James L. Powell

{{short description|American geologist and writer (born 1936)}} {{Infobox scientist | name = James Lawrence Powell | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = Powell in Peru.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1936|07|17}} | birth_place = [[Berea, Kentucky]], U.S. | death_date =  | death_place = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates =  | other_names = | citizenship = | nationality = | fields = [[Geology]] | workplaces = [[Oberlin College]], [[Reed College]] | patrons = | alma_mater = [[Berea College]], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] | thesis_title = The strontium isotopic composition and origin of carbonatites | thesis_url = https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33339477 | thesis_year = 1962 | doctoral_advisor = | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | influences = | influenced = | awards = | signature =  | signature_alt = | website = {{URL|www.jamespowell.org}} | footnotes = | spouse = | children = }}

'''James Lawrence Powell''' (born July 17, 1936) is an American [[geologist]], writer, former college president and museum director. He chaired the geology department at [[Oberlin College]] later serving as its provost and president. Powell also served as president of [[Franklin & Marshall College]] as well as [[Reed College]]. Following his positions in higher education, Powell presided over the [[Franklin Institute]] and the [[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County|Natural History Museum of Los Angeles]].

Powell served 12 years on the [[National Science Board]] and recently retired as executive director of Graduate Fellowships for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Diversity.<ref>[http://www.stemfellowships.org Graduate Fellowships for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Diversity]</ref>

His book, ''Night Comes to the Cretaceous'', explores the scientific debate regarding [[dinosaur extinction]]. In ''Four Revolutions in the Earth Sciences'', Powell addresses dinosaur extinction in addition to three other scientific debates: [[deep time]], [[continental drift]] and [[global warming]].

Powell has posited that the scientific consensus on [[global warming]] nears universality and he actively counters [[climate change denialism]] in his research and other publications.

== Education == Powell earned a BA degree in 1958 from [[Berea College]], a private liberal arts college located in Powell's home town of [[Berea, Kentucky]]. Powell then received a PhD in [[Geochemistry]] from the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in 1962.{{R|"AMWS"}}

== Career == Powell began his career at [[Oberlin College]] in 1962 where he held the position of chair of the geology department from 1965 to 1973. He became the associate dean of arts and science in 1973, then vice president and provost in 1975.{{R|"AMWS"}} After serving two years as a visiting administrator at [[Stanford University]], Powell returned to Oberlin to serve as its acting president from 1981 to 1983.{{R|"OberlinArchive"}}

Following a 20-year career at Oberlin, Powell served as president of [[Franklin and Marshall College]] from 1983 to 1988,{{R|"FandM"}} then president of [[Reed College]] from 1988 to 1991.{{R|"Reed"}} Powell left academia to preside over the [[Franklin Institute]] (1991–1994){{R|"FranklinInstitute"}} followed by the [[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County|National History Museum of Los Angeles]] (1994–2001).{{R|"NHMLA"}} Since 2001, Powell has been serving as the executive director of the [[National Physical Science Consortium]].{{R|"Reed"}}{{R|"PowellBio"}}

Powell served 12 years on the [[National Science Board]] first appointed by [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1986 and serving as its vice chair in 1990.{{R|"NSF"}}

== Committee for Skeptical Inquiry == In 2015, Powell was named a fellow for the [[Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]].{{R|"CSI"}} He resigned in March 2022 in protest against the publication of an article in ''[[Skeptical Inquirer]]'' by CSI fellow [[Mark Boslough]] regarding the Bunch et al. [[Tall el-Hammam#Air burst claim|Tall el-Hammam airburst]] paper,{{R|Pillar of Salt}}{{R|Bunch et al.}}, which had been based on research funded by the [[Comet Research Group]] (CRG) and authored primarily by its members. He stated that it "violates nearly every tenet of proper skepticism" as defined by [[Committee for Skeptical Inquiry|CSICOP and CSI]], citing CSI-co-founder and executive council member [[Ray Hyman]].{{R|"PowellResignation"}}

On February 15, 2023, the following editor's note was posted on the Bunch et al. paper: "Readers are alerted that concerns raised about the data presented and the conclusions of this article are being considered by the Editors. A further editorial response will follow the resolution of these issues."<ref>{{cite web |title=Journal investigating Sodom comet paper for data problems |first=Ellie |last=Kincaid |url=https://retractionwatch.com/2023/02/21/journal-investigating-sodom-comet-paper-for-data-problems// |website=Retraction Watch |date=February 21, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2023}}</ref> On April 24, 2025, [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] issued a formal [[Retraction in academic publishing|retraction note]], citing concerns about methodology, analysis, and data interpretation.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Retraction Note: A Tunguska sized airburst destroyed Tall el-Hammam a Middle Bronze Age city in the Jordan Valley near the Dead Sea |date=24 April 2025 |last1=Bunch |first1=Ted E. |last2=LeCompte |first2=Malcolm A. |last3=Adedeji |first3=A. Victor |last4=Wittke |first4=James H. |last5=Burleigh |first5=T. David |last6=Hermes |first6=Robert E. |last7=Mooney |first7=Charles |last8=Batchelor |first8=Dale |last9=Wolbach |first9=Wendy S. |last10=Kathan |first10=Joel |last11=Kletetschka |first11=Gunther |last12=Patterson |first12=Mark C. L. |last13=Swindel |first13=Edward C. |last14=Witwer |first14=Timothy |last15=Howard |first15=George A. |last16=Mitra |first16=Siddhartha |last17=Moore |first17=Christopher R. |last18=Langworthy |first18=Kurt |last19=Kennett |first19=James P. |last20=West |first20=Allen |last21=Silvia |first21=Phillip J. |display-authors=8 |doi=10.1038/s41598-025-99265-5 | journal=Scientific Reports |volume=15 |number=14291|article-number=14291 |pmid=40275027 |pmc=12022329 |bibcode=2025NatSR..1514291B }}</ref> Also on April 24, 2025, an expanded version with the same title was submitted to the [[Comet Research Group]] journal “Airbursts and Cratering Impacts”, for which Powell serves as co-editor. It was accepted for publication on May 4, 2025.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=LeCompte |first1=Malcolm A. |last2=Collins |first2=Steven |last3=Silvia |first3=Phillip J. |last4=Kletetschka |first4=Gunther |last5=Witwer |first5=Timothy |last6=Hermes |first6=Robert E. |last7=Moore |first7=Christopher R. |last8=Wolbach |first8=Wendy S. |last9=Howard |first9=George A. |last10=Adedeji |first10=A. Victor |last11=Mooney |first11=Charles |last12=Kennett |first12=James P. |last13=West |first13=Allen |last14=Bunch |first14=Ted E. |title=A Tunguska Sized Airburst Destroyed Tall el-Hammam, a Middle Bronze Age City in the Jordan Valley Near the Dead Sea (Expanded) |journal=Airbursts and Cratering Impacts |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–87 |year=2025 |doi=10.14293/ACI.2025.0003 |doi-access=free|url=https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.14293/ACI.2025.0003 }}</ref>

== Debate on climate change consensus == [[File:The Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming, 2017.jpg|thumb|Early peer-reviewed studies of the consensus on anthropogenic global warming]] [[File:20211103 Academic studies of scientific consensus - global warming, climate change - vertical bar chart - en.svg |thumb|''Scientific consensus on causation:'' [[Surveys of scientists' views on climate change|Academic studies of scientific agreement on human-caused global warming]] among climate experts (2010–2015) reflect that the level of consensus correlates with expertise in climate science.<ref name= Cook_2016>{{cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=John |last2=Oreskes |first2= Naomi |last3=Doran |first3=Peter T. |author4-link=William Anderegg |last4=Anderegg |first4=William R. L. |last5=Verheggen |first5=Bart |display-authors=4 |date=2016 |title=Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=11 |issue=4 |article-number=048002 |bibcode= 2016ERL....11d8002C |doi= 10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002 |doi-access=free |hdl=1983/34949783-dac1-4ce7-ad95-5dc0798930a6 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> A 2019 study found scientific consensus to be at 100%,<ref name="Powell2019">{{cite journal |last1=Powell |first1=James Lawrence |author-link=James L. Powell |date=20 November 2019 |title= Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0270467619886266 |journal=Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages= 183–184 |doi= 10.1177/0270467619886266 |s2cid= 213454806 |access-date=15 November 2020|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and a 2021 study concluded that consensus exceeded 99%. Another 2021 study found that 98.7% of climate experts indicated that the Earth is getting warmer mostly because of human activity.]]

Powell has researched the scientific consensus view of anthropogenic [[global warming]] (AGW) in a series of studies evaluating the peer-reviewed literature. In 2012, Powell reviewed 13,950 peer-reviewed publications between 1991 and 2012 with "global warming" or "global climate change" as keywords. Evaluating this dataset, Powell showed a 99.97% scientific consensus view supporting AGW.{{R|"Plait"|"Sheppard"}} In 2016, Powell duplicated this method on articles published during 2013 and 2014. In this set, Powell found a 99.99% consensus "verging on unanimity" by the scientific community.{{R|"BSTS1"}}

While agreeing that the consensus on AGW is high, other scientists argued ''ca'' 2010-2013 that the consensus is closer to 97%.{{R|"Cook"}} {{R|"PNAS"}} The debate centers around the selection of scientific papers identified as supporting AGW and therefore included in the study.{{R|"Skuce"}} For example, in their 2013 study, [[Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature|Cook et al.]] excluded 66.4% of the papers examined because the abstracts did not endorse AGW either explicitly or implicitly.{{R|"Cook"}} Powell reviewed the abstracts of hundreds of articles on plate tectonics, evolution, and impact cratering to show that scientists almost never directly affirm the ruling paradigm of their discipline. On that basis, Powell included papers in the study as long as the abstracts did not explicitly reject AGW.{{R|"BSTS1"}}

Powell has further argued that the extent of the scientific consensus is important. In ''The Consensus on Anthropogenic Warming Matters'' Powell argues that the "stronger the public believe the consensus to be, the more they support the action on global warming that human society so desperately needs." This metastudy included 54,195 publications from five earlier studies by Powell and others demonstrating that the scientific consensus on AGW is 99.94%.{{R|"BSTS2"}}

In November 2019, Powell published "Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming."<ref>Powell, J. (2019). Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/0270467619886266

</ref> He reviewed over 11,600 peer-reviewed articles published in the first seven months of 2019 but found none that rejected anthropogenic global warming.

== Views and scientific activism == Powell has encouraged scientists to do more than publish in scientific journals. "I think it's time for scientists to get up from the lab bench and speak out." Concerning the consequences of global warming, Powell said: "I want my grandchildren to be able to say... he did something. He tried to do something."{{R|"BigThink"}}

There is no scientific debate regarding the existence of AGW according to Powell. Through his research and other publications Powell has criticized politicians and others who defy the scientific consensus by denying AGW. {{R|"BigThink"}}{{R|"BSTS1"}}{{R|"Salon"}}

In a 2014 editorial, Powell urged the university presidents of [[Brown University]] and [[Harvard University]] to change course by divesting their institutions from fossil fuels.{{R|"Harvard"}} A [[The New York Times|New York Times]] editorial co-authored by Powell and [[Michael E. Mann]] recommended that the [[American Museum of Natural History]] remove [[Rebekah Mercer]] from their board as her family foundation supported [[climate change denialism]].{{R|"Mercer"}}

In a self-published 2020 book,{{R|"DeadlyVoyager"}} Powell defended the controversial [[Younger Dryas impact hypothesis]] which has been rejected by the mainstream scientific community. In 2022 he published a paper in the journal ''Scientific Progress'', writing that this scientific rejection was premature.{{R|"Rejection"}} His concerns have been critiqued in a comprehensive review of the literature on this subject.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Holliday |first1=Vance T. |last2=Daulton |first2=Tyrone L. |last3=Bartlein |first3=Patrick J. |last4=Boslough |first4=Mark B. |last5=Breslawski |first5=Ryan P. |last6=Fisher |first6=Abigail E. |last7=Jorgeson |first7=Ian A. |last8=Scott |first8=Andrew C. |last9=Koeberl |first9=Christian |last10=Marlon |first10=Jennifer |last11=Severinghaus |first11=Jeffrey |last12=Petaev |first12=Michail I. |last13=Claeys |first13=Philippe |date=2023-07-26 |title=Comprehensive refutation of the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis (YDIH) |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=247 |language=en |article-number=104502 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104502|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023ESRv..24704502H }}</ref>

== Recognition == Powell is the recipient of several honorary degrees. [[Oberlin College]] awarded Powell an honorary doctorate of science in 1983. The [[Tohoku Gakuin University]] of Japan honored Powell with a Doctor of Humane Letters in 1986. [[Beaver College]] and [[Berea College]] (his alma mater) have also honored Powell with honorary degrees.{{R|"AMWS"}}{{R|"BereaDegree"}}

The minor planet, [[9739 Powell]], discovered by [[Carolyn Shoemaker]], was named for Powell in 1987.{{R|"planet"}}

== Books == * {{cite book |last=Powell |first=James Lawrence |title=Night Comes to the Cretaceous: Dinosaur Extinction and the Transformation of Modern Geology |publisher=W.H. Freeman |year=1998 |isbn=0-7167-3117-7}} * {{cite book |last=Powell |first=James Lawrence |title=Grand Canyon: Solving Earth's Grandest Puzzle |publisher=Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated |year=2006 |isbn=0-452-28787-1}} * {{cite book |last=Powell |first=James Lawrence |title=Dead Pool: Lake Powell, Global Warming, and the Future of Water in the West |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=University of California Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-520-25477-0}} * {{cite book |last=Powell |first=James Lawrence |title=The Inquisition of Climate Science] |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-231-52784-2}} * {{cite book |last=Powell |first=James Lawrence |title=2084: An Oral History of the Great Warming |publisher=J.L. Powell |year=2011b |oclc=958939329}} * {{cite book |last=Powell |first=James Lawrence |title=Four Revolutions in the Earth Sciences: From Heresy to Truth |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-231-53845-9}} * {{cite book |title=The Universe as it Really Is: Earth, Space, Matter, and Time |first1=Thomas R. |last1=Scott |first2=James L. |last2=Powell |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-231-18494-6}} *{{cite book |last=Powell |first=James Lawrence |title=Deadly Voyager: The Ancient Comet Strike that Changed Earth and Human History |year=2020 |publisher=James Lawrence Powell |isbn=978-0-578-66677-8}} (Amazon Kindle book) *Powell, James Lawrence (2023). ''Unlocking the Moon's Secrets: From Galileo to Giant Impact''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0197694862.

== References ==

<ref name="OberlinArchive">{{cite web | url=https://www.oberlin.edu/about-oberlin/oberlin-history/presidents | title=History of Oberlin Presidents | publisher=[[Oberlin College]] | access-date=1 February 2019| date=2018-04-30 }}</ref>

<ref name="AMWS">{{cite book |last1=Nemeh |first1=Katherine |title=American Men & Women of Science: A Biographical Directory of Today's Leaders in Physical, Biological and Related Sciences |date=2014 |publisher=Gale Virtual Reference Library |page=1498 |edition=32nd ed., vol. 5 |url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3833226001/GVRL?u=wwu_wilson&sid=GVRL&xid=080cadcc|access-date=1 February 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="FandM">{{cite web |title=Presidents of Franklin and Marshall College and its Predecessor Institutions, 1787-present |url=http://library.fandm.edu/archives/collegepresidents.html |website=Franklin & Marshall College Library |access-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110230300/http://library.fandm.edu/archives/collegepresidents.html |archive-date=10 January 2019 }}</ref>

<ref name="Reed">{{cite web |title=Presidents of Reed |url=https://www.reed.edu/president/reed_presidents/powell.html |website=Reed College |access-date=4 February 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="FranklinInstitute">{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/30/style/chronicle-352691.html | title=Chronicle | work=[[New York Times]] | date=30 March 1991 | access-date=4 February 2019 | author=Anderson, Susan Heller}}</ref>

<ref name="NHMLA">{{cite news |last1=Hernandez |first1=Sandra |title=Natural History Museum Names New Head |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-04-21-me-48577-story.html |access-date=4 February 2019 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=April 24, 1994}}</ref>

<ref name="PowellBio">{{cite web |title=James Powell Bio |url=http://www.jamespowell.org/Bio/bio.html|website=James Powell|access-date=4 February 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="NSF">{{cite web |title=Former Board Members |url=https://www.nsf.gov/nsb/members/former.jsp |website=National Science Foundation |access-date=4 February 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="CSI">{{Cite journal |date=2015 |title=Ten Distinguished Scientists and Scholars Named Fellows of Committee for Skeptical Inquiry |url=http://www.csicop.org/si/show/ten_distinguished_scientists_and_scholars_named_fellows_of_committee_for_sk |journal=[[Skeptical Inquirer]] |volume=39 |issue=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016122711/http://www.csicop.org/si/show/ten_distinguished_scientists_and_scholars_named_fellows_of_committee_for_sk |archive-date=October 16, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Pillar of Salt">{{Cite Q |Q110293090 |last1=Boslough |first1=Mark |author-link1=Mark Boslough}}</ref>

<ref name="Bunch et al.">{{Cite Q |Q108641540 |author-link19=James P. Kennett |last=Bunch |first=Ted E. |last2=LeCompte |first2=Malcolm A. |last3=Adedeji |first3=A. Victor |last4=Wittke |first4=James H. |last5=Burleigh |first5=T. David |last6=Hermes |first6=Robert E. |last7=Mooney |first7=Charles |last8=Batchelor |first8=Dale |last9=Wolbach |first9=Wendy S. |last10=Kathan |first10=Joel |last11=Kletetschka |first11=Gunther |last12=Patterson |first12=Mark C. L. |last13=Swindel |first13=Edward C. |last14=Witwer |first14=Timothy |last15=Howard |first15=George A. |last16=Mitra |first16=Siddhartha |last17=Moore |first17=Christopher R. |last18=Langworthy |first18=Kurt |last19=Kennett |first19=James P. |last20=West |first20=Allen |last21=Silvia |first21=Phillip J. |display-authors=6}}{{Retracted|doi=10.1038/s41598-025-99265-5|intentional=yes}}</ref>

<ref name="Plait">{{cite web | url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2012/12/11/climate_change_denial_why_don_t_they_publish_scientific_papers.html | title=Why Climate Change Denial Is Just Hot Air | work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] | date=11 December 2012 | access-date=4 February 2019 | author=Plait, Phil|author-link=Phil Plait}}</ref>

<ref name="Sheppard">{{cite web | url=https://www.motherjones.com/blue-marble/2012/11/chart-only-017-percent-peer-reviewed-papers-question-global-warming | title=CHART: Only 0.17 Percent of Peer-Reviewed Papers Question Global Warming | work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] | date=1 December 2012 | access-date=4 February 2019 | author=Sheppard, Kate}}</ref>

<ref name="BSTS1">{{cite journal |last1=Powell |first1=James Lawrence |title=Climate Scientists Virtually Unanimous: Anthropogenic Global Warming Is True |journal=Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society |date=2015 |volume=35 |issue=5–6 |pages=121–124 |doi=10.1177/0270467616634958 }}</ref>

<ref name="BSTS2">{{Cite journal|last=Powell|first=James Lawrence|date=2017-05-24|title=The Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming Matters|journal=Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society|language=en|volume=36|issue=3|pages=157–163|doi=10.1177/0270467617707079|s2cid=148618842}}</ref>

<ref name="BigThink">{{cite web |last1=Powell |first1=James Lawrence |title=James Lawrence Powell: What did Grandpa Do on Earth Day, 2012? |url=https://bigthink.com/videos/james-lawrence-powell-what-did-grandpa-do-on-earth-day-2012 |website=Big Think |access-date=4 February 2019|date=2012-04-20 }}</ref>

<ref name="Harvard">{{cite news |last1=Powell |first1=James Lawrence |title=Harvard and Brown Fail on Climate |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/harvard-and-brown-fail-climate/ |access-date=18 June 2025 |magazine=[[The Nation]] |date=29 January 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="Mercer">{{cite news |last1=Powell |first1=James |last2=Mann |first2=Michael E.|title=Rebekah Mercer Puts a Museum's Credibility at Risk |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/05/opinion/rebekah-mercer-museum-credibility-.html?smid=fb-share |access-date=5 February 2019 |work=New York Times |date=February 5, 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="BereaDegree">{{cite web |last1=Bradley |first1=James |title=Honorary Degrees |url=https://libraryguides.berea.edu/honorarydegrees |website=Berea College Hutchins Library |access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="planet">{{cite web | url=https://minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=9739 | title=(9739) Powell = 1987 SH7 = 1994 AS1 | publisher=[[IAU]] | work=[[Minor Planet Center]] | access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="Skuce">{{cite journal |last1=Skuce |first1=Andrew |last2=Cook|first2=John|last3=Richardson|first3=Mark|last4=Winkler|first4=Bärbel|last5=Rice|first5=Ken|last6=Green|first6=Sarah|last7=Jacobs|first7=Peter|last8=Nuccitelli|first8=Dana|title=Does It Matter if the Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming Is 97% or 99.99%? |journal=Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society |date=2 May 2017 |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=150–156 |doi=10.1177/0270467617702781 |s2cid=151358865 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Cook">{{cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=John |last2=Nuccitelli |first2=Dana |last3=Green |first3=Sarah |last4=Richardson |first4=Mark |last5=Winkler |first5=Bärbel |last6=Painting |first6=Rob |last7=Way |first7=Robert |last8=Jacobs |first8=Peter |last9=Skuce |first9=Andrew |title=Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature |journal=Environmental Research Letters |date=15 May 2013 |volume=8 |issue=2 |article-number=024024 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024024 |bibcode=2013ERL.....8b4024C |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Salon">{{cite news |last1=Abrams |first1=Lindsay |title=10,883 out of 10,885 scientific articles agree: Global warming is happening, and humans are to blame |url=https://www.salon.com/2014/03/25/10853_out_of_10855_scientists_agree_man_made_global_warming_is_happening/ |access-date=9 February 2019 |agency=Salon |date=24 March 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="PNAS">{{cite journal |last1=Anderegg |first1=William |last2=Prall |first2=James |last3=Harold |first3=Jacob|last4=Schneider |first4=Stephen|title=Expert credibility in climate change |journal=PNAS |date=6 July 2010 |volume=107 |issue=27 |pages=12107–12109 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1003187107 |pmid=20566872 |pmc=2901439 |bibcode=2010PNAS..10712107A |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="PowellResignation">{{Cite web |last=Lawrence Powell |first=James |author-link=James Lawrence Powell |date=2022-03-19 |title=Powell CSI Resignation |url=http://www.jamespowell.org/Resignation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325020034/http://www.jamespowell.org/Resignation/ |archive-date=2022-03-25 |access-date=2022-05-04 |quote=I hereby resign from the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Please inform the members of the committee of my resignation. My reason is the publication of Mark Boslough's recent article in Skeptical Inquirer. It violates nearly every tenet of proper skepticism as defined by CSICOP and CSI.}}</ref>

<ref name="DeadlyVoyager">{{cite book |last=Powell |first=James Lawrence |title=Deadly Voyager: The Ancient Comet Strike that Changed Earth and Human History |year=2020 |publisher=James Lawrence Powell |isbn=978-0-578-66677-8}}</ref>

<ref name="Rejection">{{cite journal |last1=Powell |first1=James Lawrence |title=Premature rejection in science: The case of the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis |journal=Science Progress |date=January–March 2022 |volume=105 |issue=1 |pages=1–43 |article-number=00368504211064272 |doi=10.1177/00368504211064272|pmid=34986034 |doi-access=free |pmc=10450282 }}</ref>

</references>

== External links == * {{official website|http://www.jamespowell.org/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Powell, James L.}} [[Category:1936 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American environmentalists]] [[Category:American geologists]] [[Category:Berea College alumni]] [[Category:Franklin Institute]] [[Category:MIT School of Science alumni]] [[Category:Oberlin College faculty]] [[Category:People from Berea, Kentucky]] [[Category:Presidents of Franklin & Marshall College]] [[Category:Presidents of Reed College]]