{{Short description|American sociologist (1937–2026)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}} {{Infobox person | name = James Petras | image = James Petras.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Petras in 2013 | birthname = | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1937|1|17}} | birth_place = [[Lynn, Massachusetts]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2026|1|17|1937|1|17}} | death_place = [[Seattle, Washington]], U.S. | occupation = Professor of sociology | movement = | notable_works= | spouse = | partner = | children = | relatives = | awards = | signature = | website = | footnotes = }}
'''James Petras''' (17 January 1937 – 17 January 2026) was an American sociologist and academic who was the Bartle Professor (Emeritus) of [[Sociology]] at [[Binghamton University]] in [[Binghamton, New York]], and adjunct professor at [[Saint Mary's University, Halifax|Saint Mary's University]], [[Halifax (former city), Nova Scotia|Halifax]], Nova Scotia, Canada. He published on [[political issue]]s with particular focus on [[Latin America]] and the [[Middle East]], [[imperialism]], [[globalization]], and [[leftist]] [[social movement]]s.
==Life and work==
===Academic and literature=== Petras was a Greek-American sociologist<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=llQax9N3kGMC&dq=greek+american+James+Petras&pg=PA171 Charles C. Moskos, "Greek Americans: Struggle and Success", Transaction Publishers, 1989, p. 171, note 30.]</ref> who received a B.A. from Boston University and Ph.D. from the [[University of California at Berkeley]].<ref name="Petras">[http://petras.lahaine.org/?page_id=4 About James Petras on his personal website]. Retrieved 22 February 2015.</ref> He joined the Sociology Department at Binghamton in 1972 as a specialist in the following fields: Development, Latin America, the Caribbean, revolutionary movements, class analysis.<ref>[http://www.binghamton.edu/bulletin/1998-99/sociology.html Binghamton University Faculty listing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903091317/http://www.binghamton.edu/bulletin/1998-99/sociology.html |date=3 September 2006 }}.</ref> During his career he received the Western [[Political Science]] Association's Best Dissertation award (1968), the Career of Distinguished Service Award from the [[American Sociological Association]]'s Marxist Sociology Section,<ref>http://www.asanet.org/sites/default/files/savvy/footnotes/nov02/fn26.html Congratulations to 2002 ASA Section Award Winners</ref> and the [[Robert S. Kenny|Robert Kenny]] Award for Best Book of 2002.<ref name="Petras"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.library.utoronto.ca/fisher/kenny-prize/|title=Robert S. Kenny Prize in Marxist & Labour/Left Studies|access-date=29 November 2011|archive-date=18 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918050259/http://www.library.utoronto.ca/fisher/kenny-prize/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
He was the author of more than 60 books published in 29 languages, and over 600 articles in professional journals, including the ''[[American Sociological Review]]'', ''[[British Journal of Sociology]]'', ''[[Social Research]]'' and ''Journal of Peasant Studies''. He has published over 2,000 articles in publications such as the ''[[New York Times]]'', ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[The Nation]]'', ''[[Christian Science Monitor]]'', ''[[Foreign Policy]]'', ''[[New Left Review]]'', ''[[Partisan Review]]'', ''[[Canadian Dimension]]'', and ''[[Le Monde Diplomatique]]''. He wrote a monthly column for the Mexican newspaper, ''La Jornada'', and has previously written for the Spanish daily, ''El Mundo''.<ref name="Petras"/> His commentary is widely carried on the internet and radio stations around the world.
Petras contributed to [[CounterPunch]], the [[Atlantic Free Press]],<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100420030630/http://www.atlanticfreepress.com/home/profiles/userprofile/jamesp.html Article title]}} Atlantic Free Press</ref>{{primary source inline|date=February 2024}} and ''[[Ron Unz|The Unz Review]]''.<ref name="Muckrack 2021">{{cite web | title=James Petras | website=Muck Rack | date=31 August 2021 | url=https://muckrack.com/james-petras | access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=February 2024}} He is the author of ''Unmasking Globalization: Imperialism of the Twenty-First Century'' (2001, and co-author of ''The Dynamics of Social Change in Latin America'' (2000), ''System in Crisis'' (2003), ''Social Movements and State Power'' (2003), ''Empire With Imperialism'' (2005), and ''Multinationals on Trial'' (2006).
===Political views=== Petras was a member of the [[Young Socialist Alliance]] circa 1960,<ref> {{cite book |last=Breitman |first=George |title=Trotskyism in the United States: Historical Essays and Reconsiderations }}</ref> and is listed as the Bay Area correspondent for ''The Young Socialist'' in several issues.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://marx.org/history/etol/newspape/youngsocialist/1959-1960/1959-60.htm#ys03_01 |title=Young Socialist, October 1959 |access-date=13 September 2011 |archive-date=2 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402111925/http://marx.org/history/etol/newspape/youngsocialist/1959-1960/1959-60.htm#ys03_01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Through the decades Petras has worked directly with indigenous workers as an organizer, in particular with the Brazilian [[Landless Workers' Movement]] and the unemployed workers' movement in Argentina.<ref>https://monthlyreview.org/2002/01/01/the-unemployed-workers-movement-in-argentina/ The Unemployed Workers Movement in Argentina</ref>
He advised [[left-wing]] presidents such as Prime Minister [[Andreas Papandreou]] of Greece (1981–84),<ref>James Petras, [http://petras.lahaine.org/?p=2021 "The Assassination of Greece,"] (20 February 2015). Retrieved 22 February 2015.</ref> President [[Salvador Allende]] of Chile (1970–73) and in later years, President [[Hugo Chávez]] of Venezuela. He has established himself as a defender of the rights of the indigenous in [[Latin America]]. From 1973 to 1976 Petras worked on the [[Bertrand Russell Tribunal]] on Repression in Latin America.<ref name="Petras"/>
Petras referred to American policy towards Iraq as "The US/Iraqi Holocaust (UIH)" which he described as "an ongoing process spanning the last 16 years (1990-2006) [that] provides us with a striking example of state-planned systematic extermination, torture and physical destruction designed to de-modernize a [[secular]] developing society and revert [sic] it into a series of warring [[clan]]-[[tribal]]-clerical-[[ethnic]] based entities devoid of any national authority or viable economy."<ref>[http://www.axisoflogic.com/artman/publish/Article_22549.shtml Modernity and Twentieth Century Holocausts: Empire-Building and Mass Murder] By James Petras, Axis of Logic, Friday, 21 July 2006.</ref>
In November 2006, he was one of the recipients of a letter from [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]] in Colombia concerning three American hostages (Keith Stansell, Marc Gonsalves and Thomas Howes). Other recipients included the Reverend [[Jesse Jackson]], [[Noam Chomsky]], [[Angela Davis]], and several American film stars.<ref>Toby Muse, Associated Press in Bogotá, [https://www.theguardian.com/colombia/story/0,,1944452,00.html Colombian rebels ask Hollywood stars to intervene], [[The Guardian]], 10 November 2006.</ref>
He described the political conflict during and following the [[2009 Iranian presidential election|2009 presidential election in Iran]] as pitting "high income, free market oriented capitalist" [[Iranian reform movement|reformist]]s against Ahmadinejad's "[[working class]], low income, community-based supporters of a 'moral economy'", and denounced the claim that the election was stolen as a "hoax" perpetrated by "Western opinion makers".<ref>[http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/21948 The Tragedy of the Left's Discourse on Iran July 10, 2009 By Saeed Rahnema] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714162438/http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/21948 |date=14 July 2009 }}</ref>
Petras defended [[Marine Le Pen]] during the [[2017 French presidential election|2017 French presidential campaign]], praising her policy views as pro-working class, anti-imperialist, [[Keynesianism|Keynesian]], pro-choice, and supportive of gay rights. Petras predicted that a victory by [[Emmanuel Macron]] followed by his implementation of an "ultra-neoliberal supply-side agenda" would lead to mass street demonstrations by [[leftists]], followed by a stronger Le Pen candidacy in the 2022 election.<ref>{{cite web|last=Petras|first=James|url=http://petras.lahaine.org/?p=2139|title=Twenty Truths about Marine Le Pen|work=The James Petras Website|date=1 May 2017|access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref>
===Anti-Zionism, criticisms of the Jewish lobby and allegations of antisemitism=== In his book ''The Power of Israel in the United States'', published in 2006 by [[Clarity Press]], Petras described the power of the [[Jewish lobby]] over [[American foreign policy]]. The book was extremely controversial for its use of arguments which some critics contended were similar to those of [[neo-Nazi]]s describing Jews as a loathsome, conspiratorial force seeking to oppress others. The conclusion of the book alleges that progressive Jews are "protective of everything Jewish" and "adamantly determined" to avoid criticism of Jewish power, due to their ties to Israel and funding from Jewish organizations. Petras particularly singles out [[Noam Chomsky]] as "apologist [for] the US Jewish lobby", asserting that Chomsky loses his power of analysis when it comes to addressing "the role of his own [[ethnic group]]".<ref>James F. Petras ''The Power of Israel in the United States'', pp.56–57; also cited in Mike Marqusee ''If I Am Not For Myself: Journey of an [[Anti-Zionist Jew]]'', [[Verso Books]], 2010, pp.269–273, and Michael Bérubé ''The Left at War'' NYU Press, 2011, pp.18–30</ref> In a debate about the book with [[Norman Finkelstein]], a former student of James Petras at [[SUNY Binghamton]], during which Finkelstein described the book as having a conspiratorial "cloak and dagger" approach to [[geopolitics]] as opposed to a [[Marxist analysis]], Petras accused Finkelstein of downplaying Jewish power: "I am afraid that when it comes to dealing with the predominantly Jewish lobby, he has a certain blind spot, which is understandable. In many other national and ethnic groups -- where they can criticize the world but [not] when it comes to identifying the power and malfeasance of their own group."<ref>Hagit Borer, James Petras, and Norman Finkelstein, [http://dissidentvoice.org/Apr07/Borer-Petras-Finkelstein17.htm The Pro-Israel Lobby Debate], www.dissidentvoice.org, 17 April 2007; also cited in Mike Marqusee ''If I Am Not For Myself: Journey of an Anti-Zionist Jew'', [[Verso Books]], 2010, pp.269–273</ref>
In his 2008 book, ''If I Am Not For Myself: Journal of an Anti-Zionist Jew'', leftist writer [[Mike Marqusee]] criticised Petras for purportedly "overt antisemitism": "Petras... seems unaware of the way postulates about the secret power of a pro-Israel Jewish network echo older [antisemitic] themes." Marqusee particularly criticised his dismissal of Finkelstein's and Chomsky's criticisms of his position, which Petras attributes to an ethnically-grounded blindness to the negative role of American Jews. Instead, Marqusee described the argument advanced by Petras as "a circular, inherently racist argument." Marqusee concluded that Petras is not an internationalist, but an [[America First (policy)|America first]] nationalist.<ref>Mike Marqusee ''If I Am Not For Myself: Journey of an Anti-Zionist Jew'', [[Verso Books]], 2010, pp.269–273, [http://www.redpepper.org.uk/Anti-semitism-and-the-Israel-lobby/ extracted] in ''[[Red Pepper (magazine)|Red Pepper]]'', 3 April 2008</ref> The leftist writer [[Michael Bérubé]] similarly criticised the book, describing it as reading like "a fringe far-right figure such as [[David Duke]]"<ref>Michael Bérubé ''The Left at War'' NYU Press, 2011, pp.18–30</ref> Allen Ruff, a Trotkyist historian, reviewed the book in ''[[Solidarity (U.S.)|Against The Current]]'' and noted that "There’s a strong undercurrent here of an appeal to a far-from-savory American nationalism which seems very strange coming from a veteran revolutionary anti-imperialist", and that Petras blurs distinctions between terms such as Jewish lobby, Israel lobby and Zionist lobby and "lapses into the well-worn dual-loyalty discourse" about Jews, in a manner reminiscent of "elements of the far right".<ref>Allen Ruff [https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/atc/530.html Review: Do Zionists Run America?], ''Against the Current'', May/June 2007, No. 128</ref>
Other scholars and anti-racists have also described Petras as an [[antisemitism|antisemite]]. In a 2006 article entitled "9/11 Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theories Still Abound," the [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) criticized Petras's assertion that US federal investigators had reason to believe that 60 Israelis arrested under the [[Patriot Act]] after the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks may have had advance knowledge about the attacks. The ADL also noted Petras' assertion that "The lack of any public statement concerning Israel's possible knowledge of 9/11 is indicative of the vast, ubiquitous and aggressive nature of its powerful diaspora supporters."<ref>[http://www.adl.org/main_Anti_Semitism_Domestic/9_11_conspiracy_theories.htm 9/11 Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theories Still Abound], [[Anti-Defamation League]], 7 September 2006.</ref><ref>James Petras, [http://petras.lahaine.org/articulo.php?c=1&more=1&p=93 Israel and the U.S.: A unique relationship], James Petras web site, 23 January 2002.</ref> In a 2009 article, the ADL again criticized Petras, alleging that he blamed the ongoing [[Great Recession|economic crisis]] on "Zionist" control over the U.S. government and world events, and that Petras argued that pro-Israel Americans had launched a massive campaign to push the U.S. into a war with Iran. The ADL also criticised what they described as Petras' antisemitic accusation that the American Jewish community controls the mass media and is "bloodthirsty" in its appetite for war.<ref>[http://archive.adl.org/main_anti_israel/boycott_divestment_campus_09250d.html#.U4EE-qJOW-8 Boycott & Divestment Efforts Proliferate on Campus], [[Anti-Defamation League]], 8 April 2009.</ref> The previous year, Petras alleged that "It was the massive infusion of financial contributions that allowed the [Zionist Power Configuration] (ZPC) to vastly expand the number of full-time functionaries, influence peddlers and electoral contributors that magnified their power – especially in promoting US Middle East wars, lopsided free trade agreements (in favor of Israel) and unquestioned backing of Israeli aggression against Lebanon, Syria and Palestine...No economic recovery is possible now or in the foreseeable future...while Zionist power brokers dictate US Mideast policies.<ref>[http://archive.adl.org/main_internet/anti-semitism_financial_crisis250d.html#.U4EDTaJOW-8 Financial Crisis Sparks Wave of Internet Anti-Semitism], [[Anti-Defamation League]], October 24, 2008.</ref> The ADL also cited a 2008 interview in which Petras stated that [U.S.] presidents are at the disposal of Jewish power <ref>[http://dissidentvoice.org/2008/06/a-disenchanted-james-petras/ A Disenchanted James Petras] by Efraín Chury Iribarne, Dissident Voice, June 13th, 2008.</ref> and maintained that Jews represent "the greatest threat to world peace and humanity."<ref>[http://www.adl.org/main_Anti_Israel/boycott_divestment_campus_09.htm?Multi_page_sections=sHeading_4 Boycott & Divestment Efforts Proliferate on Campus] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413021547/http://www.adl.org/main_Anti_Israel/boycott_divestment_campus_09.htm?Multi_page_sections=sHeading_4 |date=2011-04-13 }}, Anti-Defamation League (ADL), April 8, 2009.</ref> In the same 2008 interview cited by the ADL, Petras stated that "it’s one of the great tragedies that we have a minority that represents less than 2% of North American’s population but has such power in the communications media" and that the reason "why the North American public doesn’t react against the manipulations of this minority...[is] because the Jews control the communications media."<ref name=disenchanted>[http://dissidentvoice.org/2008/06/a-disenchanted-james-petras/ A Disenchanted James Petras] by Efraín Chury Iribarne, ''Dissident Voice'', June 13th, 2008.</ref> In a 2010 article published in the ''Arab American News'', Petras stated that "For the U.S. mass media the problem is not Israeli state terror, but how to manipulate and disarm the outrage of the international community. To that end the entire Zionist power configuration has a reliable ally in the Zionized Obama White House and U.S. Congress."<ref>[http://www.adl.org/israel-international/anti-israel-activity/c/profile-osama-siblani.html#.U4EFV6JOW-8 Profile: Osama Siblani & The Arab American News], [[Anti-Defamation League]], 15 April 2013.</ref>
In 2011 and again in 2017, Petras endorsed works by [[Gilad Atzmon]] which have been described as antisemitic.<ref>Donna Minkowitz [https://forward.com/opinion/367656/why-a-proud-self-hating-jew-asked-me-to-tout-his-book/ Why A ‘Proud Self-Hating Jew’ Asked Me To Tout His Book], ''The Forward'', 30 March 2017</ref><ref name="Kahn-Harris 2017">{{cite web | last=Kahn-Harris | first=Keith | title=Opinion - Cloaked In Pretensions, Gilad Atzmon's Anti-Semitism Soldiers On | website=The Forward | date=10 December 2017 | url=https://forward.com/opinion/389696/cloaked-in-pretensions-gilad-atzmons-anti-semitism-soldiers-on/ | access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="Halily 2011">{{cite news | last=Halily | first=Yaniv | title=The protocols of Gilad Atzmon | website=Ynetnews | date=14 November 2011 | url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4147243,00.html | access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="CST 2017">{{cite web | title=Is Gilad Atzmon a fascist? – Blog | website=CST – Protecting Our Jewish Community | date=8 November 2017 | url=https://cst.org.uk/news/blog/2017/11/08/is-gilad-atzmon-a-fascist | access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref>
In 2011, Mark Gardner of the [[Community Security Trust]], which monitors antisemitism in the UK, wrote an article in the left-wing magazine ''[[Dissent (American magazine)|Dissent]]'' saying that Petras' works "present a conspiracy theory that... fits resoundingly with the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth-century socialist linkage of Jews with capitalism, now updated and repackaged for twenty-first-century anti-capitalist discourse."<ref>Mark Gardner, [https://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/routledges-journal-of-contemporary-leftist-anti-semitism Routledge's Journal of Contemporary Leftist Anti-Semitism], ''Dissent'', 5 May 2011</ref> In 2014, Marxist scholar Werner Bonefeld described Petras as exemplary of a current of antisemitism on the anti-imperialist left: "The Jews [in Petras' work] have not only conquered Palestine; they have also taken control of America, or as James Petras sees it, the current effort of 'U.S. empire building' is shaped by 'Zionist empire builders.'"<ref>Werner Bonefeld [https://thecharnelhouse.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/marcel-stoetzler-ed-antisemitism-and-the-constitution-of-sociology-2014.pdf#page=325 Antisemitism and the Power of Abstraction From Political Economy to Critical Theory]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, in Marcel Stoetzler, ed, ''Antisemitism and the Constitution of Sociology'', Lincoln: U of Nebraska Press, 1 July 2014, p.316</ref> Similarly, author Paul Bogdanor described Petras as "articulat[ing] his theory of the organized American Jewish community as a 'Zionist Power Configuration' (ZPC)—an acronym that he apparently developed as a substitute for the [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] term '[[Zionist Occupation Government]]' (ZOG)... and cautions against 'the role of the Zionist/Jewish Lobby in promoting future US wars.' None of this material is readily distinguishable from contemporary neo-Nazi propaganda."<ref>Paul Bogdanor [https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/46444480/AntisemitismBogdanorP.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1512042513&Signature=tEeA7d96pt7ofibFJ9nnb8NHZjs%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DManifestations_of_Antisemitism_in_Britis.pdf Manifestations of Antisemitism in British Intellectual and Cultural Life], in Alvin H. Rosenfeld, ed ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt16gzbgz Resurgent Antisemitism: Global Perspectives]'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005155035/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt16gzbgz |date=5 October 2021 }}, Indiana University Press (Series: Studies in Antisemitism), 2013, pp.77–78</ref>
===Death=== Petras died in [[Seattle]] on 17 January 2026, his 89th birthday.<ref>[https://petras.lahaine.org/james-petras-in-memorian/ "James Petras, In Memorian"]. ''petras.lahaine.org'', 13 February 2026. Retrieved 15 February 2026.</ref>
==Selected bibliography== * ''Latin America in the Vortex of Social Change: Development and Resistance Dynamics'', with [[Henry Veltmeyer]], Routledge (2019). * ''Power and Resistance: US Imperialism in Latin America'', with Henry Veltmeyer, (2015). * ''The politics of empire. The US, Israel and the Middle East'', (2014). * ''The New Extractivism. A Post-Neoliberal Development Model or Imperialism of the Twenty-First Century?'', with Henry Veltmeyer, [[Zed Books]] (2014). * ''Imperialism and Capitalism in the Twenty-First Century: A System in Crisis'', with Henry Veltmeyer, Ashgate (2013). * ''Beyond Neoliberalism: A World to Win'', with Henry Veltmeyer, Ashgate (2012). * ''The Arab Revolt and the Imperialist Counterattack'', Clarity Press, Inc. (2012). {{ISBN|1-4611-1760-7}} {{ISBN|978-1-4611-1760-5}} * ''Social Movements in Latin America: Neoliberalism and Popular Resistance'', with Henry Veltmeyer, [[Palgrave Macmillan]] (2011). * ''War Crimes in Gaza and the Zionist Fifth Column in America'', Clarity Press, Inc. (2010). {{ISBN|0-9845255-0-5}} {{ISBN|978-0-9845255-0-8}} * ''What's Left in Latin America?'', with Henry Veltmeyer, (2009). * ''Global Depression And Regional Wars'', Clarity Press, Inc. (2008). * ''System in crisis: the dynamics of free market capitalism'', with Henry Veltmeyer, Fernwood, Zed Books (2008). * ''Zionism, Militarism and the Decline of US Power'', Clarity Press, Inc. (2008). {{ISBN|0-932863-60-4}} * ''Multinationals on trial: foreign investment matters'', with Henry Veltmeyer, Ashgate (2007). * ''Rulers and Ruled in the US Empire: Bankers, Zionists and Militants'', Clarity Press, Inc. (2007). {{ISBN|978-0-932863-54-6}} * ''The Power of Israel in the United States'', Clarity Press, Inc. (2006). {{ISBN|0-932863-51-5}} * ''Empire with Imperialism: The Globalizing Dynamics of Neoliberal Capitalism'', Luciano Vasapollo, Zed Books (2006). * ''Social Movements and State Power: Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador'', with Henry Veltmeyer, [[Pluto Press]] (2005). * ''The New Development Politics: The Age of Empire Building and New Social Movements'', Ashgate (2003). * ''Globalization Unmasked: Imperialism in the 21st Century'', with Henry Veltmeyer, Zed Books (2001). * ''The Dynamics of Social Change in Latin America'', with Henry Veltmeyer, Palgrave Macmillan (2000). * ''The Left Strikes Back: Class And Conflict In The Age Of Neoliberalism'' (2000). * ''Empire or Republic: Global Power or Domestic Decay in the US'', with Morris Morley, Routledge (1994). * ''Latin America in the Time of Cholera: Electoral Politics, Market Economics, and Permanent Crisis'', Routledge (1992). * ''The United States and Chile: imperialism and the overthrow of the Allende government'', with Morris H. Morley, Monthly Review Press (1975).
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== * [http://petras.lahaine.org/ James Petras Website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070707113634/http://www.revistateina.com/teina/web/teina11/dos4.htm Entrevista a James Petras sobre ONG (castellano)]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Petras, James}} [[Category:1937 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:American Marxists]] [[Category:American sociologists]] [[Category:American male non-fiction writers]] [[Category:American political writers]] [[Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers]] [[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]] [[Category:Academic staff of the Saint Mary's University (Halifax)]] [[Category:Binghamton University faculty]] [[Category:State University of New York faculty]] [[Category:The Nation people]] [[Category:American people of Greek descent]]