAAMAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography: I-M |date=2001 |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7648-233-2 |language=en}}</ref> *[[Arif Nakai|Muhammad Arif Nakai]], Pakistani politician, direct descendant of the [[Nakai Misl#Nakai Misl Rulers from 1748 to 1810|Nakai misldars]]<ref>Griffin, Lepel Henry (1865). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0ABAAAAQAAJ&q=nakka+misl&pg=PA118#v=snippet&q=nakka%20misl&f=false The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Territories Under the Panjab Government]. T.C. McCarthy.</ref> *[[Amir Sultan Tarar]], the "Colonel Imam", trained [[Afghan mujahideen|Afghan Mujahideen]] and [[Taliban]] fighters<ref>Matinuddin, Kamal (1999) The Taliban Phenomenon: Afghanistan 1994-1997, p 63. Oxford University Press US, {{ISBN|978-0-19-579274-4}}</ref><ref>Carlotta Gall (3 March 2010). [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/04/world/asia/04imam.html "Former Pakistani Officer Embodies a Policy Puzzle"]. The New York Times.</ref> * [[Qamar Javed Bajwa]], 10th [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] of the [[Pakistani Armed Forces]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Ashfaq|title=Pakistan: General Qamar Javed Bajwa takes charge at a critical time |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistan-general-qamar-javed-bajwa-takes-charge-at-a-critical-time-1.1937554 |work=Gulf News |date=29 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="rediff/21nov23">{{cite news |last1=BANERJI |first1=RANA |title=Shenanigans Surface In Pakistan Military |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/column/shenanigans-surface-in-pakistan-military/20231121.htm |access-date=22 February 2024 |work=Rediff |date=21 November 2023 |language=en |quote=[Air Chief Zaheer Sidhu] hailed from Chakwal and was a 'Jutt' (Jat), the same [[biradri|biradari]] (clan) as General Bajwa}}</ref> * [[Zaheer Ahmad Babar|Zaheer Ahmad Babar Sidhu]], 16th [[Chief of the Air Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Air Staff]] of the [[Pakistani Air Force]]<ref name="rediff/21nov23" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Naveed |title=Air Marshal Zaheer Ahmad Babar named new PAF chief |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1613049 |work=DAWN.COM |date=17 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> * [[Chaudhary Naseer Ahmed Abbas]], member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]], brother of Air Chief [[Zaheer Ahmad Babar|Zaheer Sidhu]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Record number of newcomers enter NA |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2456577/record-number-of-newcomers-enter-na |work=The Express Tribune |date=15 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072236/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2456577/record-number-of-newcomers-enter-na |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Butt |first1=Waseem Ashraf |title=PPP trying hard to secure NA-65 for Kaira |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1811736 |work=DAWN.COM |date=7 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223200813/https://www.dawn.com/news/1811736 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Naseer Ahmad Malhi]], prominent activist of the [[Pakistan Movement]], first Minister of Education of [[West Pakistan]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Philip E. |title=The Pakistan People's Party: rise to power |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-579966-8 |location=Karachi}}</ref>
==See also== *[[Sindhi Jats]] *[[Punjabi Muslims]] *[[Jats of Balochistan]] *[[List of Jats]]
== References == {{Reflist}}
{{Gotras of Jats}} {{Ethnic and social groups of the Punjab}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jat Muslim}} [[Category:Jat]] [[Category:Jat clans of Punjab]] [[Category:Jat clans of Jammu and Kashmir]] [[Category:Jat clans of India]] [[Category:Jat clans of Pakistan]] [[Category:Punjabi Muslims]]