Samma dynasty

{{Short description|15th-century dynasty based in Sindh}} {{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}} {{Other uses|Samma (disambiguation)}} {{More citations needed|date=December 2025}} {{Infobox country | status = [[Tributary state|Tributary relations]] with the [[Delhi Sultanate]] {{small|(1351–1388)}} [[Regional Sultanates of India|Regional Sultanate]] | common_name = Samma dynasty | religion = [[Sunni Islam]] (state)<ref>Ghulam Muhammad Lakho (2006), ''[https://lib.sindh.org/kitaab/detail/the-samma-kingdom-of-sindh The Samma Kingdom of Sindh]'', Jamshoro: Institute of Sindhology, p. 173.</ref> ---- [[Religion in South Asia|Other religions in South Asia]]<ref name="camb">{{cite book|author1=P. M. Holt|author2=Ann K. S. Lambton|author3=Bernard Lewis|title=The Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 2A, The Indian Sub-Continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y99jTbxNbSAC&pg=PA26|date=21 April 1977|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-29137-8|page=26}}</ref><ref name="(Pakistan)Latif1976"/> | currency = [[Falus]] [[History of the taka|Tanka]] | demonym = [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] | year_start = 1351 | year_end = 1524 | date_start = | date_end = | event_start = Samma dynasty begins | event_end = Samma dynasty ends | p1 = Soomra dynasty | flag_p1 = | s1 = Arghun dynasty | flag_s1 = | s2 = | flag_s2 = | image_flag = | image_map = {{South Asia in 1400|center||{{Annotation|47|95|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|28px]]||none}}}} | image_map_caption = Location of the Sammas, and main South Asian polities in 1400 CE<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=39, 147 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=076 |archive-date=2022-02-06 |access-date=2022-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206065341/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=076 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | national_anthem = | capital = [[Thatta|Samanagar]] | official_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]]<ref>[[M. H. Panhwar]], ''[https://sanipanhwar.com/uploads/books/2024-08-29_10-20-27_91e34ed28e27701d8c313402b37daf9d.pdf Languages of Sindh]'', p 7.</ref> (executive) [[Arabic language|Arabic]] (judicial and liturgical) [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] (native) | languages_type = Minority languages | languages = {{flatlist| *[[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] *[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] *[[Saraiki Language|Saraiki]] *[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] *[[Balochi language|Balochi]]}} | government_type = [[Feudalism|Feudal]] hereditary [[absolute monarchy]] | title_leader = [[Jam (title)|Jam]] | leader1 = [[Jam Unar|Firuz al-Din Shah]] | year_leader1 = 1351 – 1354 {{small|(first)}} | leader2 = [[Jam Tamachi|Rukn al-Din Shah]] | year_leader2 = 1367 – 1379 | leader4 = [[Jam Sanjar|Sadr al-Din Shah]] | year_leader4 = 1453 – 1461 | leader5 = [[Jam Nizamuddin|Nizam al-Din Shah II]] | year_leader5 = 1461 – 1508 | leader6 = [[Jam Feroz|Nasir al-Din Shah]] | year_leader6 = 1508 – 1524 {{small|(last)}} | today = [[Pakistan]] [[India]]<ref name="guj">{{cite book|author1=U. M. Chokshi|author2=M. R. Trivedi|title=Gujarat State Gazetteer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qHiAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Director, Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State|page=274|quote=It was the conquest of Kutch by the Sindhi tribe of Sama Rajputs that marked the emergence of Kutch as a separate kingdom in the 14th century.}}</ref> }} The '''Sammā dynasty'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Naz |first1=Humera |title=Sindh under the Kalhoras: Persian histories, chronicles, epistolaries, and compendiums of 18th century Sindh |date=2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190701406 |page=13 |edition=First}}</ref> was a [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] [[Muslim]] dynasty which ruled the '''Sindh Sultanate''', a [[Medieval India|medieval kingdom]] based in [[Sindh]].<ref name="(Pakistan)Latif1976" /><ref name="guj" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rapson |first1=Edward James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mBNZAAAAYAAJ&q=Samma+ |title=The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, edited by W. Haig |last2=Haig |first2=Sir Wolseley |last3=Burn |first3=Sir Richard |last4=Dodwell |first4=Henry |date=1965 |publisher=Chand |pages=518 |language=en}}</ref> It was established by [[Jam Unar|Unar bin Babinah]] in 1351 who defeated Sardar Hamir the last [[Soomra dynasty|Soomra]] Emir and declared independence from the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Naz |first1=Humera |title=Sindh under the Mughals: Some Glimpses from Tarikh-i-Masumi and Mazhar-i- ShahjahaniI |journal=Pakistan Perspectives |date=2019 |volume=24 |issue=2 |ssrn=3652107 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3652107}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sheikh |first1=Samira |title=Forging a Region Sultans, Traders, and Pilgrims in Gujarat, 1200–1500 |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199088799 |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=APUtDwAAQBAJ&dq=sammas+tribute+delhi&pg=PT65}}</ref> The Sammas took the title of ''[[Jam (title)|Jam]]'' the equivalent of "Sultan" while claiming descent from [[Jamshid]]. The capital of the sultanate was in the city of [[Thatta#History#Medieval|Samanagar]] (modern-day [[Thatta]]). The Sammas were replaced in the early 16th century by the [[Arghun dynasty]].

The Samma dynasty has left its mark in Sindh with structures including the necropolis of and royalties in Thatta.<ref name="(Pakistan)Latif1976">{{cite book|author1=Census Organization (Pakistan)|author2=Abdul Latif|title=Population Census of Pakistan, 1972: Larkana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63maAAAAIAAJ&q=yadav+rajputs|year=1976|publisher=Manager of Publications}}</ref><ref>Population Census of Pakistan, 1972: Jacobabad</ref>

==Origins== Sarah Ansari states both Sammas and [[Soomro]]s to be [[Rajput]] tribes when they converted to Islam. Their chiefs were followers of [[Suhrawardiyya|Suhrawardi]] [[Sufism|Sufi]] saints with their base at [[Uch]] and [[Multan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ansari |first1=Sarah F. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kC421xzMKsC |title=Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947 |date=1992-01-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-40530-0 |pages=30 |language=en |quote=One of the most well-known all-India examples of [[Suhrawardiyya|Suhrawardi]] intervention in political affairs concerned Sind. Between 1058 and 1520, control of the province was effectively delegated by the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultanates]] first to the [[Soomro|Soomros]] and later to the Sammas. Both were local Rajput tribes converted to Islam whose chiefs were disciples of Suhrawardi saints at Uch and Multan.}}</ref> Firishta mentions two groups of zamindars in Sindh, namely [[Sumra]] and Samma.<ref name="snd">{{cite book|title=Sindh: Land of Hope and Glory|date=2002|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=9788124108468|page=112|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyXNopZLHe4C&pg=PA112|access-date=3 April 2016|language=en}}</ref>

Information about the early years of the Samma dynasty is very sketchy. Tribes such as [[Samma (tribe)|Samma]] were regarded as a sub-division of [[Jats]] or on a par with the Jats when Muslims first arrived in Sindh,<ref name="Wink 2002 p.158 ">{{cite book | last=Wink | first=A. | title=Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam 7th-11th centuries. Vol. 1 | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-391-04125-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3p-czgEACAAJ | access-date=2022-08-02 | page=158-159|quote=The Lohana, Lakha, Samma, Sahtah, Chand (Channa)....which appear, at least in the Muslim sources, to be subdivisions of the Jats or to be put on a par with the Jats. Some of these tribes were dominating others, but they all, as a matter of course, suffered certain discriminatory measures (cf. infra) under both the Rai and Brahman dynasties and the Arabs. The territories of the Lohana, Lakha and Samma are also described as separate jurisdictions under the governor of Brahmanabad in the pre-Muslim era. Whatever may be the original distinction between Samma and Jat - the two tribes from which the majority of Sindhis descend - , in later times it became completely blurred and the same people may be classed as Samma and Jat. The Samma residential area however was probably restricted to Brahmanabad and its immediate neighbourhood.}}</ref> and it is known from [[Ibn Battuta]] that in 1333 the Sammas were in rebellion, led by the founder of the dynasty, [[Jam Tamachi]] Unar.{{cn|date=July 2023}} The Sammas overthrew the [[Soomro|Soomras]] soon after 1335 and the last Soomra ruler took shelter with the governor of [[Gujarat]], under the protection of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], the [[sultan of Delhi]].{{cn|date=July 2023}} Mohammad bin Tughlaq made an expedition against Sindh in 1351 and died at Sondha, possibly in an attempt to restore the Soomras. With this, the Sammas became independent.{{cn|date=July 2023}} The next sultan, [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] attacked Sindh in 1365 and 1367, unsuccessfully, but with reinforcements from [[Delhi]] he later obtained Banbhiniyo's surrender. The Samma dynasty overtook the [[Sumra dynasty]] and ruled Sindh during 1365–1521. Around that time, the Sindhi Swarankar community returned from Kutch to their home towns in Sindh, and some settled empty land on the banks of Sindhu River near Dadu, Sindh. By the end of year 1500, nearly the entire Sindhi Swarankar community had returned to Sindh. This period marks the beginning of Sufistic thought and teachings in Sindh.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

For a period the Sammas were therefore subject to Delhi again. Later, as the Sultanate of Delhi collapsed they became fully independent.<ref name="panhwar.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.panhwar.com/Article162.htm |title=Directions in the History and Archaeology of Sindh by M. H. Panhwar |access-date=2008-10-25 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225062314/http://www.panhwar.com/Article162.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> During most of period of Samma rule, the Sindh was [[politically]] and [[economically]] tied to the [[Gujarat Sultanate]], with occasional periods of friction. Coins struck by the Samma dynasty show the titles "[[Sultan]]" and "[[Shah]]" as well as "[[Jam (title)|Jam]]", the [[Jadeja]] rulers of western Gujarat also part of [[Samma tribe]] and directly descended from [[Jam Unar]], the first Samma sultan of Sindh.<ref name="Desai2007">{{cite book|author=Anjali H. Desai|title=India Guide Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&pg=PA311|year=2007|publisher=India Guide Publications|isbn=978-0-9789517-0-2|pages=311–}}</ref> [[Sandhai Muslims]] are [[Samma (tribe)|Samma]] of [[Sindh]]. Even the [[Chudasama (Rajput clan)|Chudasama]] Rajputs of Gujarat are also part of Samma tribe, who are still Hindu, and distributed in [[Junagadh]] District and Bhal Region of Gujarat.<ref name="Gujarat, R. B. Lal">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m94BAAAAMAAJ&q=Chudasama+Rajput+FROM+SAMMA | title=Gujarat, Part 1 Gujarat, Anthropological Survey of India | publisher=Popular Prakashan |author1=Kumar Suresh Singh |author2=Rajendra Behari Lal |author3=Anthropological Survey of India | year=2003 | pages=1174–1175 | isbn=9788179911044}}</ref><ref name="R.B Lal, S.V Padmanabham page 46">People of India Gujarat Volume XXII Part One edited by R.B Lal, S.V Padmanabham & A Mohideen page 1174-75 Popular Prakashan</ref>

==History== {{Samma monarchs}} The Samma dynasty took the title "Jam", the equivalent of "King" or "Sultan", because they claimed to be descended from [[Jamshid]].<ref name="M.H. Syed p240">[History of Delhi Sultanate by M.H. Syed (p240), 2005 {{ISBN|978-8-12611-830-4}}]</ref> The main sources of information on the Samma dynasty are Nizammud-din, Abu-'l-Fazl, [[Firishta]] and Mir Ma'sum, all lacking in detail, and with conflicting information. A plausible reconstruction of the chronology is given in the ''History of Delhi Sultanate'' by M. H. Syed.<ref name="M.H. Syed p240"/>

===Jam Unar===

Jam Unar was the founder of Samma dynasty mentioned by [[Ibn Battuta]], the famous traveller from [[North Africa]] (Ibn Battuta visited Sindh in 1333, and saw Samma's rebellion against Delhi government<ref name="panhwar.com"/>). Jam Unar, the Samma chief, taking advantage of the strained relation between the [[Soomra dynasty|Soomra]] and the [[Sultanate of Delhi]], defeated the last Soomra ruler, son of Dodo, and established Samma rule.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

===Jam Salahuddin===

Jám Saláhuddìn bin Jám Tamáchí was the successor of his father Jám Tamáchí. He put down revolts in some parts of the country, by sending forces in those directions and punished the ringleaders. Some of these unruly bands fled to Kachh, to which place Jám Saláhuddín pursued them, and in every engagement that took place he defeated them and ultimately subjugated them. He died after a reign of 11 years.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

===Jam Ali Sher=== {{Main|Jam Ali Sher}}

Jám Alí Sher bin Jám Tamáchí ruled the country very discreetly. Tamáchí's other sons Sikandar and Karn, and Fateh Khán son of Sikandar, who had brought ruin on the last Jám, were now conspiring against Jám Alísher. They were therefore looking for an opportunity to fall upon him while he was out enjoying the moonlight as usual. They spent their time in the forests in the vicinity of the town. One Friday night, on the 13th of the lunar month, they took a band of cut-throats with them, and with naked swords attacked Jám Alísher who had come out in a boat to enjoy the moonlight on the quiet surface of the river and was returning home. They killed him, and red-handed they ran to the city, where the people had no help for it but to place one of them, Karan, on the vacant throne. The reign of Jám Alí Sher lasted for seven years.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

===Jam Fateh Khan bin Jam Sikandar===

[[Jam Karan]] was succeeded by his nephew Jám Fateh Khán bin Sikandar. He ruled quietly for some time and gave satisfaction to the people in general.{{Citation needed|date=April 2019}}

About this time, [[Mirza (noble)|Mirza]] [[Pir Muhammad bin Jahangir Mirza|Pir Muhammad]] one of [[Timur|Amir Timur]]’s grandsons came to [[Multan]] and conquered that town and [[Uch]]. As he made a long stay there, most of the horses with him died of a disease and his horsemen were obliged to move about as foot-soldiers. When Amir Timur heard of this, he sent 30,000 horses from his own stables to his grandson to enable him to extend his conquests. Pir Muhammad, being thus equipped, attacked those of the [[zamindar]]s who had threatened to do him harm and destroyed their household property. He then sent a messenger to Bakhar calling the chief men of the place to come and pay respects to him. But these men fearing his vengeance left the place in a body and went to Jesalmer. Only one solitary person, Sayyed Abulghais, one of the pious Sayyeds of the place, went to visit the Mirzá. He interceded for his town-people in the name of his great grandfather, the Prophet, and the Mirzá accepted his intercession.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

Mirzá Pír Muhammad soon went to Delhi, which place he took and where he was crowned as king. [[Multan]] remained in the hands of Langáhs, and Sind in those of the Sammah rulers as before.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

===Jam Tughlaq=== [[File:Jam Mubarak Khan .jpg|thumb|Tomb [[Jam Mubarak Khan]], a Samma Prince, at the [[Makli Necropolis]]]] Jám Taghlak was fond of hunting and left his brothers to administer the affairs of state at Sehwán and Bakhar. In his reign some Balóch raised the standard of revolt in the outskirts of Bakhar, but Jám Taghlak marched in the direction and punished their ring-leaders and appointed an outpost in each [[pargana]]h to prevent any future rebellion of the kind. He died after a reign of 28 years.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

===Jam Sikandar II=== {{Main|Jam Sikandar II}}

Jám Sikandar bin Jám Fateh was a minor when he succeeded his father to the throne. The governors of Sehwán and Bakhar shook off their yoke, and prepared to take offensive steps. Jám Sikandar was obliged to march out from Tattá to Bakhar. When he came as far as Nasarpúr, a man by name Mubárak, who during the last Jám's reign had made himself celebrated for acts of bravery, proclaimed himself king under the name of Jám Mubárak. But as the people were not in league with him, he was driven away within 3 days and information sent to Jám Sikandar, who made peace with his opponents and hastened to Tattá. After a year and a half, he died.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

===Jam Nizamuddin I=== {{Main|Jam Nizamuddin I}}

After Jam Salahuddin's death, the nobles of the state put his son Jám Nizámuddín I bin Jám Saláhuddín on the throne. Jam Nizamuddin ruled for only a few months. His first act of kindness was the release of his cousins Sikandar, Karn and Baháuddín and Ámar, who had been placed in captivity by the advice of the ministers. He appointed every one of them as an officer to discharge administrative duties in different places, while he himself remained in the capital, superintending the work done by them and other officials in different quarters of the country.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

Before long, however, his cousins, very ungratefully made a conspiracy among themselves and stealthily coming to the capital attempted to seize him. But Jám Saláhuddín learning their intention in time, left the place at the dead of night with a handful of men and made his escape to [[Gujrat city|Gujrat]]. In the morning, men were sent after him, but before any information could be brought about him, the people summoned Alísher, son of Jám Tamáchí, who was living in obscurity, and raised him to the throne. Meanwhile, Jám Nizámuddín also died in his flight and his cousins too being disappointed in every thing, lived roving lives.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

===Jam Sanjar===

On Ráinah's death, Sanjar (Radhan) Sadr al-Din became the Jám of Sind. He is said to have been a very handsome person, and on that account was constantly attended by a large number of persons, who took pleasure in remaining in his company. It is believed that before his coming to the throne, a pious fakír had been very fond of him; that one day Sanjar informed him that he had a very strong desire to become the king of Tattá though it should be for not more than 8 days; and that the fakír had given him his blessings, telling him that he would be the king of the place for 8 years.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

Jám Sanjar ruled the country very wisely. Under no ruler before this had the people of Sind enjoyed such ease of mind. He was very fond of the company of the learned and the pious. Every Friday he used to distribute charities and had fixed periodical allowances for those who deserved the same. He increased the pay of responsible officers. One Kází Maarúf, who had been appointed by the late rulers to be the Kází of Bakhar, was in the habit of receiving bribes from the plaintiffs as well as from the defendants. When this fact came to the notice of Jám Sanjar, he sent for the Kází and asked him about it.{{cn|date=July 2023}} The Kází admitted the whole thing. "Yes", said he, "I do demand something from the plaintiffs as well as the defendants, and I am anxious to get something from the witnesses too, but before the case closes, they go away and I am disappointed in that". Jám Sanjar could not help laughing at this. The Kází continued: "I work in the court for the whole day and my wife and children die of hunger at home, because I get very little pay". Jám Sanjar increased his pay and issued general orders for the increase of every government post of importance.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

===Jam Nizamuddin II=== {{Main|Jam Nizamuddin II}}

[[File:Tomb of Sultan Jam Nizamuddin.jpg|thumb|right|[[Jam Nizamuddin II]]'s tomb features a ''jharoka'' that displays Gujarati influences.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ephrat |first1=Daphna |last2=Wolper |first2=Ethel Sara |last3=Pinto |first3=Paulo G. |title=Saintly Spheres and Islamic Landscapes: Emplacements of Spiritual Power across Time and Place |date=7 December 2020 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-44427-0 |page=276 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6AsOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA276 |language=en}}</ref>]] Jám Nizámuddín II (866–914 AH, 1461–1508 AD) was the most famous Sultan of the Samma or Jamot dynasty,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040907145359/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/04/11/stories/2004041100590800.htm The Hindu - The world's largest necropolis]</ref> which ruled in Sindh and parts of [[Punjab]] and [[Balochistan]] (region) from 1351–1551 CE. He was known by the nickname of Jám Nindó. His capital was at Thatta in modern Pakistan. The Samma Sultanate reached the height of its power during the reign of Jam Nizamuddin II, who is still recalled as a hero, and his rule as a golden age.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

Shortly after his accession, he went with a large force to [[Bhakkar]], where he spent about a year, during which time he extirpated the freebooters and robbers who annoyed the people in that part of the country. After that, for a period of forty-eight years he reigned at Tatta with absolute power.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

In the last part of Jám Nindó's reign, after 1490 CE, a Mughul army under Shah Beg Arghun came from [[Kandahar]] and fell upon many villages of Chundooha and Sideejuh, invading the town of Ágrí, Ohándukah, Sibi Sindichah and Kót Máchián. Jám Nindó sent a large army under his Vazier Darya Khan,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://panhwar.com/Article54.htm |title=The environments that led to the rise and fall of the Kalhoras |access-date=2023-03-31 |archive-date=2017-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226131037/http://panhwar.com/Article54.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> which, arriving at the village known by the name of Duruh-i-Kureeb, also known as Joolow Geer or Halúkhar near Sibi, defeated the Mughuls in a pitched battle. Sháh Beg Arghun's brother Abú Muhammad Mirzá was killed in the battle, and the Mughuls fled back to Kandahár, never to return during the reign of Jám Nizámuddín.<ref>[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=14801030&ct=64 A HISTORY OF SIND, EMBRACING THE PERIOD FROM A.D. 710 TO A.D. 1590 by MAHOMED MASOOM];</ref>

Jam Nizamuddin's death was followed by a war of succession between the cousins Jam Feroz and Jam Salahuddin.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

===Jam Feruzudin===

[[File:Coin of jam feroz.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Coin during the rule of Jam Feraz]] Jam Feruz bin Jam Nizam was the last ruler of the Samma dynasty of Sindh. Jám Feróz succeeded his father Jám Nizámuddín at a minor age. Jám Feróz was a young man, and as from the commencement the management of the state affairs was in the hands of his guardian he spent his time in his harem and seldom went out. But he was fearful of his ministers.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

As a precautionary measure he enlisted in his service Kíbak Arghún and a large number of men belonging to the tribes of Mughuls, who had during his reign, left Sháhbeg Arghún and came to Tattá. Jám Feróz gave them the quarter of the town, called Mughal-Wárah to live in. He secretly flattered himself for his policy in securing the services of intrepid men to check Daryá Khán, but he never for a minute imagined what ruin these very men were destined to bring on him. For, it was through some of these men that Sháhbeg Arghún was induced to invade and conquer Sind in 926 AH (1519 AD) at the [[Battle of Fatehpur (1519)|Battle of Fatehpur]], which resulted in the displacement of the Sammah dynasty of rulers by that of Arghún.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

==Legacy== [[File:View of Makli by Usman Ghani (cropped).jpg|thumb|400px|[[Makli Necropolis]] features several clusters of elaborate funerary monuments dating between the 14th and 18th centuries. The site rose to prominence as a major funerary site during under the rule of the Samma dynasty, who had made their capital near [[Thatta]].<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|last1=Qureshi|first1=Urooj|title=In Pakistan, imposing tombs that few have seen|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20140730-in-pakistan-imposing-tombs-that-few-have-seen|access-date=17 July 2017|publisher=BBC Travel|date=8 August 2014}}</ref>]] The rise of Thatta as an important commercial and cultural centre was directly related to Jam Ninda's patronage and policies. At the time the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese took control]] of the trading centre of [[Hormuz Island|Hormuz]] in 1514 CE,<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Hormuz |volume=12 |page=694}}</ref> trade from the Sindh accounted for nearly 10% of their customs revenue, and they described Thatta as one of the richest cities in the world. Thatta's prosperity was based partly on its own high-quality cotton and silk textile industry, partly on export of goods from further inland in the [[Punjab]] and [[northern India]]. However, the trade declined when the Mughals took over. Later, due to silting of the main Indus channel, Thatta no longer functioned as a port.<ref>[The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750-1947: Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama by Claude Markovits, 2000 {{ISBN|978-0-521-62285-1}}]</ref>

The Samma civilization contributed significantly to the evolution of the [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic architectural]] style. Thatta is famous for its necropolis, which covers 10 square km on the [[Makli Hill]]. It assumed its quasi-sacred character during Jam Ninda's rule. Every year thousands perform pilgrimage to this site to commemorate the saints buried here. The graves testify to a long period when Thatta was a thriving center of trade, religion and scholarly pursuits.<ref>[http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=2179&order_by=year&showdescription=1 Archnet.org: Thattah] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606120407/https://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=2179&order_by=year&showdescription=1 |date=2012-06-06 }}</ref> ==List of rulers== {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=9% | Title/Name ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=9% | Personal Name ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=9% | Reign |- |align="center"|''Feroz-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Unar I|Unar I bin Banbinah]] {{Nastaliq|فيروز الدين المعروف شاه انر اول بن بنبينه}} |align="center"| Jam Unar I |align="center"|1351–1352 |- |align="center"| ''Sadr-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah'' [[Banbinah I bin Unar I]] {{Nastaliq|صدرالدين المعروف شاه بنبينه اول بن انر اول}} |align="center"| Jam Banbinah I |align="center"|1352–1367 |- |align="center"|''Rukn-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Tamachi|Tamachi bin Unar I]] {{Nastaliq|رکن الدين المعروف شاه تماچي بن انر ڊوم}} |align="center"| Jam Tamachi |align="center"|1367–1371 (1st reign) |- |align="center"|''Khair-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Togachi|Togachi bin Unar I]] {{Nastaliq|خيرالدين المعروف شاه توگچي بن جونا اول}} |align="center"| Jam Togachi |align="center"|1368–1370 ([[diarchy]]) |- |align="center"| ''Ala-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah'' [[Juna I bin Banbinah]] {{Nastaliq|علاؤالدين المعروف شاه جونا اول بن بنبينه}} |align="center"| Jam Juna I |align="center"|1371–1389 |- |align="center"|''Rukn-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Tamachi|Tamachi bin Unar I]] {{Nastaliq|رکن الدين المعروف شاه تماچي بن انار ڊوم}} |align="center"| Jam Tamachi |align="center"| 1389–1392 (2nd reign) |- |align="center"|''Salah-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Unar II|Unar II bin Tamachi]] {{Nastaliq|صلاح الدين المعروف شاه انر ڊوم بن تماچي}} |align="center"| Jam Unar II |align="center"| 1392–1404 |- |align="center"|''[[Jam Nizamuddin I|Nizam-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah I]] bin Unar II'' {{Nastaliq|نظام الدين المعروف شاه اول بن انر دوم}} |align="center"| Jam Nizam |align="center"| 1404–1406 |- |align="center"|''al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Ali Sher|Ali Sher bin Tamachi]] {{Nastaliq| المعروف شاه علي شير بن تماچي}} |align="center"| Jam Ali Sher |align="center"| 1406–1412 |- |align="center"|''al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Karan|Karan bin Togachi]] {{Nastaliq|المعروف شاه ڪرن بن توگچي}} |align="center"| Jam Karan |align="center"| 1412 |- |align="center"|''Sadr-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah'' [[Sikandar I bin Togachi]] {{Nastaliq|صدرالدين المعروف شاه سڪندر بن توگچي}} |align="center"| Jam Sikandar I |align="center"| 1412–1413 |- |align="center"|''Nasir-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Fateh Khan|Fath bin Sikandar I]] {{Nastaliq| ناصر الدین المعروف شاه فتح بن سڪندر اول}} |align="center"| Jam Fath |align="center"| 1413–1428 |- |align="center"|''Tughlaq al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Tughlaq|Juna II bin Sikandar I]] {{Nastaliq|تغلق المعروف شاه جونا دوم بن سڪندر اول}} |align="center"| Jam Juna II |align="center"| 1428–1442 |- |align="center"|''al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Mubarak|Mubarak Khan]] {{Nastaliq|المعروف شاه مبارڪ خان}} |align="center"| Jam Mubarak |align="center"|1442 |- |align="center"|''al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Sikandar II|Sikandar II bin Fath]] {{Nastaliq|المعروف شاه سڪندر دوم بن فتح}} |align="center"| Jam Sikandar II |align="center"|1442–1444 |- |align="center"|''al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Raidhan|Raidhan bin Unar II]] {{Nastaliq|المعروف شاه ريدان بن انر دوم}} |align="center"| Jam Raidhan |align="center"| 1444–1453 |- |align="center"|''Sadr-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Sanjar|Sanjar bin Unar II]] {{Nastaliq|صدرالدين المعروف شاه سنجر بن انر دوم}} |align="center"| Jam Sanjar |align="center"| 1453–1461 |- |align="center"|''Nizam-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah II'' [[Jam Nizamuddin II|Nindo bin Sanjar]] {{Nastaliq|نظام الدين المعروف شاه ڊوم نندو بن سنجر}} |align="center"| Jam Nindo |align="center"| 1461–1508 |- |align="center"|''Nasir-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Feroz II|Feroz bin Nindo]] {{Nastaliq|ناصر الدين المعروف شاه فيروز بن نندو}} |align="center"|Jam Feroz |align="center"|1508–1524 |}

==External links==

{{S-start}} {{s-imperialhouse|[[Samma Dynasty]]|}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Soomra dynasty]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of monarchs of Sindh|Monarchy]]|years=1336–1524}} {{s-aft|after=[[Arghun dynasty]]}} |- {{S-end}}

==See also== * [[List of Sunni Muslim dynasties]] *[[Sandhai Muslims]] * [[List of Monarchs of Sindh]]

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Sources== *''This article incorporates text from the work ''A History of Sind'' by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg, a publication now in the [[public domain]].'' *Islamic culture - Page 429, by Islamic Culture Board *[[The History and Culture of the Indian People]] - Page 224, by Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti *Searchlights on Baloches and Balochistan, by Mir Khuda Bakhsh Marri *The Delhi Sultanate, by Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Asoke Kumar Majumdar, A. D. Pusalker *Babar, by Radhey Shyam *Indo-Arab relations: an English rendering of Arab oʾ Hind ke taʾllugat, by Syed Sulaiman Nadvi, Sayyid Sulaimān Nadvī, M. Salahuddin *Muslim Kingship in India, by Nagendra Kumar Singh *The Indus Delta country: a memoir, chiefly on its ancient geography and history, by Malcolm Robert Haig *The Samma kingdom of Sindh: historical studies, by G̲h̲ulāmu Muḥammadu Lākho, University of Sind. Institute of Sindology

==External links== *{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:Dynasties of Pakistan]] [[Category:Former monarchies in Pakistani history]] [[Category:Dynasties of India]] [[Category:Medieval Indian monarchies]] [[Category:Sindh Sultanate]] [[Category:Sindhi tribes]] [[Category:Samma tribes|*]] [[Category:Lunar dynasty]] [[Category:Sunni dynasties]] [[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1524]]