{{Short description|Sultan of Sindh 1454-1461}} {{Infobox royalty | name = '''Jam Sanjar'''<br> ڄام سنجر | title = [[Jam (title)|Jam]] ([[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]: ڄام)<br>[[Malik]] ({{langx|sd|مَلِڪ}})<br>[[Shah]] ([[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]: شاهه)<br>[[Sultan|Sultan of Sindh]] ([[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]: سنڌ جو سُلطان) | predecessor = [[Jam Sikandar II]] | successor = [[Jam Nizamuddin II]] | reign = ''[[Hereditary monarchy|Hereditary]] [[Elective monarchy]]''<br>6 May 1454 – {{Nowrap|29 December 1461}} {{sfn|Panhwar|1983|p=351}} | succession = 15th [[List of monarchs of Sindh|Sultan of Sindh]] ([[Jam (title)|Jam]]) | birth_name = Sanjar bin Unar | death_date = | death_place = [[Gujarat Sultanate]] | burial_place = | issue = [[Jam Nizamuddin II]]<br>Malik Rahu {{sfn|Panhwar|1983|p=352}}<br>(Another Unnamed Son) | full name = Sadruddin Shah bin Salahuddin Shah<br> Jam Sanjar<br> Jam Raidhan | regnal name = Sultan Sadruddin Shah III | house-type = Branch | house = {{flagicon|Sindh|Samma}} [[House of Unar]] | dynasty = {{flagicon|Sindh|Samma}} [[Samma Dynasty]] | father = Jam Salahuddin I | religion = [[Sunni]] [[Islam]] }} '''Sadruddin Shah III''' ({{langx|sd|صدرالدين شاهه ثالث }}) also known as '''Jam Sanjar''' ({{langx|sd|ڄام سنجر}}) or '''Raidhan''' ({{langx|sd|راءِ ڌن}}) was the fifteenth [[Sultan]] of [[Sindh]] from the [[Samma dynasty]], ruling from 1454 to 1461.{{sfn|Panhwar|1983|p=295}}{{sfn|Lakho|2006|p=189}}
==Biography==
===Names===
Sanjar was his birth name. After taking power he adopted the [[regnal name]] Sadruddin Shah III, following [[Samma dynasty|Samma]] tradition.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Pakistan Historical Records and Archives Commission |title=Proceedings of the Meetings |journal=Proceedings of the Meetings |date=1954 |page=26 |url=https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/Proceedings_of_the_Meetings/6_RFAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=Jam%20Sanjar |language=English}}</ref>{{sfn|Lakho|2006|p=54}} During his years in the [[Kingdom of Kutch]], the [[Jadeja|Jarejas]] gave him the alias Malik Raidhan.{{sfn|Panhwar|1983|p=351}}
===Life===
He was the son of Jam Salahuddin I and the younger brother of [[Jam Nizamuddin I]]. Jam Sanjar was known as a strikingly handsome young man, said to leave people awestruck. After Jam Karan seized the throne by killing [[Jam Ali Sher]], the Unar branch fled to Kutch. Jam Sanjar lived there among the [[Jadeja|Jarejas]] after his brother's death.{{sfn|Panhwar|1983|p=351}} Among the [[Jadeja|Jareja]] [[Samma (tribe)|Sammas]], he earned trust through generosity, gaining the name Raidhan.{{sfn|Lari|1994|p=78}}
Before ascending the throne, Jam Sanjar was on friendly terms with a [[Fakir]] of deep counsel. One night he visited him and said, “It is my wish to reign over [[Thatta|Samanagar]], if only for eight days.” The Fakir replied, “You will be king for eight years.”{{sfn|Lari|1994|p=78}}{{sfn|Islam|1990|p=151}}
==Reign== He ruled the country very wisely. Under his rule people of [[Sindh]] enjoyed much peace.
===Accession=== When news of [[Jam Sikandar II]]’s death reached him, Jam Sanjar came forth on 6 May 1454. With many followers he marched to [[Thatta|Samanagar]] and gathered the [[Emir]]s of Sindh, declaring he had come not to seize the country but to safeguard it, and that they should make king whoever they deemed worthy, with him first to give homage. As none was considered fit, all agreed to elect Jam Sanjar as the Sultan.{{sfn|Panhwar|1983|p=351}} The [[Emir]]s invested him with authority over the whole land, and the frontier [[Hakim (title)|Hakim]]s and [[Emir]]s obeyed without resistance.{{sfn|Lari|1997|p=11}}
===Expansion=== Within a year and a half he brought all Sindh under his rule, from the [[Arabian Sea]] to the limits of [[Mirpur Mathelo|Mathelo]], Gajrelli, Kandhi, and [[Ubauro]].{{sfn|Panhwar|1983|p=352}}
===Reforms=== Jam Sanjar introduced customs previously unknown in the country. In his time the [[sepoy]]s and [[ryot]]s lived contentedly and in comfort. Each Friday he gave generous charity to [[fakir]]s and the poor and granted proper salaries to those with rightful claims. Before his reign, [[Hakim (title)|Hakim]]s paid little to government employees, but Jam Sanjar changed this.<ref name="Aitken">{{cite journal |last1=Aitken |first1=Edward Hamilton |title=Gazetteer of the Province of Sind |journal=Gazetteer |date=1907 |pages=98 |url=https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/Gazetteer_of_the_Province_of_Sind/eU3RAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0}}</ref>{{sfn|Islam|1990|p=152}} He showed special care for scholars, the learned, and the pious, ensured their comfort, and granted them liberal stipends.{{sfn|Panhwar|1983|p=171}}{{sfn|Panhwar|1983|p=174}}
Around 1459, despite good relations and intermarriages between Sindh and the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]], Jam Sanjar settled [[Soomro|Soomra]]s, [[Sodha]]s, and Baloch groups along the [[Thar Desert|Thar]], [[Kutch district|Kutch]], and [[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur]] frontiers.{{sfn|Panhwar|1983|p=352}}
===Jam Sanjar and a Qazi=== When Jam Sanjar acceded to the throne, [[Bukkur]] had a [[Judge|Qazi]] named Qazi Munruf, appointed under the former Sultan, who received only a small salary.<ref name="Aitken"/> Because of this, he often extorted money from people through intimidation. The matter reached Jam Sanjar, who summoned him. Jam Sanjar asked, “I hear you take money from those who quarrel.” The Qazi admitted it and added that he also wished to take something from witnesses, but they left before he could ask. Jam Sanjar laughed, and the Qazi continued, “I sit all day in the hall of justice; I have spent my life in this work, and my children are hungry morning and evening.” Jam Sanjar then gave him a valuable gift and raised his salary to match his expenses. He ordered that the pay of all government officials be increased so they could live without worry.<ref name="Aitken2">{{cite journal |last1=Aitken |first1=Edward Hamilton |title=Gazetteer of the Province of Sind |journal=Gazetteer |date=1907 |pages=99 |url=https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/Gazetteer_of_the_Province_of_Sind/eU3RAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0}}</ref>
===Abdication=== On 29 December 1461, Jam Sanjar abdicated in favor of his son [[Jam Nizamuddin II]] and moved to Gujarat with his two other sons. There his granddaughter, Bibi Rani was married to [[Muzaffar Shah II]].{{sfn|Lari|1994|p=78}} From this line later emerged Malik Rahu's son Jam Salahuddin II, who challenged his cousin [[Jam Feroz II]], twice for the throne.{{sfn|Lakho|2006|p=120}}
==Historiography== [[Masum Shah]] treated Sanjar and Raidhan as separate individuals.{{sfn|Panhwar|1983|p=352}} However, the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'', an earlier source than [[Masum Shah]], and modern historians such as [[Umar Bin Muhammad Daudpota|Daudpotra]], [[M. H. Panhwar]], [[Ghulam Muhammad Lakho|G. M. Lakho]], [[Suhail Zaheer Lari]], and [[Nabi Bakhsh Baloch|N. A. Baloch]], agree that Sanjar and Raidhan were the same person.{{sfn|Panhwar|1983|p=133}}
== References == {{Reflist|2}}
===Bibliography=== * {{Citation |last1=Panhwar |first1=M. H. |title=Chronological Dictionary of Sindh (From Geological Times to 1539) |date=August 1983 |publisher=Educational Press: Institute of Sindhology, University of Sind, Jamshoro |location=Karachi |edition=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/ChronologicalDictionaryOfSindh/page/n1/mode/2up |language=en}} * {{Citation |last1=Lakho |first1=G. M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_dtAAAAMAAJ&q=samma%20kingdom%20of%20sindh |title= The Samma Kingdom of Sindh|date=2006|publisher=University of Jamshoro|isbn=9789694050782 |language=en}} *{{Citation |last1=Lari |first1=Suhail Zaheer |title=A History of Sindh |date=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/A_History_of_Sindh/LfFtAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=history%20of%20Sindh%20Suhail%20Zaheer%20Lari|isbn=9780195775013|language=en}} *{{Citation |last1=Islam |first1=Arshad |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfSindDuringPreMughalPeriod/page/n3/mode/1up |title= History Of Sind During Pre Mughal Period|date=1990|publisher=Aligarh University |language=en}} *{{Citation |last1=Lari |first1=Suhail Zaheer |title= The Jewel of Sindh: Samma Monuments on Makli Hill : with 326 Illustrations, 50 in Colour |date=1997 |publisher=Heritage Foundation |url=https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/The_Jewel_of_Sindh/fRtuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=Jam%20Sanjar|isbn=9780195779011|language=en}}
{{S-start}} {{S-hou|[[Samma dynasty]]}} {{S-reg}} {{S-bef|before=[[Jam Sikandar II]]}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Sultans of Sindh|Sultan of Sindh]]<br>Sadruddin Shah III|years=1454-1461}} {{S-aft|after=[[Jam Nizamuddin II]]}} {{end}}
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[[Category:Sultans of Sindh|Sanjar]] [[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]] [[Category:Monarchs who abdicated]]